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TB 2025, 24(3): 63-85 |
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Jadidi S, Kafi Masouleh M, Shakeri Nia I, Hossein Khanzadeh A A. Designing a Multicultural Parenting Training Package and Examining Its Effectiveness on Child-Parent Interaction. TB 2025; 24 (3) :63-85
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3784-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3784-en.html
University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran , samajdd@yahoo.com
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Designing a Multicultural Parenting Training Package and Examining Its Effectiveness on Child-Parent Interaction
Sama Jadidi(Ph.D.s)[1], Seyyed Mousa Kafi Masouleh(Ph.D.)[2], Iraj Shakerinia(Ph.D.)[3], Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh(Ph.D.)[4]
1.PhD. Student Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2.Corresponding Author: Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht. Iran. Email: mosakafi@guilan.ac.ir Tel:09111374753
3.Associate Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4.Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Parenting is a set of parental behaviors and attitudes that are influenced by biological, psychological, and especially cultural factors. Cultural diversity can shape parenting patterns and affect the quality of the parent-child relationship. Therefore, the present study was aimed to design a multicultural parenting training package and determine its effectiveness on parent-child interaction.
Methods: The present study was an exploratory mixed type. The target population included all parents aged 25-40 with children of 5-12. In the qualitative part, based on grounded theory and purposive sampling, 28 parents participated from the Lor, Kurd, Tork, and Gilak ethnic groups in 2022-2023. In the intervention part, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental and follow-up design were implemented on 30 parents from Tehran province in 2023-2024 who were selected by convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The instruments included demographic questionnaire, semi-structured interview, multicultural parenting package, and child-parent relationship scale.
Results: In the qualitative part, 1410 concepts, 158 categories, and 12 classes were extracted. In the intervention part, analysis of variance with repeated measurement showed that the multicultural parenting training package reduced conflict and increased intimacy (p>0/001), but no significant change was observed in the dependency component.
Conclusion: Paying attention to cultural considerations in training parenting is important. The designed package could improve positive parent-child interaction by reducing conflict and increasing intimacy, but changes in attachment require longer-term interventions. This approach can be used as a scientific and cultural strategy to strengthen family relationships in multi-ethnic contexts.
Keywords: Parent-child relations, Parenting, Culture, Grounded Theory, Parents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Aghakeshmiri A, Soleimanian A, Golpich Z. An integrative parenting program for adoptive families: A mixed-method study. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2024;12(2):137-152.
2-bahrami A, fatehizade M, abedi A & et al. Developing a model of effective parent-child interaction for preschool children (4 to 6 age): A qualitative study. Psychological Science. 2021;20(103):1213-1233.
3-O Toole C, Lyons R, Houghton C. A qualitative evidence synthesis of parental experiences and perceptions of parent-child interaction therapy for preschool children with communication difficulties. Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2021;64(8):3159-3185.
4-Mikaeili N, Salmani A, Sharei A. The effect of communication skills training on family adaptability/cohesion and coping strategies in parents of female students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities. 2023;13(1):42-56.
5-Khadami A & Hajizadeh Mimanadi M. Understanding the challenges of adoption in Shiraz. Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences. 2024;10(1):801-823.
6-Loiselle R, Parent J, Georgeson AR & et al. Validation of the multidimensional assessment of parenting: An application of item response theory. Psychological assessment. 2021;33(9):803–815.
7-Bashirgonbadi S, Sheykholeslami A, Rezaeisharif A & et al. The effectiveness of parenting program based on mindfulness on resilience and quality of the parent-child relationship in mothers with children with gender dysphoria. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi. 2023;12(9):11-20.
8-Mottaghi R. The Effectiveness of Parenting Education Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Self-efficacy and Parent-child Relationship in Young Mothers. Nursing Education. 2024;13(1):58-67.
9-Dehghani M. Effectiveness of organization-based parenting on separation anxiety and parent-child relationship in mothers of preschool children. Psychology New Ideas. 2025;23(27):1-13.
10-Gharadaghi M, Amani A. Effectiveness of positive (TRIPLE P) parenting skill training on mother-child relationship quality, parenting self-efficacy and Affective control in the divorced mothers with children. Family Research. 2022;18(3):423-443.
11-Karimnejad Isfahani R, Ansari Shahidi M, Dehghani A. Effectiveness of Schema-Based Parenting on Emotion Regulation, Reflective Functioning, and the Parent-Child Relationship of Mothers with Children Under 6 Years Old. Psychology of Woman. 2024;5(3):56-67.
12-Attar S, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Sedrpoushan N. The effectiveness of the mindful parenting training package on improving the parent-child relationship, parenting stress and feelings of loneliness. Research in Psychological Health. 2024;17(4):66-81.
13-Fayezi N, Narimani M, Aghajani S & et al. Developing a family-centered eclectic model and comparison of its effectiveness with the treatment of parent-child interaction in improving the parent-child relationship of children with autism spectrum disorders (high performance). Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2022;30(9):5204-5214.
14-Kosari F, Sabahi P, Makvand Hosseini S. The Effectiveness of Combined Program of Parent Management Training and Mindful Parenting on Parental Stress, Parent-Child Relationship and Child's Externalizing Problems. Applied Psychology. 2023;17(2):115-139.
15-Brandes O, Saar CR, Baumel A. Examining differential effects of digital parent training for child behavior problems on maternal and paternal outcomes. Children. 2025;12(4):469.
16-Yim EP. Effects of Asian cultural values on parenting style and young children's perceived competence: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:905093.
17-He H, Usami S, Rikimaru Y & et al. Cultural roots of parenting: Mothers' parental social cognitions and practices from Western US and Shanghai/China. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:565040.
18-Bandura A. Social learning theory. USA: Prentice Hall. 1977.
19-Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). British: Hogarth Press. 1969.
20-Schwartz SH. Individualism-collectivism: critique and proposed refinements. Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1990;21:139–157.
21-Baumrind D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Early Adolescence. 1991;11(1):56-95.
22-Cai B. Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles and Their Impact on Child Development. Communications in Humanities Research. 2024;50(1):176-182.
23-Masiran R. A review of parenting in a multicultural country: The Malaysian experience. In: Samadi SA, editors. Parenting - Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society. IntechOpen; 2022.
24-Elwakeel SA, Mahpur M & Saadati N. Cultural influences on perceptions of parenthood and family life. Psychological Research in Family and Culture. 2024;2(3):29-35.
25-Schilling S, Mebane A & Perreira KM. Cultural adaptation of group parenting programs: Review of the literature and recommendations for best practices. Family Process. 2021;60(4):1134–1151.
26-Mesman J, Emmen RAG. Cultural perspectives on parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA & Shackelford TK, editors. The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology and parenting. 1nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021:97-114.
27-Hamari L, Konttila J, Merikukka M & et al. Parent support programmes for families who are immigrants: A scoping review. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2022;24(2):506–525.
28-Jadidi S. Designing and validating a multicultural parenting training package in the families of Iranian ethnic groups and its effectiveness on the parent-child relationship, parents’ anger, parenting competence and children’s emotion regulation [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Guilan. 2025.
29-Thomas A & Chess S. Temperament and development. Brunner/Mazel. 1977.
30-Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist. 1977;32(7):513–531.
31-Young JE, Klosko JS & Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press. 2003.
32-Glasser W. Choice theory. New York: Harper Collins. 1998.
33-Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press. 1976.
34-Abedi Shapourabadi S, Pourmohamadreza Tajrishi M, Mohamadkhani P & et al. Effectiveness of group training positive parenting program (Triple-P) on parent-child relationship in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorders. Clinical Psychology. 2012;4(3):63-73.
35-Driscoll K & Pianta RC. Mother’s and father’s perceptions of conflict and closeness in parent- child relationships during early childhood. early childhood and infant psychology. 2011;7:1-24.
36-Monfared F. Investigating the relationship between mother-child and functional emotional development and functional language development in preschool children in Mashhad region 7 [Master’s thesis]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2011.
37-Ahmadi Farsani M, Bagheri N, Sharifi T. The effect of Barkley’s parent training program on the improvement of the mother-child relationship among anxious students. Family and Research. 2020;17(3):127-142.
38-Abareshi Z, Tahmasian K, Mazaheri MA & et al. The impact of psychosocial child development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three. Research in Psychological Health. 2009;3(3):49-58.
39-Maruf AL-Sadi RI, Sajjadian I, Al-Araji IM & et al. The effectiveness of early start denver model on symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and parent-child interaction in preschool children with autism. 2024;3(5):275-291.
Full-Text: (28 Views)
Designing a Multicultural Parenting Training Package and Examining Its Effectiveness on Child-Parent Interaction
Sama Jadidi(Ph.D.s)[1], Seyyed Mousa Kafi Masouleh(Ph.D.)[2], Iraj Shakerinia(Ph.D.)[3], Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh(Ph.D.)[4]
1.PhD. Student Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2.Corresponding Author: Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht. Iran. Email: mosakafi@guilan.ac.ir Tel:09111374753
3.Associate Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4.Professor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Parenting is a set of parental behaviors and attitudes that are influenced by biological, psychological, and especially cultural factors. Cultural diversity can shape parenting patterns and affect the quality of the parent-child relationship. Therefore, the present study was aimed to design a multicultural parenting training package and determine its effectiveness on parent-child interaction.
Methods: The present study was an exploratory mixed type. The target population included all parents aged 25-40 with children of 5-12. In the qualitative part, based on grounded theory and purposive sampling, 28 parents participated from the Lor, Kurd, Tork, and Gilak ethnic groups in 2022-2023. In the intervention part, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental and follow-up design were implemented on 30 parents from Tehran province in 2023-2024 who were selected by convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The instruments included demographic questionnaire, semi-structured interview, multicultural parenting package, and child-parent relationship scale.
Results: In the qualitative part, 1410 concepts, 158 categories, and 12 classes were extracted. In the intervention part, analysis of variance with repeated measurement showed that the multicultural parenting training package reduced conflict and increased intimacy (p>0/001), but no significant change was observed in the dependency component.
Conclusion: Paying attention to cultural considerations in training parenting is important. The designed package could improve positive parent-child interaction by reducing conflict and increasing intimacy, but changes in attachment require longer-term interventions. This approach can be used as a scientific and cultural strategy to strengthen family relationships in multi-ethnic contexts.
Keywords: Parent-child relations, Parenting, Culture, Grounded Theory, Parents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Aghakeshmiri A, Soleimanian A, Golpich Z. An integrative parenting program for adoptive families: A mixed-method study. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2024;12(2):137-152.
2-bahrami A, fatehizade M, abedi A & et al. Developing a model of effective parent-child interaction for preschool children (4 to 6 age): A qualitative study. Psychological Science. 2021;20(103):1213-1233.
3-O Toole C, Lyons R, Houghton C. A qualitative evidence synthesis of parental experiences and perceptions of parent-child interaction therapy for preschool children with communication difficulties. Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2021;64(8):3159-3185.
4-Mikaeili N, Salmani A, Sharei A. The effect of communication skills training on family adaptability/cohesion and coping strategies in parents of female students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities. 2023;13(1):42-56.
5-Khadami A & Hajizadeh Mimanadi M. Understanding the challenges of adoption in Shiraz. Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences. 2024;10(1):801-823.
6-Loiselle R, Parent J, Georgeson AR & et al. Validation of the multidimensional assessment of parenting: An application of item response theory. Psychological assessment. 2021;33(9):803–815.
7-Bashirgonbadi S, Sheykholeslami A, Rezaeisharif A & et al. The effectiveness of parenting program based on mindfulness on resilience and quality of the parent-child relationship in mothers with children with gender dysphoria. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi. 2023;12(9):11-20.
8-Mottaghi R. The Effectiveness of Parenting Education Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Self-efficacy and Parent-child Relationship in Young Mothers. Nursing Education. 2024;13(1):58-67.
9-Dehghani M. Effectiveness of organization-based parenting on separation anxiety and parent-child relationship in mothers of preschool children. Psychology New Ideas. 2025;23(27):1-13.
10-Gharadaghi M, Amani A. Effectiveness of positive (TRIPLE P) parenting skill training on mother-child relationship quality, parenting self-efficacy and Affective control in the divorced mothers with children. Family Research. 2022;18(3):423-443.
11-Karimnejad Isfahani R, Ansari Shahidi M, Dehghani A. Effectiveness of Schema-Based Parenting on Emotion Regulation, Reflective Functioning, and the Parent-Child Relationship of Mothers with Children Under 6 Years Old. Psychology of Woman. 2024;5(3):56-67.
12-Attar S, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Sedrpoushan N. The effectiveness of the mindful parenting training package on improving the parent-child relationship, parenting stress and feelings of loneliness. Research in Psychological Health. 2024;17(4):66-81.
13-Fayezi N, Narimani M, Aghajani S & et al. Developing a family-centered eclectic model and comparison of its effectiveness with the treatment of parent-child interaction in improving the parent-child relationship of children with autism spectrum disorders (high performance). Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2022;30(9):5204-5214.
14-Kosari F, Sabahi P, Makvand Hosseini S. The Effectiveness of Combined Program of Parent Management Training and Mindful Parenting on Parental Stress, Parent-Child Relationship and Child's Externalizing Problems. Applied Psychology. 2023;17(2):115-139.
15-Brandes O, Saar CR, Baumel A. Examining differential effects of digital parent training for child behavior problems on maternal and paternal outcomes. Children. 2025;12(4):469.
16-Yim EP. Effects of Asian cultural values on parenting style and young children's perceived competence: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:905093.
17-He H, Usami S, Rikimaru Y & et al. Cultural roots of parenting: Mothers' parental social cognitions and practices from Western US and Shanghai/China. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:565040.
18-Bandura A. Social learning theory. USA: Prentice Hall. 1977.
19-Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). British: Hogarth Press. 1969.
20-Schwartz SH. Individualism-collectivism: critique and proposed refinements. Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1990;21:139–157.
21-Baumrind D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Early Adolescence. 1991;11(1):56-95.
22-Cai B. Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles and Their Impact on Child Development. Communications in Humanities Research. 2024;50(1):176-182.
23-Masiran R. A review of parenting in a multicultural country: The Malaysian experience. In: Samadi SA, editors. Parenting - Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society. IntechOpen; 2022.
24-Elwakeel SA, Mahpur M & Saadati N. Cultural influences on perceptions of parenthood and family life. Psychological Research in Family and Culture. 2024;2(3):29-35.
25-Schilling S, Mebane A & Perreira KM. Cultural adaptation of group parenting programs: Review of the literature and recommendations for best practices. Family Process. 2021;60(4):1134–1151.
26-Mesman J, Emmen RAG. Cultural perspectives on parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA & Shackelford TK, editors. The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology and parenting. 1nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021:97-114.
27-Hamari L, Konttila J, Merikukka M & et al. Parent support programmes for families who are immigrants: A scoping review. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2022;24(2):506–525.
28-Jadidi S. Designing and validating a multicultural parenting training package in the families of Iranian ethnic groups and its effectiveness on the parent-child relationship, parents’ anger, parenting competence and children’s emotion regulation [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Guilan. 2025.
29-Thomas A & Chess S. Temperament and development. Brunner/Mazel. 1977.
30-Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist. 1977;32(7):513–531.
31-Young JE, Klosko JS & Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press. 2003.
32-Glasser W. Choice theory. New York: Harper Collins. 1998.
33-Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press. 1976.
34-Abedi Shapourabadi S, Pourmohamadreza Tajrishi M, Mohamadkhani P & et al. Effectiveness of group training positive parenting program (Triple-P) on parent-child relationship in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorders. Clinical Psychology. 2012;4(3):63-73.
35-Driscoll K & Pianta RC. Mother’s and father’s perceptions of conflict and closeness in parent- child relationships during early childhood. early childhood and infant psychology. 2011;7:1-24.
36-Monfared F. Investigating the relationship between mother-child and functional emotional development and functional language development in preschool children in Mashhad region 7 [Master’s thesis]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2011.
37-Ahmadi Farsani M, Bagheri N, Sharifi T. The effect of Barkley’s parent training program on the improvement of the mother-child relationship among anxious students. Family and Research. 2020;17(3):127-142.
38-Abareshi Z, Tahmasian K, Mazaheri MA & et al. The impact of psychosocial child development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three. Research in Psychological Health. 2009;3(3):49-58.
39-Maruf AL-Sadi RI, Sajjadian I, Al-Araji IM & et al. The effectiveness of early start denver model on symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and parent-child interaction in preschool children with autism. 2024;3(5):275-291.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2025/06/7 | Accepted: 2025/08/12 | Published: 2025/09/22
Received: 2025/06/7 | Accepted: 2025/08/12 | Published: 2025/09/22
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