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eatesamipour R, ghaderi yaznabad E. The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Parental Emotional Safety and the Quality of Life of Hearing-Impaired Adolescents. TB 2025; 24 (2) :1-14
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3764-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3764-en.html
payamenoor university , r.eatesami@gmail.com
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The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Parental Emotional Safety and the Quality of Life of Hearing-Impaired Adolescents
Razieh Etesamipour (Ph.D.)1, Elahe Ghaderi yazn abad(M.Sc.)2
1.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor Department Of psychology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran. Email:r_etesamipour@pnu.ac.ir Tel:09171906899
2.Master's degree in Psychology of Children with Special Needs, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Deafness is a common global problem that seriously threatens the quality of life of the person with the disorder. The present study was conducted with the aim of mediating the role of self- esteem in the relationship between parents' emotional safety and the quality of life of hearing-impaired teenagers.
Method: The present study is descriptive-correlational and path analysis type. The statistical population included all hearing-impaired students studying in the first secondary school of Tehran in the academic year 1402, from which, according to the theory of Hu and Bentler, the minimum required sample size was 210, which was determined by considering the probability of sample dropout to be 250. Using the cluster random sampling method, after excluding incomplete data, 217 students (124 boys and 93 girls) were selected as a valid sample for the final analysis and answered the emotional safety questionnaires of Bruner et al. (2008), Eysenck's self-esteem (1972), and the 26-item quality of life questionnaire of the World Health Organization (2004). Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 26 and Smart-PLS 3.
Results: Parents' emotional safety had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life and self-esteem of hearing-impaired adolescents (p<0/01). Self-esteem had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents in junior high school (p<0/01). Also, the indirect effect of self-esteem on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents through parents' emotional safety was positive and significant (p<0/01).
Conclusion: Considering that the results of the current research are about the effect of parents' emotional safety on the quality of life of deaf teenagers, improving the psychological atmosphere of the family in improving the mental health of deaf children can lead to reducing the psychological problems of this group of teenagers.
Keywords: Self-esteem, Parents' Emotional Safety, Quality of Life, Hearing-Impaired Adolescents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Talebi E, Rabiepoor S, Shahhosseini Z & et al. Investigating the Sexual Quality of Life of Deaf and Hard-ofHearing Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study. Current Psychosomatic Research. 2022; 1(1):116-29].Persian [.
2-Choe G, Park SK, Kim BJ. Hearing loss in neonates and infants. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2023; 66(9):369.
3-Wersebe H, Lieb R, Meyer AH & et al. The link between stress, well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention. International journal of clinical and health psychology. 2018; 18(1):60-8.
4-Yahyapour RK, Jayrvand H, Hooman F. Prediction of quality of life based hope, self-compassion and spiritual well-being in mothers of deaf children using. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2023; 9(3):85-94.]Persian [.
5-Davies PT, Cummings EM. Marital conflict and child adjustment: an emotional security hypothesis. Psychological bulletin. 1994; 116(3):387.
6-Ulianova T, Naumenko N, Sprynska Z & et al. Enhancing Psychological Safety in Parent-Child Relationships: Promoting Healthy Development and Resilience. Brain. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2025; 16(1):174-82.
7-soruri M, Bayat A, Hosseinzade A. Mediating Role of Emotional Security in Relationship between High-risk Behaviors and Family Communication Patterns in Adolescents. Journal of Family Research, 2023; 19(3): 533-550.]Persian[
8-Thomson KC, Richardson CG, Gadermann AM & et al. Association of childhood social-emotional functioning profiles at school entry with early-onset mental health conditions. JAMA Network Open. 2019; 2(1): e186694.
9-Temel A, Dawd A. Predictors of Romantic Relationship Quality: Exploring the Role of Emotion Regulation, Attachment, and Parenting styles. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry. 2023; 3(2):67-80.
10-Davies PT, Martin MJ, Sturge-Apple ML & et al. The distinctive sequelae of children’s coping with interparental conflict: Testing the reformulated emotional security theory. Developmental psychology. 2016; 52(10):1646.
11-Evans RE. Survival, signaling, and security: Foster carers’ and residential carers’ accounts of self-harming practices among children and young people in care. Qualitative health research. 2018; 28(6):939-49.
12-Khoemaei F, Kashkoli F, Poorseyed SM. Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Security Scale in the Family System in High School Students. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology. 2023; 10(2): 15-29.[Persian[
13-Wong JB, McDonough MH, Bridel W & et al. The role of peers and the recreational environment in adolescent emotional safety. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. 2022 2; 14(6):916-32.
14-Chew-Helbig N. A psychotherapist’s lived experience in-session with an asylum seeker and translator: An autoethnographic case study. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling. 2023; 25(1-2):44-59.
15-Mak MC, Yin L, Li M & et al. The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2020; 29(11):2993-3003.
16-Rezaei Oshyani I, Yarmohammadian A, Farhadi H. The Effectiveness of Mothers’ Compassion Focused Training on Behavioral problems in Theirs Preschool children with Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disabilities. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 8(2): 17-32.
17-Swerts C, De Maeyer J, Lombardi M & et al. “You shouldn’t look at us strangely”: an exploratory study on personal perspectives on quality of life of adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders in residential youth care. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2019; 14:867-89.
18-Park H, Guo S, Choi S & et al. Interrelations between after-school settings and the delinquency and emotional-behavioral problems of elementary school children: Findings from fragile families and child wellbeing study. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(9):161.
19-Labella MH, Narayan AJ, McCormick CM & et al. Risk and adversity, parenting quality, and children's social‐emotional adjustment in families experiencing homelessness. Child development. 2019; 90(1):227-44.
20-Cheung RY. Constructive interparental conflict and child adjustment in the Chinese context: A moderated mediation model of emotional security and disintegration avoidance. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2021; 30:733-45.
21-Dammeyer J, Hansen AT, Crowe K & et al. Childhood hearing loss: Impact on parents and family life. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2019; 120:140-5.
22-Hartley SL, Papp LM, Bolt D. Spillover of marital interactions and parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2018; 47(sup1): S88-99.
23-Akca SO, Turan AP, Songut S. The relationship between depression, stress and anxiety levels of mothers with preschool children and their stress-coping styles during the pandemic: A descriptive study in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2024; 76:76-82.
24-Hosseini M, Ashori M. Effectiveness of Relationship-based Play-therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Hearing Impairment and Their mothers’ Resilience. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(2): 91-108.[Persian[
25-Adigun OT. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-concept and intimate image diffusion among deaf adolescents: A structural equation model analysis. Heliyon. 2020; 6(8):225-32.
26-Ascherman LI. Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Physician Assistant Clinics. 2021; 6(3):441-56.
27-Arcous M, Potier R, Dumet N. Psychological and social consequences of deafblindness for siblings: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2024; 15:1102206.
28-Holzinger D, Hofer J, Dall M & et al. Multidimensional family-centred early intervention in children with hearing loss: A conceptual model. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(6):1548.
29-Ramadhana MR, Yusanto F. Computer-Mediated Communication and Family Communication among Deaf Teenager. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies. 2020; 7(2):230-8.
30-Majidazar A, Mohammadi H, Panahi F & et al. The Relationship between Anxiety sensitivity and Health Anxiety: The Mediating role of Intolerance of Uncertainty. Journal of Psychology New Ideas. 2024; 19(23):1-9.
31-Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of life Research. 2004; 13:299-310.
32-Nedjat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie K & et al. Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): a population-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008; 8:61.
33-Brunner TA, Stöcklin M, Opwis K. Satisfaction, image and loyalty: new versus experienced customers. European journal of marketing. 2008; 42(9/10):1095-105.
34-Pintrich PR, De Groot EV. Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of educational psychology. 1990; 82(1):33.
35-Shadaei A, Gholtash A, Refahi J. Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Security Questionnaire. Psychological Models and Methods. 2016; 6(22):53-78.
36-Zabeti A, Taghiloo S, Tajeri B. The mediator role of self-esteem in the relationship between time perspective and quality of life. Applied Psychology, 2017; 11(2): 85-101.
37-Malakzadeh Ahmadi M, Ghomian MA. The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Play Therapy on Self-Esteem, Social Skills and Academic Performance in Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Empowering Exceptional Children. 2024; 15(1):36-24.]Persian[
38-Nasabeh SS, Meliá S. Enhancing quality of life for the hearing-impaired: a holistic approach through the MoSIoT framework. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2024; 1-23.
39-Sealy J, McMahon C, Sweller N. Parenting deaf children: exploring relationships between resolution of diagnosis, parenting styles and morale, and perceived child vulnerability. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2023; 32(9):2761-75.
40-Khalid U, Majeed N, Chovaz CJ & et al. Psychological well-being and mental health risks in deaf and hard of hearing youth: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2025; 1-5.
41-Firdaus AS. The Influence of Parent-Child Communication Frequency on the Self-Confidence Levels of Out-of-Town Students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Jakarta State University (FISH UNJ). Journal of Public Relations and Digital Communication (JPRDC). 2025; 3(1):45-71.
42-Awan NU, Malik U, Azam M & et al. Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties in Hearing Impaired Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Kurdish Studies. 2024; 12(4):544-54.
Razieh Etesamipour (Ph.D.)1, Elahe Ghaderi yazn abad(M.Sc.)2
1.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor Department Of psychology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran. Email:r_etesamipour@pnu.ac.ir Tel:09171906899
2.Master's degree in Psychology of Children with Special Needs, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Deafness is a common global problem that seriously threatens the quality of life of the person with the disorder. The present study was conducted with the aim of mediating the role of self- esteem in the relationship between parents' emotional safety and the quality of life of hearing-impaired teenagers.
Method: The present study is descriptive-correlational and path analysis type. The statistical population included all hearing-impaired students studying in the first secondary school of Tehran in the academic year 1402, from which, according to the theory of Hu and Bentler, the minimum required sample size was 210, which was determined by considering the probability of sample dropout to be 250. Using the cluster random sampling method, after excluding incomplete data, 217 students (124 boys and 93 girls) were selected as a valid sample for the final analysis and answered the emotional safety questionnaires of Bruner et al. (2008), Eysenck's self-esteem (1972), and the 26-item quality of life questionnaire of the World Health Organization (2004). Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 26 and Smart-PLS 3.
Results: Parents' emotional safety had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life and self-esteem of hearing-impaired adolescents (p<0/01). Self-esteem had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents in junior high school (p<0/01). Also, the indirect effect of self-esteem on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents through parents' emotional safety was positive and significant (p<0/01).
Conclusion: Considering that the results of the current research are about the effect of parents' emotional safety on the quality of life of deaf teenagers, improving the psychological atmosphere of the family in improving the mental health of deaf children can lead to reducing the psychological problems of this group of teenagers.
Keywords: Self-esteem, Parents' Emotional Safety, Quality of Life, Hearing-Impaired Adolescents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Talebi E, Rabiepoor S, Shahhosseini Z & et al. Investigating the Sexual Quality of Life of Deaf and Hard-ofHearing Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study. Current Psychosomatic Research. 2022; 1(1):116-29].Persian [.
2-Choe G, Park SK, Kim BJ. Hearing loss in neonates and infants. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2023; 66(9):369.
3-Wersebe H, Lieb R, Meyer AH & et al. The link between stress, well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention. International journal of clinical and health psychology. 2018; 18(1):60-8.
4-Yahyapour RK, Jayrvand H, Hooman F. Prediction of quality of life based hope, self-compassion and spiritual well-being in mothers of deaf children using. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2023; 9(3):85-94.]Persian [.
5-Davies PT, Cummings EM. Marital conflict and child adjustment: an emotional security hypothesis. Psychological bulletin. 1994; 116(3):387.
6-Ulianova T, Naumenko N, Sprynska Z & et al. Enhancing Psychological Safety in Parent-Child Relationships: Promoting Healthy Development and Resilience. Brain. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2025; 16(1):174-82.
7-soruri M, Bayat A, Hosseinzade A. Mediating Role of Emotional Security in Relationship between High-risk Behaviors and Family Communication Patterns in Adolescents. Journal of Family Research, 2023; 19(3): 533-550.]Persian[
8-Thomson KC, Richardson CG, Gadermann AM & et al. Association of childhood social-emotional functioning profiles at school entry with early-onset mental health conditions. JAMA Network Open. 2019; 2(1): e186694.
9-Temel A, Dawd A. Predictors of Romantic Relationship Quality: Exploring the Role of Emotion Regulation, Attachment, and Parenting styles. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry. 2023; 3(2):67-80.
10-Davies PT, Martin MJ, Sturge-Apple ML & et al. The distinctive sequelae of children’s coping with interparental conflict: Testing the reformulated emotional security theory. Developmental psychology. 2016; 52(10):1646.
11-Evans RE. Survival, signaling, and security: Foster carers’ and residential carers’ accounts of self-harming practices among children and young people in care. Qualitative health research. 2018; 28(6):939-49.
12-Khoemaei F, Kashkoli F, Poorseyed SM. Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Security Scale in the Family System in High School Students. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology. 2023; 10(2): 15-29.[Persian[
13-Wong JB, McDonough MH, Bridel W & et al. The role of peers and the recreational environment in adolescent emotional safety. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. 2022 2; 14(6):916-32.
14-Chew-Helbig N. A psychotherapist’s lived experience in-session with an asylum seeker and translator: An autoethnographic case study. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling. 2023; 25(1-2):44-59.
15-Mak MC, Yin L, Li M & et al. The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2020; 29(11):2993-3003.
16-Rezaei Oshyani I, Yarmohammadian A, Farhadi H. The Effectiveness of Mothers’ Compassion Focused Training on Behavioral problems in Theirs Preschool children with Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disabilities. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 8(2): 17-32.
17-Swerts C, De Maeyer J, Lombardi M & et al. “You shouldn’t look at us strangely”: an exploratory study on personal perspectives on quality of life of adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders in residential youth care. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2019; 14:867-89.
18-Park H, Guo S, Choi S & et al. Interrelations between after-school settings and the delinquency and emotional-behavioral problems of elementary school children: Findings from fragile families and child wellbeing study. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(9):161.
19-Labella MH, Narayan AJ, McCormick CM & et al. Risk and adversity, parenting quality, and children's social‐emotional adjustment in families experiencing homelessness. Child development. 2019; 90(1):227-44.
20-Cheung RY. Constructive interparental conflict and child adjustment in the Chinese context: A moderated mediation model of emotional security and disintegration avoidance. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2021; 30:733-45.
21-Dammeyer J, Hansen AT, Crowe K & et al. Childhood hearing loss: Impact on parents and family life. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2019; 120:140-5.
22-Hartley SL, Papp LM, Bolt D. Spillover of marital interactions and parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2018; 47(sup1): S88-99.
23-Akca SO, Turan AP, Songut S. The relationship between depression, stress and anxiety levels of mothers with preschool children and their stress-coping styles during the pandemic: A descriptive study in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2024; 76:76-82.
24-Hosseini M, Ashori M. Effectiveness of Relationship-based Play-therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Hearing Impairment and Their mothers’ Resilience. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(2): 91-108.[Persian[
25-Adigun OT. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-concept and intimate image diffusion among deaf adolescents: A structural equation model analysis. Heliyon. 2020; 6(8):225-32.
26-Ascherman LI. Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Physician Assistant Clinics. 2021; 6(3):441-56.
27-Arcous M, Potier R, Dumet N. Psychological and social consequences of deafblindness for siblings: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2024; 15:1102206.
28-Holzinger D, Hofer J, Dall M & et al. Multidimensional family-centred early intervention in children with hearing loss: A conceptual model. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(6):1548.
29-Ramadhana MR, Yusanto F. Computer-Mediated Communication and Family Communication among Deaf Teenager. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies. 2020; 7(2):230-8.
30-Majidazar A, Mohammadi H, Panahi F & et al. The Relationship between Anxiety sensitivity and Health Anxiety: The Mediating role of Intolerance of Uncertainty. Journal of Psychology New Ideas. 2024; 19(23):1-9.
31-Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of life Research. 2004; 13:299-310.
32-Nedjat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie K & et al. Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): a population-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008; 8:61.
33-Brunner TA, Stöcklin M, Opwis K. Satisfaction, image and loyalty: new versus experienced customers. European journal of marketing. 2008; 42(9/10):1095-105.
34-Pintrich PR, De Groot EV. Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of educational psychology. 1990; 82(1):33.
35-Shadaei A, Gholtash A, Refahi J. Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Security Questionnaire. Psychological Models and Methods. 2016; 6(22):53-78.
36-Zabeti A, Taghiloo S, Tajeri B. The mediator role of self-esteem in the relationship between time perspective and quality of life. Applied Psychology, 2017; 11(2): 85-101.
37-Malakzadeh Ahmadi M, Ghomian MA. The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Play Therapy on Self-Esteem, Social Skills and Academic Performance in Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Empowering Exceptional Children. 2024; 15(1):36-24.]Persian[
38-Nasabeh SS, Meliá S. Enhancing quality of life for the hearing-impaired: a holistic approach through the MoSIoT framework. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2024; 1-23.
39-Sealy J, McMahon C, Sweller N. Parenting deaf children: exploring relationships between resolution of diagnosis, parenting styles and morale, and perceived child vulnerability. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2023; 32(9):2761-75.
40-Khalid U, Majeed N, Chovaz CJ & et al. Psychological well-being and mental health risks in deaf and hard of hearing youth: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2025; 1-5.
41-Firdaus AS. The Influence of Parent-Child Communication Frequency on the Self-Confidence Levels of Out-of-Town Students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Jakarta State University (FISH UNJ). Journal of Public Relations and Digital Communication (JPRDC). 2025; 3(1):45-71.
42-Awan NU, Malik U, Azam M & et al. Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties in Hearing Impaired Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Kurdish Studies. 2024; 12(4):544-54.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2024/12/23 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/09/11
Received: 2024/12/23 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/09/11
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