Volume 24, Issue 4 (3-2026)
TB 2026, 24(4): 117-131 |
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Research code: IR.KHOY.REC.1403.006
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zareipour M, Rostamnezhad K, Mokhtari M, Zeynali E, Asghari Z. The Attitude Toward Hijab, Religious Health-Promoting Behaviors and Their Relationship with Social Health Among Female Students. TB 2026; 24 (4) :117-131
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3815-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3815-en.html
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran , z.morad@yahoo.com
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The Attitude Toward Hijab, Religious Health-Promoting Behaviors and Their Relationship with Social Health Among Female Students
Morad Ali Zareipour (Ph.D.)1, Mehdi Mokhtari(Ph.D.)2, Kosar Rostamnezhad(M.A.)3, Esmayil Zeynali(M.Sc.)4, Zahra Asghari(M.Sc.)3
1.Corresponding author: Assistant Professor of Health Education and Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran. Email:z.morad@yahoo.com Tel: +989141878294
2.Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.
3.Nursing student, Student Research Committee, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
4.Islamic education instructor, Department of Islamic Education, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy,Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Social health, as one of the dimensions of health, is influenced by various factors, including religious beliefs and cultural attitudes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and social health among female students of Khoy University of Medical Sciences in 2024.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 230 female students at the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Khoy. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires on attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and social health. The sampling method was census-based, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 19, employing ANOVA, independent t-tests, correlation, and multiple linear regression.
Results: The findings indicated that attitude toward hijab (β=0/131, p<0/04) and religious health-promoting behaviors (β=0/19, p<0/03) had a significant positive effect on social health. Additionally, students in public health and operating room departments had higher social health compared to others (p<0/05). More recent enrollees exhibited higher social health than earlier cohorts (p<0/05), and students with employed parents had greater social health than those with parents in other occupations (p<0/05).
Conclusion: The results highlight a positive association between attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and students' social health. These findings underscore the importance of addressing religious and cultural dimensions in promoting social health. It is recommended that educational and counseling programs in this area be strengthened.
Keywords: Social Health, Attitude, Hijab, Health-Promoting Behaviors, Health, Students
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest
1-Zareipour M, Nozad E, Khodavandi S & et al. Evaluation of Health Promoting Behaviors and Its Relationship with Mental Health in Elderly Military Veterans in Iran. J Archives in Military Med. 2021; 9(4):1-8.doi: 10.5812/jamm.119675.
2-Tabrizi JS, Doshmangir L, Khoshmaram N & et al. Key factors affecting health promoting behaviors among adolescents: a scoping review. BMC Health Services Research. 2024;24(1):58-68.doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10510-x.
3-Yun J-Y, Yun YH. Health-promoting behavior to enhance perceived meaning and control of life in chronic disease patients with role limitations and depressive symptoms: a network approach. Scientific reports. 2023;13(1):48-57.doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31867-3.
4-Hosseinzadeh F, Namadi F, Akbarnezhad N & et al. Spiritual Well-being and Its Relationship With Academic Achievement in Iranian College Students: A Systematic Review. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2025;38(0):doi:1440-5.10.32598/ijn.38.1440.5
5-Besharat MA, Hosseini SA. Psychometric Properties of the Religious Health Promoting Behaviors Inventory-16 among the Students of Tehran. Journal of Religion and Health. 2023;10(2):54-65.
6-Yavari M R, Rezaei pandari H, Morowati sharif abad M A & et al. Spiritual Health and its Relationship with Religious Behaviors of Students in Yazd University of Medical Sciences . Toloo-e-Behdasht 2019; 18 (3) :32-44. doi:10.18502/tbj.v18i3.1442
7-Syahrivar J. Hijab No More: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Religion and Health. 2021;60(3):1969-91.
8-Lafmejani AQ, Mousavi SV, Rezaei S & et al. The moderating role of perfect hijab (Chador) in the relationship of body image concern and dissatisfaction with body image with social anxiety among female university students. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2022;20(1):31-41.
9-Ara H. Hijab fashion consciousness among young Muslim women in Malaysia. Studies of Applied Economics. 2021;39(4):33-40.doi: 10.25115/eea.v39i4.4312.
10-Sheen M, Yekani HAK, Jordan TR. The Good, the Bad and the Hijab: A Study of Implicit Associations Made by Practicing Muslims in Their Native Muslim Country. Psychological reports. 2023;126(6):2886-903.doi: 10.1177/00332941221103532.
11-Poorbarat S, Rajabzadeh R, Jafari Y & et al. Investigating the Relationship between Psychosocial–Social health and Academic Achievement of the Students in North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. Toloo-e-Behdasht 2021; 20 (5) :26-39.doi:10.18502/tbj.v20i5.8516
12-Zareipour MA, Narmayoun N, Ghelichi Ghojogh M. Investigating social health and its related factors among male prisoners of urmia in 2016. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health. 2021;1(2):126-33.doi: 20.1001.1.27832104.2017.1.2.6.4
13-Entesar FG, Kawandi S, Kamali N, Entesar FM & et al. Comparison of social immunity and mental health in women with poorly-veiled and well-veiled (hijab). Women and Family Studies. 2020;7(26):7-22.
14-Karimisani P, Kazempourdizaji E. The relationship between the use of the media, public health and attitudes to the hijab and chastity among students of Tabriz. Social Science Quarterly. 2021;15(3):51-63.
15-Dashti S, Moeini B, Shahrabadi R & et al. A Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Health and Attitudes towards Women’s Dress Code among Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Religion and Health. 2016;4(1):21-8.
16-Shayeghian Z, Amiri P, Vahedi-Notash G & et al. Validity and Reliability of the Iranian Version of the Short Form Social Well Being Scale in a General Urban Population. Iranian journal of public health. 2019;48(8):1478.doi: 10.18502/ijph.v48i8.2988
17-Abd Kadir NJ. The veiled identity: A sociocultural examination of the hijab and its multifaceted meanings among muslim women in the west. 2024;1(1):1-13.doi: 10.21580/jsw.2024.8.2.20317
18-Effendi A, Syarosy A, Danil M. Hijab as the Legal Identity and Spirituality of Muslim Women in Modern Social Dynamics. Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman. 2025;11(2):363-78.doi: 10.35309/alinsyiroh.v11i2.442
19-Firdaus HW. The Effect of Dressing in Sharia on Psychological and Social Well-Being: Implications and Risks of Deviation in Modern Society. Demak Universal Journal of Islam and Sharia. 2025;3(01):109-20.
20-Di Gesto C, Guidi E, Policardo GR & et al. The Mediating Role of Mattering in the Relationship Between Perceived Islamophobia and Well-Being in a Group of Muslim Women Residing in Italy. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025;15(10):1338-1345.doi: 10.3390/bs15101338.
21-Fomeni GI. Comparison of social Immunity and mental health in women with poorly-veiled andwell-veiled (Hijab). Women and Family Studies. 2020;26(7):7-22.
22-Fani M, Mohtashami J, Karamkhani M, Abdoljabbari M. Confrontation Process of Students with Hijab. J Relig Health. 2020 Feb;59(1):204-222. doi: 10.1007/s10943-018-0712-1.
23-Kazemi SY, Hasanpour-Dehkord A, Jafari AG. Investigating the Attitudes of Female Students Towards the Type of Clothing and its Relationship with Religious Beliefs in the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va Salāmat (ie, Research on Religion & Health). 2021;7(4):103-13.
24-Mogadam tabrizi F, Shaykhi N, Najafi S. Investigating the Status of Health Promoting Behaviors and Its relation to Self-Efficacy and Social Support in Female Heads of Suburban Households of Urmia City J Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care. 2020;27(6):394-404.doi: 10.30699/ajnmc.27.6.394
25-Abdolkarimi M, Mobini Lotfabad M, Khodadadi H & et al. The Survey of Health-Promoting Behaviors among Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2022: A Descriptive Study J Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2024;22(11):1191-204.doi: 10.61186/jrums.22.11.1191
26-Lee MK, Oh J. Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior. Healthcare (Basel). 202016;8(4):407.doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040407.
27-Mazloomy Mahmood Abad SS, Sotoudeh A, Asadian A & et al. Social Health in Students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences J Development Strategies in Medical Education. 2019;6(1):1-11. doi.10.29252/dsme.6.1.1
28-Khatri P, Duggal HK, Lim WM & et al. Student well-being in higher education: Scale development and validation with implications for management education. The International Journal of Management Education. 2024;22(1):100933
29-Tikhomirova TN, Basyuk, VS, Ismatullina VI & et al.Well-being and Educational Outcomes across Student with Different University Admission Strategies. Psychological Science and Education. 2024; 29(6), 35–53.
30-Wu J, Shen H, Shen Y & et al. The influence of family socioeconomic status on college students' mental health literacy: the chain mediating effect of parenting styles and interpersonal relationships. Frontiers in psychology. 2024;15:1477221.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477221
31-Biecek P, Borgonovi F. Do parents’ occupations have an impact on student performance. 2014;36:1-4.
Morad Ali Zareipour (Ph.D.)1, Mehdi Mokhtari(Ph.D.)2, Kosar Rostamnezhad(M.A.)3, Esmayil Zeynali(M.Sc.)4, Zahra Asghari(M.Sc.)3
1.Corresponding author: Assistant Professor of Health Education and Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran. Email:z.morad@yahoo.com Tel: +989141878294
2.Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.
3.Nursing student, Student Research Committee, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
4.Islamic education instructor, Department of Islamic Education, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy,Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Social health, as one of the dimensions of health, is influenced by various factors, including religious beliefs and cultural attitudes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and social health among female students of Khoy University of Medical Sciences in 2024.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 230 female students at the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Khoy. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires on attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and social health. The sampling method was census-based, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 19, employing ANOVA, independent t-tests, correlation, and multiple linear regression.
Results: The findings indicated that attitude toward hijab (β=0/131, p<0/04) and religious health-promoting behaviors (β=0/19, p<0/03) had a significant positive effect on social health. Additionally, students in public health and operating room departments had higher social health compared to others (p<0/05). More recent enrollees exhibited higher social health than earlier cohorts (p<0/05), and students with employed parents had greater social health than those with parents in other occupations (p<0/05).
Conclusion: The results highlight a positive association between attitudes toward hijab, religious health-promoting behaviors, and students' social health. These findings underscore the importance of addressing religious and cultural dimensions in promoting social health. It is recommended that educational and counseling programs in this area be strengthened.
Keywords: Social Health, Attitude, Hijab, Health-Promoting Behaviors, Health, Students
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest
1-Zareipour M, Nozad E, Khodavandi S & et al. Evaluation of Health Promoting Behaviors and Its Relationship with Mental Health in Elderly Military Veterans in Iran. J Archives in Military Med. 2021; 9(4):1-8.doi: 10.5812/jamm.119675.
2-Tabrizi JS, Doshmangir L, Khoshmaram N & et al. Key factors affecting health promoting behaviors among adolescents: a scoping review. BMC Health Services Research. 2024;24(1):58-68.doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10510-x.
3-Yun J-Y, Yun YH. Health-promoting behavior to enhance perceived meaning and control of life in chronic disease patients with role limitations and depressive symptoms: a network approach. Scientific reports. 2023;13(1):48-57.doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31867-3.
4-Hosseinzadeh F, Namadi F, Akbarnezhad N & et al. Spiritual Well-being and Its Relationship With Academic Achievement in Iranian College Students: A Systematic Review. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2025;38(0):doi:1440-5.10.32598/ijn.38.1440.5
5-Besharat MA, Hosseini SA. Psychometric Properties of the Religious Health Promoting Behaviors Inventory-16 among the Students of Tehran. Journal of Religion and Health. 2023;10(2):54-65.
6-Yavari M R, Rezaei pandari H, Morowati sharif abad M A & et al. Spiritual Health and its Relationship with Religious Behaviors of Students in Yazd University of Medical Sciences . Toloo-e-Behdasht 2019; 18 (3) :32-44. doi:10.18502/tbj.v18i3.1442
7-Syahrivar J. Hijab No More: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Religion and Health. 2021;60(3):1969-91.
8-Lafmejani AQ, Mousavi SV, Rezaei S & et al. The moderating role of perfect hijab (Chador) in the relationship of body image concern and dissatisfaction with body image with social anxiety among female university students. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2022;20(1):31-41.
9-Ara H. Hijab fashion consciousness among young Muslim women in Malaysia. Studies of Applied Economics. 2021;39(4):33-40.doi: 10.25115/eea.v39i4.4312.
10-Sheen M, Yekani HAK, Jordan TR. The Good, the Bad and the Hijab: A Study of Implicit Associations Made by Practicing Muslims in Their Native Muslim Country. Psychological reports. 2023;126(6):2886-903.doi: 10.1177/00332941221103532.
11-Poorbarat S, Rajabzadeh R, Jafari Y & et al. Investigating the Relationship between Psychosocial–Social health and Academic Achievement of the Students in North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. Toloo-e-Behdasht 2021; 20 (5) :26-39.doi:10.18502/tbj.v20i5.8516
12-Zareipour MA, Narmayoun N, Ghelichi Ghojogh M. Investigating social health and its related factors among male prisoners of urmia in 2016. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health. 2021;1(2):126-33.doi: 20.1001.1.27832104.2017.1.2.6.4
13-Entesar FG, Kawandi S, Kamali N, Entesar FM & et al. Comparison of social immunity and mental health in women with poorly-veiled and well-veiled (hijab). Women and Family Studies. 2020;7(26):7-22.
14-Karimisani P, Kazempourdizaji E. The relationship between the use of the media, public health and attitudes to the hijab and chastity among students of Tabriz. Social Science Quarterly. 2021;15(3):51-63.
15-Dashti S, Moeini B, Shahrabadi R & et al. A Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Health and Attitudes towards Women’s Dress Code among Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Religion and Health. 2016;4(1):21-8.
16-Shayeghian Z, Amiri P, Vahedi-Notash G & et al. Validity and Reliability of the Iranian Version of the Short Form Social Well Being Scale in a General Urban Population. Iranian journal of public health. 2019;48(8):1478.doi: 10.18502/ijph.v48i8.2988
17-Abd Kadir NJ. The veiled identity: A sociocultural examination of the hijab and its multifaceted meanings among muslim women in the west. 2024;1(1):1-13.doi: 10.21580/jsw.2024.8.2.20317
18-Effendi A, Syarosy A, Danil M. Hijab as the Legal Identity and Spirituality of Muslim Women in Modern Social Dynamics. Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman. 2025;11(2):363-78.doi: 10.35309/alinsyiroh.v11i2.442
19-Firdaus HW. The Effect of Dressing in Sharia on Psychological and Social Well-Being: Implications and Risks of Deviation in Modern Society. Demak Universal Journal of Islam and Sharia. 2025;3(01):109-20.
20-Di Gesto C, Guidi E, Policardo GR & et al. The Mediating Role of Mattering in the Relationship Between Perceived Islamophobia and Well-Being in a Group of Muslim Women Residing in Italy. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025;15(10):1338-1345.doi: 10.3390/bs15101338.
21-Fomeni GI. Comparison of social Immunity and mental health in women with poorly-veiled andwell-veiled (Hijab). Women and Family Studies. 2020;26(7):7-22.
22-Fani M, Mohtashami J, Karamkhani M, Abdoljabbari M. Confrontation Process of Students with Hijab. J Relig Health. 2020 Feb;59(1):204-222. doi: 10.1007/s10943-018-0712-1.
23-Kazemi SY, Hasanpour-Dehkord A, Jafari AG. Investigating the Attitudes of Female Students Towards the Type of Clothing and its Relationship with Religious Beliefs in the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va Salāmat (ie, Research on Religion & Health). 2021;7(4):103-13.
24-Mogadam tabrizi F, Shaykhi N, Najafi S. Investigating the Status of Health Promoting Behaviors and Its relation to Self-Efficacy and Social Support in Female Heads of Suburban Households of Urmia City J Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care. 2020;27(6):394-404.doi: 10.30699/ajnmc.27.6.394
25-Abdolkarimi M, Mobini Lotfabad M, Khodadadi H & et al. The Survey of Health-Promoting Behaviors among Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2022: A Descriptive Study J Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2024;22(11):1191-204.doi: 10.61186/jrums.22.11.1191
26-Lee MK, Oh J. Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior. Healthcare (Basel). 202016;8(4):407.doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040407.
27-Mazloomy Mahmood Abad SS, Sotoudeh A, Asadian A & et al. Social Health in Students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences J Development Strategies in Medical Education. 2019;6(1):1-11. doi.10.29252/dsme.6.1.1
28-Khatri P, Duggal HK, Lim WM & et al. Student well-being in higher education: Scale development and validation with implications for management education. The International Journal of Management Education. 2024;22(1):100933
29-Tikhomirova TN, Basyuk, VS, Ismatullina VI & et al.Well-being and Educational Outcomes across Student with Different University Admission Strategies. Psychological Science and Education. 2024; 29(6), 35–53.
30-Wu J, Shen H, Shen Y & et al. The influence of family socioeconomic status on college students' mental health literacy: the chain mediating effect of parenting styles and interpersonal relationships. Frontiers in psychology. 2024;15:1477221.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477221
31-Biecek P, Borgonovi F. Do parents’ occupations have an impact on student performance. 2014;36:1-4.
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Received: 2025/04/23 | Accepted: 2025/07/13 | Published: 2026/03/1
Received: 2025/04/23 | Accepted: 2025/07/13 | Published: 2026/03/1
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