Volume 24, Issue 2 (8-2025)
TB 2025, 24(2): 75-87 |
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Parvardeh M, Abasi M, Ghadampour E. The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Intervention on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Female Students with Suicidal Thoughts. TB 2025; 24 (2) :75-87
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3791-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3791-en.html
Associate ProfessorDepartment of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran , abasi.mo@lu.ac.ir
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The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Intervention on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Female Students with Suicidal Thoughts
Mahbobeh Parvardeh(Ph.D.s)[1], Mohammad Abbasi(Ph.D.)2, Ezatolah Ghadampour(Ph.D.)3
1.Ph.D. Candidate in Educational psychology, Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding author:Associate Professor Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Email: abasi.mo@lu.ac.ir Tel: 09177769749
3.Professor Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction:Investigating suicide and evaluating intervention programs is essential for designing preventive strategies. Cognitive emotion regulation is an effective factor in reducing suicidal thoughts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion intervention on cognitive emotion regulation in female students with suicidal thoughts.
Methods:The present study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a control group. The statistical population included all female students in the second year of high school in Khorramabad in the academic year 2024-2025. According to the type of research, the sample size was 15 people in each group, and 30 people were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method and were placed in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools in this study were the Beck et al. Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (1979) and the Garnevsky and Kraij Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2006). The intervention was self-compassion (Paul Gilbert, 2000), which was implemented for 8 90-minute sessions, once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data from the study were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-25 software.
Results: The results showed that the average components of cognitive emotion regulation had a significant increase in the experimental group compared to the control group(p<0/001). Self-compassion intervention has reduced the use of maladaptive strategies and increased the use of adaptive strategies among subjects(p<0/001).
Conclusion: Self-compassion intervention can be an effective intervention method for cognitive emotion regulation in students with suicidal thoughts.
Keywords: Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Female Students, Elf-Compassion Training, Suicidal Thoughts
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
1-Zhao M, Li L, Rao Z & et al. Suicide Mortality by Place, Gender, and Age Group - China, 2010-2021. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(25):559-564.
2-Xiao Y, Junus A, Li T & et al. Temporal and spatial trends in suicide-related visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, 2018-2021. J Affect Disord. 2023;324:24-35.
3-Shim RS, Rodriguez CI. A Mental Health Crisis and Call to Action: Increasing Trends in Suicide Among Black Women in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry [Internet]. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023; 180(12):871–3.
4-Gallyer AJ, Dougherty SP, Burani K & et al. Suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychophysiology. 2021;58(12):e13939.
5-Cavanagh C. Healthy Adolescent Development and the Juvenile Justice System: Challenges and Solutions. Child Development Perspectives. 2022 ; 16(3), 141–147.
6-Brandão T. Religion and Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. Journal of Religion and Health. 2025; 64,2083–2100.
7-Thorisdottir I E, Sigurvinsdottir R, Kristjansson A L & et al I DLongitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents, Preventive medicine, 2020;141:106270.
8-Agbon AA, Mujeeb Adebayo E, Samuel John O & et al. AKnowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Depression as a Predictor of Suicidal Ideation Among Undergraduate Students In Private University. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention. 2023;10(05):7907-7918
9-Akfirat ON. Investigation of relationship between psychological well-being, self esteem, perceived general self-efficacy, level of hope and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. European Journal of Education Studies, 2020;7(9).
10-Cerolini S, Zagaria A, Vacca M & et al. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 24;12(12):474.
11-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and emotion.2018;32(7):1401-1408.
12-Chio FH, Mak WW, Yu BC. Meta-analytic review on the differential effects of self-compassion components on well-being and psychological distress: The moderating role of dialecticism on self-compassion. Clinical Psychology Review . 2021; 85, 101986
13-Kianzad S, Neshat Dost HT, Mehrabi HA & et al. The effectiveness of brief cognitive behavioral therapy on depression, suicidal thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation in women attempting suicide. Journal of Psychological Science. 2021; 20 (106), 1786-1767.[Persian]
14-Soleimannejad H, Poursharifi H, Mohammadzadeh J & et al. The effectiveness of integrative intervention on hopelessness and emotional dysregulation as determinants of suicidal tendencies in adolescents and young people in Ilam city. Community Health. 2019 Sep; 13(3), 43-32.[Persian]
15-Gibbons S, Newberry M. Exploring self-compassion as a means of emotion regulation in teaching. Teacher Development. 2023. 27(1), 19-35.
16-Neff K D. Self-Compassion: theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology. 2023;74:193-218.
17-Potvin A. An invitation to practice self-compassion. The Physics Teacher. 2023; 61(1), 88-89.
18-Liberman T, Bidegain M, Berriel A & et al. Effects of a Virtual Mindful Self-Compassion Training on Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Empathy, Well-being and Stress in Uruguayan Primary School Teachers During Covid-19 Times. 2023 ;61(1):88-89.
19-da Silva CCG, Bolognani CV, Amorim FF & et al. Effectiveness of training programs based on mindfulness in reducing psychological distress and promoting well-being in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2023; 12(1), 1-28.
20-Motamed N, Zamani F. Sample size in medical research (applied approach), Asr Roshanbini Publications, Tehran, first edition, 2016.
21-Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the Beck scale for suicide ideation, San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.1997.
22-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and emotion. 2018;32(7), 1401-1408.
23-Anisi J, Fathi Ashtiani A, Salimi SH & et al . Assessing the validity and reliability of the Beck Suicidal Thoughts Scale (BSSI) in soldiers, Journal of Military Medicine. 2015;71(23),33-37.[Persian]
24-Besharat MA, Bezazian S. Investigating the psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in a sample of the Iranian population. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery. 2015; 24(84), 70 – 61.[Persian]
25-Per M, Simundic A, Argento A & et al. Examining the relationship between mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and emotion regulation in Self-Injury. Archives of Suicide Research. 2021; 26(3), 1286–1301.
26-Harmer B, Lee S, Rizv A & et al. Suicidal Ideation. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. 2025.[Internet]
27-Mandatori F, Paez GR, Robinson RB & et al. Exploring the Situational Contexts of Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Adolescent Suicidality: A Partial Test of Minority Stress Theory. Youth & Society. 2024; 57, 139 - 163.
28-Inwood E, Ferrari M. Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self‐compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being. 2018; 10(2), 215-235.
29-Chen JJ. Self-compassion as key to stress resilience among first-year early childhood teachers during COVID-19: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education. 2022 ;11(1), 103627.
Mahbobeh Parvardeh(Ph.D.s)[1], Mohammad Abbasi(Ph.D.)2, Ezatolah Ghadampour(Ph.D.)3
1.Ph.D. Candidate in Educational psychology, Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding author:Associate Professor Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Email: abasi.mo@lu.ac.ir Tel: 09177769749
3.Professor Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction:Investigating suicide and evaluating intervention programs is essential for designing preventive strategies. Cognitive emotion regulation is an effective factor in reducing suicidal thoughts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion intervention on cognitive emotion regulation in female students with suicidal thoughts.
Methods:The present study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a control group. The statistical population included all female students in the second year of high school in Khorramabad in the academic year 2024-2025. According to the type of research, the sample size was 15 people in each group, and 30 people were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method and were placed in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools in this study were the Beck et al. Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (1979) and the Garnevsky and Kraij Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2006). The intervention was self-compassion (Paul Gilbert, 2000), which was implemented for 8 90-minute sessions, once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data from the study were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-25 software.
Results: The results showed that the average components of cognitive emotion regulation had a significant increase in the experimental group compared to the control group(p<0/001). Self-compassion intervention has reduced the use of maladaptive strategies and increased the use of adaptive strategies among subjects(p<0/001).
Conclusion: Self-compassion intervention can be an effective intervention method for cognitive emotion regulation in students with suicidal thoughts.
Keywords: Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Female Students, Elf-Compassion Training, Suicidal Thoughts
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
1-Zhao M, Li L, Rao Z & et al. Suicide Mortality by Place, Gender, and Age Group - China, 2010-2021. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(25):559-564.
2-Xiao Y, Junus A, Li T & et al. Temporal and spatial trends in suicide-related visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, 2018-2021. J Affect Disord. 2023;324:24-35.
3-Shim RS, Rodriguez CI. A Mental Health Crisis and Call to Action: Increasing Trends in Suicide Among Black Women in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry [Internet]. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023; 180(12):871–3.
4-Gallyer AJ, Dougherty SP, Burani K & et al. Suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychophysiology. 2021;58(12):e13939.
5-Cavanagh C. Healthy Adolescent Development and the Juvenile Justice System: Challenges and Solutions. Child Development Perspectives. 2022 ; 16(3), 141–147.
6-Brandão T. Religion and Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. Journal of Religion and Health. 2025; 64,2083–2100.
7-Thorisdottir I E, Sigurvinsdottir R, Kristjansson A L & et al I DLongitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents, Preventive medicine, 2020;141:106270.
8-Agbon AA, Mujeeb Adebayo E, Samuel John O & et al. AKnowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Depression as a Predictor of Suicidal Ideation Among Undergraduate Students In Private University. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention. 2023;10(05):7907-7918
9-Akfirat ON. Investigation of relationship between psychological well-being, self esteem, perceived general self-efficacy, level of hope and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. European Journal of Education Studies, 2020;7(9).
10-Cerolini S, Zagaria A, Vacca M & et al. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 24;12(12):474.
11-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and emotion.2018;32(7):1401-1408.
12-Chio FH, Mak WW, Yu BC. Meta-analytic review on the differential effects of self-compassion components on well-being and psychological distress: The moderating role of dialecticism on self-compassion. Clinical Psychology Review . 2021; 85, 101986
13-Kianzad S, Neshat Dost HT, Mehrabi HA & et al. The effectiveness of brief cognitive behavioral therapy on depression, suicidal thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation in women attempting suicide. Journal of Psychological Science. 2021; 20 (106), 1786-1767.[Persian]
14-Soleimannejad H, Poursharifi H, Mohammadzadeh J & et al. The effectiveness of integrative intervention on hopelessness and emotional dysregulation as determinants of suicidal tendencies in adolescents and young people in Ilam city. Community Health. 2019 Sep; 13(3), 43-32.[Persian]
15-Gibbons S, Newberry M. Exploring self-compassion as a means of emotion regulation in teaching. Teacher Development. 2023. 27(1), 19-35.
16-Neff K D. Self-Compassion: theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology. 2023;74:193-218.
17-Potvin A. An invitation to practice self-compassion. The Physics Teacher. 2023; 61(1), 88-89.
18-Liberman T, Bidegain M, Berriel A & et al. Effects of a Virtual Mindful Self-Compassion Training on Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Empathy, Well-being and Stress in Uruguayan Primary School Teachers During Covid-19 Times. 2023 ;61(1):88-89.
19-da Silva CCG, Bolognani CV, Amorim FF & et al. Effectiveness of training programs based on mindfulness in reducing psychological distress and promoting well-being in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2023; 12(1), 1-28.
20-Motamed N, Zamani F. Sample size in medical research (applied approach), Asr Roshanbini Publications, Tehran, first edition, 2016.
21-Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the Beck scale for suicide ideation, San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.1997.
22-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and emotion. 2018;32(7), 1401-1408.
23-Anisi J, Fathi Ashtiani A, Salimi SH & et al . Assessing the validity and reliability of the Beck Suicidal Thoughts Scale (BSSI) in soldiers, Journal of Military Medicine. 2015;71(23),33-37.[Persian]
24-Besharat MA, Bezazian S. Investigating the psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in a sample of the Iranian population. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery. 2015; 24(84), 70 – 61.[Persian]
25-Per M, Simundic A, Argento A & et al. Examining the relationship between mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and emotion regulation in Self-Injury. Archives of Suicide Research. 2021; 26(3), 1286–1301.
26-Harmer B, Lee S, Rizv A & et al. Suicidal Ideation. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. 2025.[Internet]
27-Mandatori F, Paez GR, Robinson RB & et al. Exploring the Situational Contexts of Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Adolescent Suicidality: A Partial Test of Minority Stress Theory. Youth & Society. 2024; 57, 139 - 163.
28-Inwood E, Ferrari M. Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self‐compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being. 2018; 10(2), 215-235.
29-Chen JJ. Self-compassion as key to stress resilience among first-year early childhood teachers during COVID-19: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education. 2022 ;11(1), 103627.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2025/03/17 | Accepted: 2025/06/7 | Published: 2025/09/11
Received: 2025/03/17 | Accepted: 2025/06/7 | Published: 2025/09/11
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