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sadeghian shahi M, rezaee S, samadi H. The Effectiveness of Paaryaad Perceptual-Motor Exercises on Response Inhibition, Cognitive Flexibility and Time Reproduction in Children with Developmental Coordination. TB 2023; 22 (3) :96-111
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URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3498-en.html
Yazd University , rsadeghian@yazd.ac.ir
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The Effectiveness of Paaryaad Perceptual-Motor Exercises on Response Inhibition, Cognitive Flexibility and Time Reproduction in Children with Developmental Coordination
Soheila Rezaee (M.A)1, Mohammad Reza Sadeghian-Shahi (Ph.D.)2, Hossein Samadi (Ph.D.)3
1. Master of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. (Corresponding Author). Phone: 09133549489, Email: rsadeghian@yazd.ac.ir
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, the use of new therapeutic approaches to improve the executive functions of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of paaryaad exercises on response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and time reproduction in 8-12-year-old children with DCD.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the research was all the male students aged 8 to 12 years old in Maroodasht city schools in 2018, 30 of whom were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The intervention included perceptual-motor paaryaad exercises for 20 thirty-minute sessions at the gym. Data were collected using GO/NOGO and Stroop software, and time reproduction. Data analysis was done using repeated measure analysis of variance and Wilcoxon test in SPSS 24 software.
Results: The results of the research showed that the scores of the experimental group regarding the variables of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition increased and the scores of time reproduction decreased. However, the scores of the control group did not change in the studied variables. Moreover, the findings of the research showed that Paaryaad perceptual motor exercises have a significant effect on response inhibition and time reproduction (p<0/005), but did not have a significant effect on the cognitive flexibility component (p<0/005).
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of Paaryaad exercises on response inhibition and time reproduction of children with DCD, it is suggested that these exercises be used as a suitable intervention method to improve some executive functions.
Keywords: Developmental Coordination Disorder, Perceptual-Motor Exercises, Executive Functions
References
1-Biotteau M, Albaret JM, Chaix Y. Developmental coordination disorder. InHandbook of clinical neurology 2020 Jan 1 (Vol. 174, pp. 3-20). Elsevier.
2-Wilson P, Ruddock S, Rahimi-Golkhandan S, Piek J, Sugden D, Green D, Steenbergen, B. Cognitive and motor function in developmental coordination disorder. Developmental medicine and child neurology.2020; 62(11), 1317–1323.
3-Bernardi M, Leonard H, Hill E, Botting N, Henry L. Executive functions in children with developmental coordination disorder: a 2‐year follow‐up study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.2018; 60(3), 306-313.
4-Sartori RF, Valentini NC, Fonseca RP. Executive function in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A comparative study. Child: care, health and development.2020; 46(3), 294-302.
5-Tal-Saban M, Moshkovitz M, Zaguri-Vittenberg S, Yochman A. (2021). Social skills of kindergarten children with Global Developmental Delay (GDD), with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Research in Developmental Disabilities.2021; 119, 104105.
6-Redondo-Tébar A, Ruiz-Hermosa A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Martín-Espinosa NM, Notario-Pacheco B, Sánchez-López M. Health-related quality of life in developmental coordination disorder and typical developing children. Research in Developmental Disabilities.2021; 119, 104087.
7-Wilson PH, Smits‐Engelsman B, Caeyenberghs K, Steenbergen B, Sugden D, Clark J, Blank R. Cognitive and neuroimaging findings in developmental coordination disorder: new insights from a systematic review of recent research. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.2017; 59(11), 1117-1129.
8-Jalilvand M, samadi H. The effectiveness of physical activity with motor-cognitive approach on executive function in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Jorjani Biomed J. 2020; 8 (2):17-26. [Persian]
9-Nayak S, Salem HZ, Tarullo AR. Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhibition in bilingual and monolingual children: Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) during a nonverbal Stroop task. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2020; 41:100740.
10-Suzuki K, Kita Y, Shirakawa Y, Egashira Y, Mitsuhashi S, Kitamura Y, Okuzumi H, Kaga Y, Inagaki M. Reduced Nogo-P3 in adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2020; 153: 37-44.
11-Quiñones-Camacho LE, Fishburn FA, Camacho MC, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Cognitive flexibility-related prefrontal activation in preschoolers: A biological approach to temperamental effortful control. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2019 Aug 1; 38:100651.
12-Jahanbakhsh H, sohrabi M, Saberi Kakhki A, khodashenas E. The effect of a selected training program under dual-task and single-task conditions on the cognitive flexibility of children with developmental coordination disability. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2019; 9(34): 31-49. [Persian]
13-Jalilvand M, Samadi H, Heydari Y. The Effectiveness of Executive Function Training Program through Physical Activity on Response Inhibition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies.2020. [Persian]
14-Witowska J, Zajenkowski M, Wittmann M. Integration of balanced time perspective and time perception: The role of executive control and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 163:110061.
15-Rosenblum S, Regev N. Timing abilities among children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD) in comparison to children with typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities.2013; 34(1), 218-227.
16-Rahimianmashhadi M, shamsipoordehkordi P. The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation Training and Progressive Physical Training on Cognitive Flexibility and Social Developmental on Mentally Retarded Children. Neuropsychology, 2018; 4(14): 91-110. [Persian]
17-Pain G, Laridi I. Human motor development; Translated by: Khalagi H, Khajooy D. 1st ed. Arak university press; 2005. [Persian]
18-Soltani Kouhbanani S, Rothenberger A. Perceptual-Motor Skills Reconstruction Program Improves Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Sustainability .2021; 13(11), 6210. [Persian]
19-Soltani Kouhbanani S, Arabi SM, Zarenezhad S, Khosrorad R. The Effect of Perceptual-Motor Training on Executive Functions in Children with Non-Verbal Learning Disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.2020 16, 1129–1137. [Persian]
20-Purnamasari N, Arifin NF, Nawir DA. The Effect of Perceptual – Motor Training on Cognitive Abilities in Children with Mild Mental Retardation. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal.2021; 6(1), 21-29.
21-Soori Z, Heirani A, rafie F, falahi Z. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Perceptual-Motor Training on Working Memory in Children with Hearing Loss. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2017; 9(2): 319-333. [Persian]
22-Ghasemian Moghadam H, Sohrabi M, Taheri H. The Effect of Paaryaad Perceptual Motor Exercises on Executive Functions of Children with Learning Disorder. [M.A thesis]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2017. [Persian]
23-Parand Human Enhancement Center. Paaryaad Guidebook. 2014. [Persian]
24-Homanian D, Khezri A. The Effect of Paaryaad Training on the Development of Motor Skills of 6-8-Year-Old Children Suffering from High Function Autistic Spectrum. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2016; 8(3): 531-545. [Persian]
25-Schoemaker MM, Flapper BC, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Kloet A. Validity of the motor observation questionnaire for teachers as a screening instrument for children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science. 2008 Apr 1;27(2):190-9.
26-Schoemaker MM. Manual of the motor observation questionnaire for teachers. Groningen: Center for Human Movement Sciences; Dutch Internal Publication: Groningen, The Netherlands. 2003.
27-Salehi H, Zarezadeh M, Salek B. Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Motor Observation Questionnaire for Teachers (PMOQ-T). IJPCP. 2012; 18 (3):211-219. [Persian]
28-Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics. 2009 Jan 1;29(2):182-202.
29-Salehi H, Afsorde Bakshayash R, Movahedi A, Ghasemi V. Psychometric properties of a Persian version of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire in boys aged 6-11-year-old. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2012; 1(4). [Persian]
30-Swanson J, Nolan W, Pelham WE. The SNAP rating scale for the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles; 1981
31-Kiani B, Hadianfard H. Psychometric Properties of a Persian Self-Report Version of Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale (version IV) for Screening Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2016; 21 (4):317-326. [Persian]
32-Karamie A. Child intelligence measurement.13th ed. Tehran. Psychometric Publications.2014.
33-Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, A'shayeri H, Ghazi-Tabatabaei M. The Role of Cognitive Rehabilitation in Reduction of Executive Function Deficits and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizo-Obsessive Patients. Journal of Rehabilititation. 2007; 7 (4):11-24.[ Persian]
34-Narimani M. Eamaali A. Andalib Kooraim M. Aghajani S. Comparing the Stroop performance instudents with learning difficulties and normal students. Learning difficulties. 2012; 2(1):138-158. [Persian]
35-Roshandel Rad M, Nazari M A, Vahedi S. Developmental Study on Time Perception in 7-12-Year-old Children and the Corresponding Role of Attention. Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2016; 18 (1):14-21. [Persian]
36-Chang YK, Tsai YJ, Chen TT, et al. The impacts of coordinative exercise on executive function in kindergarten children: an ERP study. Experimental Brain Research. 2013; 187–196.
37-Chen T, Wang H, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu F. (2021). Transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves response inhibition. International Journal of Psychophysiology.2021; 162, 34-39.
38-beirami M, hashemi T, khanjaani Z, nemati F, rasoulzadeh H. Effectiveness of motor-based cognitive rehabilitation on improvement of executive functions (cognitive flexibility, working memory, reaction time, response inhibition, sustained attention) in students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2021; 16(61): 1-18. [Persian]
39-Liu ZX, Lishak V, Tannock R, Woltering S. (2017). Effects of working memory training on neural correlates of Go/Nogo response control in adults with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychologia.2017; 95, 54–72.
40-Haapala EA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills in relation to cognition and academic performance in children - a review. Journal of human kinetics.2013; 36, 55–68.
41-Pourtois G, Rauss KS, Vuilleumier P, Schwartz S. Effects of perceptual learning on primary visual cortex activity in humans. Vision Research.2008; 48(1), 55–62.
42-Gomez-Pinilla F. The combined effects of exercise and foods in preventing neurological and cognitive disorders. Preventive medicine.2011 52, S75-S80.
43-Amini H, Jaberi Mogadam A. The Effect of Gymnastics Training on Neuropsychological Functioning of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2015; 7(2): 217-238. [Persian]
44-Zelazo PD, Frye D. Cognitive Complexity and Control: II. The Development of Executive Function in Childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science.1998; 7(4), 121–126.
45-Ghamari Givi H, Khaleghkhah A, Jafari E, Jokar Kamalabadi N, Rezaei Soufi M. Effectiveness of motor exercises (stroll) on time perception in patients with schizophrenia disorder. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(3):31-39. [Persian]
46-Shahabifar A, Hosseinifard S, Movahedinia A. Interaction of Working Memory and Task Duration in Time Perception. Neuropsychology. 2020; 5(19): 99-114. [Persian]
47-Shahbazi S, Khazaei AA, Aghdasi MT, Yazdanbakhsh K. Effectiveness of perceptual – motor training on motor proficiency children with hyperactivity disorder. Journal of modern rehabilitation. 2016; 9 (6):51-59. [Persian]
Soheila Rezaee (M.A)1, Mohammad Reza Sadeghian-Shahi (Ph.D.)2, Hossein Samadi (Ph.D.)3
1. Master of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. (Corresponding Author). Phone: 09133549489, Email: rsadeghian@yazd.ac.ir
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, the use of new therapeutic approaches to improve the executive functions of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of paaryaad exercises on response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and time reproduction in 8-12-year-old children with DCD.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the research was all the male students aged 8 to 12 years old in Maroodasht city schools in 2018, 30 of whom were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The intervention included perceptual-motor paaryaad exercises for 20 thirty-minute sessions at the gym. Data were collected using GO/NOGO and Stroop software, and time reproduction. Data analysis was done using repeated measure analysis of variance and Wilcoxon test in SPSS 24 software.
Results: The results of the research showed that the scores of the experimental group regarding the variables of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition increased and the scores of time reproduction decreased. However, the scores of the control group did not change in the studied variables. Moreover, the findings of the research showed that Paaryaad perceptual motor exercises have a significant effect on response inhibition and time reproduction (p<0/005), but did not have a significant effect on the cognitive flexibility component (p<0/005).
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of Paaryaad exercises on response inhibition and time reproduction of children with DCD, it is suggested that these exercises be used as a suitable intervention method to improve some executive functions.
Keywords: Developmental Coordination Disorder, Perceptual-Motor Exercises, Executive Functions
References
1-Biotteau M, Albaret JM, Chaix Y. Developmental coordination disorder. InHandbook of clinical neurology 2020 Jan 1 (Vol. 174, pp. 3-20). Elsevier.
2-Wilson P, Ruddock S, Rahimi-Golkhandan S, Piek J, Sugden D, Green D, Steenbergen, B. Cognitive and motor function in developmental coordination disorder. Developmental medicine and child neurology.2020; 62(11), 1317–1323.
3-Bernardi M, Leonard H, Hill E, Botting N, Henry L. Executive functions in children with developmental coordination disorder: a 2‐year follow‐up study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.2018; 60(3), 306-313.
4-Sartori RF, Valentini NC, Fonseca RP. Executive function in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A comparative study. Child: care, health and development.2020; 46(3), 294-302.
5-Tal-Saban M, Moshkovitz M, Zaguri-Vittenberg S, Yochman A. (2021). Social skills of kindergarten children with Global Developmental Delay (GDD), with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Research in Developmental Disabilities.2021; 119, 104105.
6-Redondo-Tébar A, Ruiz-Hermosa A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Martín-Espinosa NM, Notario-Pacheco B, Sánchez-López M. Health-related quality of life in developmental coordination disorder and typical developing children. Research in Developmental Disabilities.2021; 119, 104087.
7-Wilson PH, Smits‐Engelsman B, Caeyenberghs K, Steenbergen B, Sugden D, Clark J, Blank R. Cognitive and neuroimaging findings in developmental coordination disorder: new insights from a systematic review of recent research. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.2017; 59(11), 1117-1129.
8-Jalilvand M, samadi H. The effectiveness of physical activity with motor-cognitive approach on executive function in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Jorjani Biomed J. 2020; 8 (2):17-26. [Persian]
9-Nayak S, Salem HZ, Tarullo AR. Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhibition in bilingual and monolingual children: Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) during a nonverbal Stroop task. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2020; 41:100740.
10-Suzuki K, Kita Y, Shirakawa Y, Egashira Y, Mitsuhashi S, Kitamura Y, Okuzumi H, Kaga Y, Inagaki M. Reduced Nogo-P3 in adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2020; 153: 37-44.
11-Quiñones-Camacho LE, Fishburn FA, Camacho MC, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Cognitive flexibility-related prefrontal activation in preschoolers: A biological approach to temperamental effortful control. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2019 Aug 1; 38:100651.
12-Jahanbakhsh H, sohrabi M, Saberi Kakhki A, khodashenas E. The effect of a selected training program under dual-task and single-task conditions on the cognitive flexibility of children with developmental coordination disability. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2019; 9(34): 31-49. [Persian]
13-Jalilvand M, Samadi H, Heydari Y. The Effectiveness of Executive Function Training Program through Physical Activity on Response Inhibition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies.2020. [Persian]
14-Witowska J, Zajenkowski M, Wittmann M. Integration of balanced time perspective and time perception: The role of executive control and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 163:110061.
15-Rosenblum S, Regev N. Timing abilities among children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD) in comparison to children with typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities.2013; 34(1), 218-227.
16-Rahimianmashhadi M, shamsipoordehkordi P. The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation Training and Progressive Physical Training on Cognitive Flexibility and Social Developmental on Mentally Retarded Children. Neuropsychology, 2018; 4(14): 91-110. [Persian]
17-Pain G, Laridi I. Human motor development; Translated by: Khalagi H, Khajooy D. 1st ed. Arak university press; 2005. [Persian]
18-Soltani Kouhbanani S, Rothenberger A. Perceptual-Motor Skills Reconstruction Program Improves Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Sustainability .2021; 13(11), 6210. [Persian]
19-Soltani Kouhbanani S, Arabi SM, Zarenezhad S, Khosrorad R. The Effect of Perceptual-Motor Training on Executive Functions in Children with Non-Verbal Learning Disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.2020 16, 1129–1137. [Persian]
20-Purnamasari N, Arifin NF, Nawir DA. The Effect of Perceptual – Motor Training on Cognitive Abilities in Children with Mild Mental Retardation. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal.2021; 6(1), 21-29.
21-Soori Z, Heirani A, rafie F, falahi Z. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Perceptual-Motor Training on Working Memory in Children with Hearing Loss. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2017; 9(2): 319-333. [Persian]
22-Ghasemian Moghadam H, Sohrabi M, Taheri H. The Effect of Paaryaad Perceptual Motor Exercises on Executive Functions of Children with Learning Disorder. [M.A thesis]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2017. [Persian]
23-Parand Human Enhancement Center. Paaryaad Guidebook. 2014. [Persian]
24-Homanian D, Khezri A. The Effect of Paaryaad Training on the Development of Motor Skills of 6-8-Year-Old Children Suffering from High Function Autistic Spectrum. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2016; 8(3): 531-545. [Persian]
25-Schoemaker MM, Flapper BC, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Kloet A. Validity of the motor observation questionnaire for teachers as a screening instrument for children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science. 2008 Apr 1;27(2):190-9.
26-Schoemaker MM. Manual of the motor observation questionnaire for teachers. Groningen: Center for Human Movement Sciences; Dutch Internal Publication: Groningen, The Netherlands. 2003.
27-Salehi H, Zarezadeh M, Salek B. Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Motor Observation Questionnaire for Teachers (PMOQ-T). IJPCP. 2012; 18 (3):211-219. [Persian]
28-Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics. 2009 Jan 1;29(2):182-202.
29-Salehi H, Afsorde Bakshayash R, Movahedi A, Ghasemi V. Psychometric properties of a Persian version of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire in boys aged 6-11-year-old. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2012; 1(4). [Persian]
30-Swanson J, Nolan W, Pelham WE. The SNAP rating scale for the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles; 1981
31-Kiani B, Hadianfard H. Psychometric Properties of a Persian Self-Report Version of Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale (version IV) for Screening Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2016; 21 (4):317-326. [Persian]
32-Karamie A. Child intelligence measurement.13th ed. Tehran. Psychometric Publications.2014.
33-Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, A'shayeri H, Ghazi-Tabatabaei M. The Role of Cognitive Rehabilitation in Reduction of Executive Function Deficits and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizo-Obsessive Patients. Journal of Rehabilititation. 2007; 7 (4):11-24.[ Persian]
34-Narimani M. Eamaali A. Andalib Kooraim M. Aghajani S. Comparing the Stroop performance instudents with learning difficulties and normal students. Learning difficulties. 2012; 2(1):138-158. [Persian]
35-Roshandel Rad M, Nazari M A, Vahedi S. Developmental Study on Time Perception in 7-12-Year-old Children and the Corresponding Role of Attention. Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2016; 18 (1):14-21. [Persian]
36-Chang YK, Tsai YJ, Chen TT, et al. The impacts of coordinative exercise on executive function in kindergarten children: an ERP study. Experimental Brain Research. 2013; 187–196.
37-Chen T, Wang H, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu F. (2021). Transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves response inhibition. International Journal of Psychophysiology.2021; 162, 34-39.
38-beirami M, hashemi T, khanjaani Z, nemati F, rasoulzadeh H. Effectiveness of motor-based cognitive rehabilitation on improvement of executive functions (cognitive flexibility, working memory, reaction time, response inhibition, sustained attention) in students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2021; 16(61): 1-18. [Persian]
39-Liu ZX, Lishak V, Tannock R, Woltering S. (2017). Effects of working memory training on neural correlates of Go/Nogo response control in adults with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychologia.2017; 95, 54–72.
40-Haapala EA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills in relation to cognition and academic performance in children - a review. Journal of human kinetics.2013; 36, 55–68.
41-Pourtois G, Rauss KS, Vuilleumier P, Schwartz S. Effects of perceptual learning on primary visual cortex activity in humans. Vision Research.2008; 48(1), 55–62.
42-Gomez-Pinilla F. The combined effects of exercise and foods in preventing neurological and cognitive disorders. Preventive medicine.2011 52, S75-S80.
43-Amini H, Jaberi Mogadam A. The Effect of Gymnastics Training on Neuropsychological Functioning of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2015; 7(2): 217-238. [Persian]
44-Zelazo PD, Frye D. Cognitive Complexity and Control: II. The Development of Executive Function in Childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science.1998; 7(4), 121–126.
45-Ghamari Givi H, Khaleghkhah A, Jafari E, Jokar Kamalabadi N, Rezaei Soufi M. Effectiveness of motor exercises (stroll) on time perception in patients with schizophrenia disorder. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(3):31-39. [Persian]
46-Shahabifar A, Hosseinifard S, Movahedinia A. Interaction of Working Memory and Task Duration in Time Perception. Neuropsychology. 2020; 5(19): 99-114. [Persian]
47-Shahbazi S, Khazaei AA, Aghdasi MT, Yazdanbakhsh K. Effectiveness of perceptual – motor training on motor proficiency children with hyperactivity disorder. Journal of modern rehabilitation. 2016; 9 (6):51-59. [Persian]
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Received: 2022/12/20 | Accepted: 2023/03/5 | Published: 2023/09/1
Received: 2022/12/20 | Accepted: 2023/03/5 | Published: 2023/09/1
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