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TB 2024, 22(6): 44-61 |
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hokmollahi M, Ayatizadeh tafti F, fallah yakhdani H. The Effect of Mastery-Oriented Motivational Climate Intervention on Static and Dynamic Balance of Overweight Girl Children. TB 2024; 22 (6) :44-61
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3549-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3549-en.html
, fayati@yazd.ac.ir
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The Effect of Mastery-Oriented Motivational Climate Intervention on Static and Dynamic Balance of Overweight Girl Children
Marjan Hokmollahi(MS.c.)1, Farahnaz Ayatizadeh Tafti(Ph.D.)2, Hamid Reza Fallah Yakhdani(Ph.D.)3
1.Master of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
2.Corresponding Athure: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.Email: fayati@yazd.ac.ir. Tel: 09134509771
3.Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The ability to control static and dynamic balance is an important physical activity which plays an important role in the implementation of activities, and as a result, in overweight management in children.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mastery-oriented motivational climate (student-centered educational and sports approach) on static and dynamic balance of overweight girl children.
Methods: A semi-experimental research strategy with applied purpose and a pre-test-post-test design with control groups were used. 60 girls between 10 and12 were selected by convenience sampling method and were placed in four equal groups of mastery overweight, control overweight, mastery normal weight and control normal weight. Stork and Star tests were used to evaluate static and dynamic balance, respectively.
Results: In the pre-test and post-test, the normal weight group performed better regarding both static and dynamic balance, although the difference between the normal weight and overweight groups decreased in the post-test. The experimental overweight group performed better in both static and dynamic balance than the control overweight group. The mean difference between pre-test and post-test of the two experimental groups of overweight and normal weight regarding dynamic and static balance was similar to each other. This was while this mean difference in the overweight group and normal control weight was greater in dynamic balance than static balance (P<0/01).
Conclusion: the mastery-oriented motivational climate approach has led to the improvement of both static and dynamic balance and can cause stability of posture and better performance of daily activities and various sports exercises.
Keywords Obesity, Physical activity, Skill, Height problems
References
1-Tang XN, Liebeskind DS, Towfighi A. The Role of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Stroke. Semin Neurol. 2017; 37:267–73.
2-Fulton JE, McGuire MT, Caspersen CJ, et al. Interventions for weight loss and weight gain prevention among youth: current issues. Sports Med. 2001; 31:153-65.
3-Guzmán-Muñoz E, Mendez-Rebolledo G, Núñez-Espinosa C, et al. Anthropometric profile and physical activity level as predictors of postural balance in overweight and obese children. Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(1):73.
4-Rusek W, Adamczyk M, Baran J, et al. Is There a Link between Balance and Body Mass Composition in Children and Adolescents? International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(19):10449.
5-Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22:e13256.
6-Jalilvand, M., Azadian, E. The effectiveness of open and closed loop control exercises on static and dynamic balance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mind, Movement, and Behavior, 2022; 1(1): 121-135. [Persian]
7-Palmer KK, Cox ER, Scott-Andrews KQ, Robinson LE. Structured Observations of Child Behaviors during a Mastery-Motivational Climate Motor Skill Intervention: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(23):15484.
8-Möller CL. Overview of balance and the vestibular system. CHARGE syndrome. 2021 Jan 12:65-76.
9-Barozzi S, Socci M, Soi D, et al. Reliability of postural control measures in children and young adolescents. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(7):2069–77.
10-Peterson ML, Christou E, Rosengren KS. Children achieve adult-like sensory integration during stance at 12-years-old. Gait Posture. 2006;23(4):455–63.
11-Bawa P. Neural development in children: a neurophysiological study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;52(4):249–56.
12-Taube W, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance. Acta Physiol. 2008;193(2): 101–16.
13-Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Maestrini L, et al. Can balance training promote balance and strength in prepubertal children? J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(6): 1759–66.
14-Taube W, Gruber M, Beck S, et al. Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation. Acta Physiol. 2007;189(4): 347–58.
15-Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Strass D. Training induced adaptations in characteristics of postural reflexes in elderly men. Gait Posture. 2006;24(4):459–66.
16-Donath L, Roth R, Rueegge A, Groppa M, Zahner L, Faude O. Effects of slackline training on balance, jump performance & muscle activity in young children. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34(12):1093–8.
17-Muehlbauer T, Kuehnen M, Granacher U. Inline skating for balance and strength promotion in children during physical education. Percept Mot Skills. 2013;117(3):665–81.
18-Boccolini G, Brazzit A, Bonfanti L, et al. Using balance training to improve the performance of youth basketball players. Sport Sci Health. 2013;9(2):37–42.
19-Winter T, Beck H, Walther A, et al. Influence of a proprioceptive training on functional ankle stability 1in young speed skaters—a prospective randomized study. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(8):831–40.
20-Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721–38.
21-Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):557–76.
22-Maciałczyk-Paprocka K, Stawińska-Witoszyńska B, Kotwicki T, et al. Prevalence of incorrect body posture in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Eur J Pediatr. 2017; 176:563–572.
23-Nery LS, Halpern R, Nery PC, et al. Prevalence of scoliosis among school students in a town in southern Brazil. Sao Paulo Med J. 2010; 128:69–73.
24-Latalski M, Bylina J, Fatyga M, et al. Risk factors of postural defects in children at school age. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013; 20:583–587.
25-Garrido-Miguel M, Cavero-Redondo I, A´ lvarez-Bueno C, et al. Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in European children from 1999 to 2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019; 173: e192430.
26-Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991; 72: 4037.
27-McGraw B, McClenaghan BA, Williams HG, et al. Gait and postural stability in obese and nonobese prepubertal boys. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81:4849.
28-Deforche B, Lefevre J, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. Obes Res. 2003; 11:434-41.
29-Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge. Eight Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2012. 112-124.
30-Theeboom M, Knop P, Weiss MR. Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children´s sport: A field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Champaign, 1995; 17: 294-31.
31-Valentini, NC., Rudisill, ME., Goodway, JD. Incorporating a mastery climate into physical education: it's developmentally appropriate! Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, Reston, 1999a; 70(7): 28-32.
32-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. An inclusive mastery climate intervention and the motor skill development of children with and without disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, Champaign, 2004a; 21: 330-337.
33-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME, Goodway JD. Mastery Climate: children in charge of their own learning. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, Champaign, 1999b; 10: 6-10.
34-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. Goal orientation and mastery climate: a review of contemporary research and insights to intervention. Estudos de Psicologia, Campinas, SP, 2006; 23(2): 159-171.
35-Robinson L.E, Goodway J.D. Instructional Climates in Preschool Children Who Are At-Risk. Part I Object-Control Skill Development. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Champaign, 2009; 80(3): 533-542.
36-Barkoukis V, Tsorbatzoudis H, Grouios G. Manipulation of motivational climate in physical education: Effects of a seven-month intervention. European Physical Education Review, Chester, 2008; 14(3): 367-387.
37-Theodosiou A, Mantis K, Papaioannou A. Student self-reports of metacognitive activity in physical education classes. Age group differences and the effect of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Educational Research Review, Belgium, 2008; 3(12): 353-364.
38-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. Motivational climate, motor-skill development, and perceived competence: two studies of developmentally delayed kindergarten children. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, Champaign, 2004b; 23: 216- 234.
39-Bowler M. The influence of the TARGET motivational climate structures on pupil physical activity levels during year 9 athletics lessons. In British educational research association annual conference, university of Manchester, 2009;1-20.
40-Martin EH, Rudisill ME, Hastie PA. Motivational climate and fundamental motor skill performance in a naturalistic physical education setting. Physical, Education & Sport Pedagogy, Strathclyde, 2009; 14(3): 227-240.
41-Griffin, K., Meaney, K., Hart, M. The impact of a mastery motivational climate on obese and overweight children's commitment to and enjoyment of physical activity: a pilot study. American Journal of Health Education, 2013; 44(1): 1-8.
42-Wadsworth DD, Rudisill ME, Hastie PA, et al. Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Participation across a Yearlong Mastery-Motivational Climate Intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2017; 88(3): 339-345.
43-Harwood CG, Keegan R.J, Smith JM, Raine AS. A systematic review of the intrapersonal correlates of motivational climate perceptions in sport and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2015; 18:9-25.
44-Sampaio DF, Valentini NC. Gymnastic Rhythmic Youth Sport: Traditional Approach and Mastery Motivational Climate Approach. Rev Educ. 2015; 26(1): 1-10.
45-Martin M, Hands B. Fundamental movement skills: Teacher´s perspectives. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, Australia, 2003; 28(4): 40-46.
46-Piffero CM, Valentini NC. Specialized tennis skills: an intervention study in sports initiation with school children. Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport, São Paulo, 2010; 24(2): 149- 163.
47-Barros W K, Pereira Silva RK. Patr´ıcia da Silva Souza, A. et al. Effects of Overweight/Obesity on Motor Performance in Children: A Systematic Review. National Library of Medicine. 2022; 12:759165:9-25.
48-Johnson BL, Nelson JK. Fitness testing. Stork balance stand test practical measurements for evaluation in physical education. 1979; 4th Edition. Minneapolis. Burgess.
49-Gladwell V, Head S, Haggar M, Beneke R. Does a program of pilates improves chronic non -specific low back pain? Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2006; 15: 338 -50.
50-Rahmani P, Karimi Zadeh Ardakani M, hosseini S. M. The Effect of Exergame Exercises on the Balance of Children with Forward Head Posture. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 2024; [Persian]
51-Gribble PA, Hertel J. Consideration for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2003; 7(2):89 -100.
52-Hertel J, Miller S, Denegar C. Intratester and intertester reliability during the s tar excursion balance tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2000; 9: 104 –16.
53-Vikram K, Rout D, Dash P, et al. Efficacy of Core Stability Exercise on Physio Ball Versus Trunk Balance Exercise in Non-Specific Low Back Pain.2024;2(14):181-186.
54-Harter, S. The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development. 1982; 08, 32-32.
55-Yin R, Zhu G, Wang M. The impact of additional visual tasks in physical exercise on balance ability among 9–10-year-old children: the mediating effect of visual acuity. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;11: 1270947.
56-Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NL, Culverhouse T, et al. The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: a trans-contextual model. Journal of educational psychology, 2003; 95(4): 784.
57-Kasović M, Stefan L, Piler P, et al. Longitudinal associations between sport participation and fat mass with body posture in children: A 5-year follow-up from the Czech ELSPAC study. PLoS ONE, 2022; 17(4): e0266903.
58-Wyszyńska J, Podgo´rska-Bednarz J, Drzał-Grabiec J, et al. Analysis of relationship between the body mass composition and physical activity with body posture in children. Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:1851670.
59-McMaster ME, Lee AJ, Burwell RG. Physical activities of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): preliminary longitudinal case-control study historical evaluation of possible risk factors. Scoliosis. 2015; 10:6.
60-Barańska E, Gajewska E, Sobieska M. Obesity and the resulting motor organ problems versus motoric fitness in girls and boys with overweight and obesity. Medical News. 2012; 4:337–341.
61-Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0149924.
62-Steinberg N, Eliakim A, Pantanowitz M, et al. The effect of a weight management program on postural balance in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2013; 172:1619–26.
63-Carraça EV, Encantado J, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on psychological outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22:e13261.
64-Rusek W, Leszczak J, Baran J, et al. Role of body mass category in the development of faulty postures in school-age children from a rural area in south-eastern Poland: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019; 9: (11).
65-Brzęk A, Dworrak T, Strauss M, et al. The weight of pupils’ schoolbags in early school age and its influence on body posture. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):1-11.
66-Nelson MC, Neumark-Stzainer D, Hannan PJ, et al. Longitudinal and secular trends in physical activity and sedentary behavior during adolescence. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):e1627-e34.
Marjan Hokmollahi(MS.c.)1, Farahnaz Ayatizadeh Tafti(Ph.D.)2, Hamid Reza Fallah Yakhdani(Ph.D.)3
1.Master of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
2.Corresponding Athure: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.Email: fayati@yazd.ac.ir. Tel: 09134509771
3.Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The ability to control static and dynamic balance is an important physical activity which plays an important role in the implementation of activities, and as a result, in overweight management in children.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mastery-oriented motivational climate (student-centered educational and sports approach) on static and dynamic balance of overweight girl children.
Methods: A semi-experimental research strategy with applied purpose and a pre-test-post-test design with control groups were used. 60 girls between 10 and12 were selected by convenience sampling method and were placed in four equal groups of mastery overweight, control overweight, mastery normal weight and control normal weight. Stork and Star tests were used to evaluate static and dynamic balance, respectively.
Results: In the pre-test and post-test, the normal weight group performed better regarding both static and dynamic balance, although the difference between the normal weight and overweight groups decreased in the post-test. The experimental overweight group performed better in both static and dynamic balance than the control overweight group. The mean difference between pre-test and post-test of the two experimental groups of overweight and normal weight regarding dynamic and static balance was similar to each other. This was while this mean difference in the overweight group and normal control weight was greater in dynamic balance than static balance (P<0/01).
Conclusion: the mastery-oriented motivational climate approach has led to the improvement of both static and dynamic balance and can cause stability of posture and better performance of daily activities and various sports exercises.
Keywords Obesity, Physical activity, Skill, Height problems
References
1-Tang XN, Liebeskind DS, Towfighi A. The Role of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Stroke. Semin Neurol. 2017; 37:267–73.
2-Fulton JE, McGuire MT, Caspersen CJ, et al. Interventions for weight loss and weight gain prevention among youth: current issues. Sports Med. 2001; 31:153-65.
3-Guzmán-Muñoz E, Mendez-Rebolledo G, Núñez-Espinosa C, et al. Anthropometric profile and physical activity level as predictors of postural balance in overweight and obese children. Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(1):73.
4-Rusek W, Adamczyk M, Baran J, et al. Is There a Link between Balance and Body Mass Composition in Children and Adolescents? International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(19):10449.
5-Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22:e13256.
6-Jalilvand, M., Azadian, E. The effectiveness of open and closed loop control exercises on static and dynamic balance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mind, Movement, and Behavior, 2022; 1(1): 121-135. [Persian]
7-Palmer KK, Cox ER, Scott-Andrews KQ, Robinson LE. Structured Observations of Child Behaviors during a Mastery-Motivational Climate Motor Skill Intervention: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(23):15484.
8-Möller CL. Overview of balance and the vestibular system. CHARGE syndrome. 2021 Jan 12:65-76.
9-Barozzi S, Socci M, Soi D, et al. Reliability of postural control measures in children and young adolescents. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(7):2069–77.
10-Peterson ML, Christou E, Rosengren KS. Children achieve adult-like sensory integration during stance at 12-years-old. Gait Posture. 2006;23(4):455–63.
11-Bawa P. Neural development in children: a neurophysiological study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;52(4):249–56.
12-Taube W, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance. Acta Physiol. 2008;193(2): 101–16.
13-Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Maestrini L, et al. Can balance training promote balance and strength in prepubertal children? J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(6): 1759–66.
14-Taube W, Gruber M, Beck S, et al. Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation. Acta Physiol. 2007;189(4): 347–58.
15-Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Strass D. Training induced adaptations in characteristics of postural reflexes in elderly men. Gait Posture. 2006;24(4):459–66.
16-Donath L, Roth R, Rueegge A, Groppa M, Zahner L, Faude O. Effects of slackline training on balance, jump performance & muscle activity in young children. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34(12):1093–8.
17-Muehlbauer T, Kuehnen M, Granacher U. Inline skating for balance and strength promotion in children during physical education. Percept Mot Skills. 2013;117(3):665–81.
18-Boccolini G, Brazzit A, Bonfanti L, et al. Using balance training to improve the performance of youth basketball players. Sport Sci Health. 2013;9(2):37–42.
19-Winter T, Beck H, Walther A, et al. Influence of a proprioceptive training on functional ankle stability 1in young speed skaters—a prospective randomized study. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(8):831–40.
20-Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721–38.
21-Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):557–76.
22-Maciałczyk-Paprocka K, Stawińska-Witoszyńska B, Kotwicki T, et al. Prevalence of incorrect body posture in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Eur J Pediatr. 2017; 176:563–572.
23-Nery LS, Halpern R, Nery PC, et al. Prevalence of scoliosis among school students in a town in southern Brazil. Sao Paulo Med J. 2010; 128:69–73.
24-Latalski M, Bylina J, Fatyga M, et al. Risk factors of postural defects in children at school age. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013; 20:583–587.
25-Garrido-Miguel M, Cavero-Redondo I, A´ lvarez-Bueno C, et al. Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in European children from 1999 to 2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019; 173: e192430.
26-Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991; 72: 4037.
27-McGraw B, McClenaghan BA, Williams HG, et al. Gait and postural stability in obese and nonobese prepubertal boys. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81:4849.
28-Deforche B, Lefevre J, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. Obes Res. 2003; 11:434-41.
29-Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge. Eight Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2012. 112-124.
30-Theeboom M, Knop P, Weiss MR. Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children´s sport: A field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Champaign, 1995; 17: 294-31.
31-Valentini, NC., Rudisill, ME., Goodway, JD. Incorporating a mastery climate into physical education: it's developmentally appropriate! Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, Reston, 1999a; 70(7): 28-32.
32-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. An inclusive mastery climate intervention and the motor skill development of children with and without disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, Champaign, 2004a; 21: 330-337.
33-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME, Goodway JD. Mastery Climate: children in charge of their own learning. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, Champaign, 1999b; 10: 6-10.
34-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. Goal orientation and mastery climate: a review of contemporary research and insights to intervention. Estudos de Psicologia, Campinas, SP, 2006; 23(2): 159-171.
35-Robinson L.E, Goodway J.D. Instructional Climates in Preschool Children Who Are At-Risk. Part I Object-Control Skill Development. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Champaign, 2009; 80(3): 533-542.
36-Barkoukis V, Tsorbatzoudis H, Grouios G. Manipulation of motivational climate in physical education: Effects of a seven-month intervention. European Physical Education Review, Chester, 2008; 14(3): 367-387.
37-Theodosiou A, Mantis K, Papaioannou A. Student self-reports of metacognitive activity in physical education classes. Age group differences and the effect of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Educational Research Review, Belgium, 2008; 3(12): 353-364.
38-Valentini NC, Rudisill ME. Motivational climate, motor-skill development, and perceived competence: two studies of developmentally delayed kindergarten children. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, Champaign, 2004b; 23: 216- 234.
39-Bowler M. The influence of the TARGET motivational climate structures on pupil physical activity levels during year 9 athletics lessons. In British educational research association annual conference, university of Manchester, 2009;1-20.
40-Martin EH, Rudisill ME, Hastie PA. Motivational climate and fundamental motor skill performance in a naturalistic physical education setting. Physical, Education & Sport Pedagogy, Strathclyde, 2009; 14(3): 227-240.
41-Griffin, K., Meaney, K., Hart, M. The impact of a mastery motivational climate on obese and overweight children's commitment to and enjoyment of physical activity: a pilot study. American Journal of Health Education, 2013; 44(1): 1-8.
42-Wadsworth DD, Rudisill ME, Hastie PA, et al. Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Participation across a Yearlong Mastery-Motivational Climate Intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2017; 88(3): 339-345.
43-Harwood CG, Keegan R.J, Smith JM, Raine AS. A systematic review of the intrapersonal correlates of motivational climate perceptions in sport and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2015; 18:9-25.
44-Sampaio DF, Valentini NC. Gymnastic Rhythmic Youth Sport: Traditional Approach and Mastery Motivational Climate Approach. Rev Educ. 2015; 26(1): 1-10.
45-Martin M, Hands B. Fundamental movement skills: Teacher´s perspectives. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, Australia, 2003; 28(4): 40-46.
46-Piffero CM, Valentini NC. Specialized tennis skills: an intervention study in sports initiation with school children. Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport, São Paulo, 2010; 24(2): 149- 163.
47-Barros W K, Pereira Silva RK. Patr´ıcia da Silva Souza, A. et al. Effects of Overweight/Obesity on Motor Performance in Children: A Systematic Review. National Library of Medicine. 2022; 12:759165:9-25.
48-Johnson BL, Nelson JK. Fitness testing. Stork balance stand test practical measurements for evaluation in physical education. 1979; 4th Edition. Minneapolis. Burgess.
49-Gladwell V, Head S, Haggar M, Beneke R. Does a program of pilates improves chronic non -specific low back pain? Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2006; 15: 338 -50.
50-Rahmani P, Karimi Zadeh Ardakani M, hosseini S. M. The Effect of Exergame Exercises on the Balance of Children with Forward Head Posture. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 2024; [Persian]
51-Gribble PA, Hertel J. Consideration for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2003; 7(2):89 -100.
52-Hertel J, Miller S, Denegar C. Intratester and intertester reliability during the s tar excursion balance tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2000; 9: 104 –16.
53-Vikram K, Rout D, Dash P, et al. Efficacy of Core Stability Exercise on Physio Ball Versus Trunk Balance Exercise in Non-Specific Low Back Pain.2024;2(14):181-186.
54-Harter, S. The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development. 1982; 08, 32-32.
55-Yin R, Zhu G, Wang M. The impact of additional visual tasks in physical exercise on balance ability among 9–10-year-old children: the mediating effect of visual acuity. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;11: 1270947.
56-Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NL, Culverhouse T, et al. The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: a trans-contextual model. Journal of educational psychology, 2003; 95(4): 784.
57-Kasović M, Stefan L, Piler P, et al. Longitudinal associations between sport participation and fat mass with body posture in children: A 5-year follow-up from the Czech ELSPAC study. PLoS ONE, 2022; 17(4): e0266903.
58-Wyszyńska J, Podgo´rska-Bednarz J, Drzał-Grabiec J, et al. Analysis of relationship between the body mass composition and physical activity with body posture in children. Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:1851670.
59-McMaster ME, Lee AJ, Burwell RG. Physical activities of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): preliminary longitudinal case-control study historical evaluation of possible risk factors. Scoliosis. 2015; 10:6.
60-Barańska E, Gajewska E, Sobieska M. Obesity and the resulting motor organ problems versus motoric fitness in girls and boys with overweight and obesity. Medical News. 2012; 4:337–341.
61-Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0149924.
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Received: 2023/05/30 | Accepted: 2024/01/2 | Published: 2024/03/16
Received: 2023/05/30 | Accepted: 2024/01/2 | Published: 2024/03/16
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