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Fallah Tafti E, Zahrakar K, Asadpour E. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy: The Family Resilience and Hardiness in Female-Headed Households. TB 2025; 24 (1) :101-118
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URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3713-en.html
The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy: The Family Resilience and Hardiness in Female-Headed Households
Kharazmi University Consulting Department, Tehran, Iran , dr_zahrakar@khu.ac.ir
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The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy: The Family Resilience and Hardiness in Female-Headed Households
Elahe Fallah Tafti(Ph.D.s)1, Kianoush Zahrakar(Ph.D.)2, Esmaeil Asadpour(Ph.D.)3
1.Ph.D. Student counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
2.Corresponding author: Professor, Counseling Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Email: dr_zahrakar@khu.ac.ir Tel:+989123589538
3.Associate professor , Counseling Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The number of Female-Headed Households increased, and due to the acceptance of multiple responsibilities, they are at risk of mental health issues. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy, family resilience, and hardiness in Female-Headed Households supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RH).
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test type with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study included Female-Headed Households aged 25 to 35 in 2023 until 2024 who were covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Yazd city. Using the available sampling method, 30 of them were selected and randomly placed in the experimental (15 participants) and control (15 participants) groups. The assessment tools included the Family Resilience Scale by Sixbey (2005) and the Family Hardiness Scale by McQueen et al. (1996). Schema therapy was implemented on the experimental group during 24 90-minute sessions over two months.
Results: Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test with SPSS-16 software. The repeated measures ANOVA indicated that schema therapy significantly impacted increasing family resilience and hardiness in female-headed households. For resilience, the effects of phases (P=0/001,F=141/001), and the effect of the group (P=0/001,F=452/336) were significant. For family hardiness as well, the effects of phases (P=0/001,F=51/649) and the group (P=0/001,F=115/035) were significant. These results demonstrate that the intervention significantly improved family resilience and hardiness over time.
Conclusion: The results showed that schema therapy is effective on the resilience and hardiness of female-headed households. Therefore, schema therapy is suggested to be used to improve the mental health of female-headed households.
Keywords: Schema Therapy, Resilience, Female-Headed Households.
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Steenberg M, Koert E, Schmidt L & et al. Single Mothers By Choice - Experiences Of Single Women Seeking Treatment At A Public Fertility Clinic In Denmark. A Pilot Study, Midwifery. 2024; 134: 104013.
2-Avani M A, Zareei Mahmoobadi H, Afrasiabi H. Identifying Men's Intellectual And Behavioral Reaction After Spousal Infidelity: A Phenomenological Study. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2023; 23(4): 205-218.[Persian]
3-Lee J, Allen J, Lim H. The Effect Of Single Mothers’ Employment On Their Children’s Mental Health In Young Adulthood: Random Effects Model For Longitudinal Data. Children And Youth Services Review. 2024; 160: 107585.
4-Shahpari Sani D, Sadeghi R, Hadadi J & et al. Analysis of the demographic, social and economic situation of female-headed households in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2021;12(47):1-18.[Persian]
5-Kuhn M, Dudel Ch, Werding M. Maternal Health, Well-Being, And Employment Transitions: A Longitudinal Comparison Of Partnered And Single Mothers In Germany. Social Science Research. 2023; 114: 102906.
6-Zhau X, Tayar Z. Differentiating The Impact Of Family And Friend Social Support For Single Mothers On Parenting And Internalizing Symptoms. Journal Of Affective Disorders Reports. 2022; 8: 100319.
7-Kwon M, Kim H. Psychological Well-Being of Female-Headed Households Based on Age Stratification: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6445.
8-ShadiZavareh B, Azmoudeh M, Kashefimehr B & et al. Effectiveness of Positive Resilience Training on Emotional Self-Regulation, Psychological Distress and Parent-Child Interaction among Mothers of Mentally Retarded Children. Tolooe behdasht Journal. 2023;22(5)89-106.[Persian]
9-Sabookro M, Sheyda A. The Study of the Effect of Occupational Stress on Resilience: Mediating Role of Occupational Engagement (A Case Study: Nurses of Al-zahra Hospital in Isfahan). Tolooebehdasht Journal. 2019; 20(6):1-15.[Persian]
10-Cheng X, Feng Y, An Y & et al. The Association Between Family Resilience And Mental Health: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Archives Of Psychiatric Nursing. 2024; 53: 224-231.
11-He Y, Li X, An Y. Family Resilience, Media Exposure, And Children's Mental Health In China During COVID-19. The Family Journal. 2022; 30(4).
12-Ardi MN, Tulab T, Yurista DY. Determinants of Family Resilience in Female-Headed Families on the North Coast of Java. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 2022; 20(2): 237–250.
13-Nugroho Va, Niswah N. The Role Of Women In Family Resilience In Jepara District. Kartini. 2023; 1(1): 3024-8191.
14-Ghaderi S, Karami A, Soleyman A & et al. The Experiences of Female-Headed Households and the Cycle of Misery (Case Study of Female-Headed Households in Karaj). Quarterly of Social Studies Research in Iran. 2022; 11(1): 1-27.[Persian]
15-Jangi Aghdam Kh, Sardari B. The effect of religious attitudes (religiosity) on resilience of cancer patients, Iranian Journal of Cancer Care (IJCA). 2022;1(2): 1-8.[Persian]
16-Krauss SW, Russell DW, Kazman J & et al. Longitudinal Effects Of Deployment, Recency Of Return. And Hardiness On Mental Healthsymptoms In US Army Combat Medics Traumatology. 2019; 25(3): 216-223.
17-Pinquart M. Parenting Stress In Caregivers Of Children With Chronic Physical Condition A Meta-Analysis. Stress Health. 2018; 34(2): 197-207.
18-Mousavi N S, Shirmohammadi F, Abbassi N & et al. The Relationship Between Hope and Death Anxiety in Elderly Women: The Mediating Role of COVID-19 Anxiety and Psychological Hardiness. Iran J Forensic Med. 2023; 29 (2) :69-79.[Persian]
19-Aflaki Fard H, Ghaleh Noei M, Ramezan Khani S. Comparison Of Psychological Hardiness, Self-Differentiation And Psychological Burnout In Female-Headed Households And Normal Women In Marvdasht. Technology Of Education Journal. 2022; 16(3):1-14.[Persian]
20-Mohammadi Z, Borjali A, Sohrabi F. Effectiveness Based On Acceptance And Commitment Therapy On Quality Of Life Women Heads Of Household Conducted In Tehran Welfare Organization. Shenakht Journal Of Psychology And Psychiatry. 2018; 5 (5): 81-91.[Persian]
21-Talati F, Sharifi A, Moshfeghi M. Evaluating the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on happiness and life expectancy in female-headed households supported by the welfare of Lamerd county. Quarterly Journal of Social Work. 2021; 10 (3); 58-66.[Persian]
22-Nasiri M. The effectiveness of group reality therapy on the quality of life of female heads of households. The First National Conference on Healthy Family, Healthy Society. 2023; 1-19.[Persian]
23-Rahbar Karbasdehi F, Abolghasemi A, Rahbar Karbasdehi E. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Psychological Resilience and Social Empowerment in Students with Depression Symptoms. Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University. 2020; 15(4): 74-89.[Persian]
24-Nori F, Ali Moradi F. The effectiveness of schema therapy in increasing resilience, mental health, and quality of life of female heads of households, Journal of New Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Education. 2022; 5(53):104-124.[Persian]
25-Vieira, C, Kuss D, Griffiths M. Early Maladaptive Schemas And Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Literature Review, Clin Psychol Rev. 2023; 105,102340.
26-Ghasemi K, Elahi T, Yousefi Afrashteh M. The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas (Emotional Deprivation, Abandonment/Instability, and Mistrust/Abuse) in Marital Commitment: The Mediating Role of Gender Roles. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling 2022; 12(1): 5-21.[Persian]
27-Sistanipour N, Asghari Ebrahimabad M J, Ghanbari Hashemabadi B. Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Group Therapy on Improving Dark Personality Traits, Flourishing and Cognitive Flexibility among Female Head of Households. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2024;14(53): 1-18.[Persian]
28-Moradi S, Moradi S. Efficacy of Schema Therapy training on self-efficacy, self-esteem and assertiveness in women heads of households covered by welfare in Karaj. Psychology of Woman Journal.2023; 4(2): 9- 16.[Persian]
29-Staki Organi M, Sazevari F. Investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on the quality of life and resilience of female heads of families. National Conference on Family and School Studies. 2021; 1-20.[Persian]
30-Abdi A, Hanachi N. Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Experimental Schema Therapy Techniques On The Adjustment Of Maladaptive Schemas In Women Heads Of Afghan Immigrant Households In Tehran. Journal Of new psychology. 2021;8(12): 1-9.[Persian]
31-Louis J, Ortiz V, Barlas J & et al. The Good Enough Parenting early intervention schema therapy based program: Participant experience. PLoS One. 2021; 16(1):e0243508.
32-Farhadi A, Manshaee G, Yousefi Z. Comparison of The Effectiveness of Family Resilience Training, With Cognitive-Spiritual Hope Training, on Family Resilience in Caregivers Of Kidney Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Family Therapy. 2023; 4(5): 465-477.[Persian]
33-Baradari E, Sheykholeslami A, Sadri damirchi E & et al. The Effectiveness of Narrative Therapy on Family Resilience and Marital Happiness in conflicted couples. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2024;18(3): 1-18.[Persian]
34-Hu X, Wang W, Wang Y & et al. Fear of cancerrecurrence in patients with multiple myeloma: Prevalence and predictors based on a family model analysis. Psycho‐Oncology. 2021;30 (2): 176-184.
35-Pardar CH, Moradi O, Ahmadian H & et al. The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy in Structural Model of Family Hardiness Based on Family Flexibility. ournal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family. 2021; 9(2): 671-694.[Persian]
36-Bahramipor L, Naderi F. The Effectiveness Of Schema Therapy On Perceived Stress And Mental Health Of Foster Mothers. Horizons Of Humanities. 2021; 5(48): 59-74.[Persian]
37-Hosseini SA. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Emotional Regulation and Resilience of Mothers with Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders. 2024; 3(1): 12-29.[Persian]
38-Hasanpoor E, Karimi-Afshar E, Soltani-Nejad Ms & Et Al. The Effectiveness Of Group Therapy Schema On Social Health And Psychological Toughness Of Nurses At Afzalipur Hospital Of Kerman, Iran. Nursing And Midwifery Journal 2023; 20 (11) :922-930.[Persian]
39-Shahini N. The effectiveness of schema therapy on the psychological toughness of single female students. The Third National Conference and the First International Conference on Research and Innovation in Psychology, with a Special Focus on Transdiagnostic Therapies. 2022; 1-6.[Persian]
Elahe Fallah Tafti(Ph.D.s)1, Kianoush Zahrakar(Ph.D.)2, Esmaeil Asadpour(Ph.D.)3
1.Ph.D. Student counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
2.Corresponding author: Professor, Counseling Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Email: dr_zahrakar@khu.ac.ir Tel:+989123589538
3.Associate professor , Counseling Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The number of Female-Headed Households increased, and due to the acceptance of multiple responsibilities, they are at risk of mental health issues. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy, family resilience, and hardiness in Female-Headed Households supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RH).
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test type with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study included Female-Headed Households aged 25 to 35 in 2023 until 2024 who were covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Yazd city. Using the available sampling method, 30 of them were selected and randomly placed in the experimental (15 participants) and control (15 participants) groups. The assessment tools included the Family Resilience Scale by Sixbey (2005) and the Family Hardiness Scale by McQueen et al. (1996). Schema therapy was implemented on the experimental group during 24 90-minute sessions over two months.
Results: Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test with SPSS-16 software. The repeated measures ANOVA indicated that schema therapy significantly impacted increasing family resilience and hardiness in female-headed households. For resilience, the effects of phases (P=0/001,F=141/001), and the effect of the group (P=0/001,F=452/336) were significant. For family hardiness as well, the effects of phases (P=0/001,F=51/649) and the group (P=0/001,F=115/035) were significant. These results demonstrate that the intervention significantly improved family resilience and hardiness over time.
Conclusion: The results showed that schema therapy is effective on the resilience and hardiness of female-headed households. Therefore, schema therapy is suggested to be used to improve the mental health of female-headed households.
Keywords: Schema Therapy, Resilience, Female-Headed Households.
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Steenberg M, Koert E, Schmidt L & et al. Single Mothers By Choice - Experiences Of Single Women Seeking Treatment At A Public Fertility Clinic In Denmark. A Pilot Study, Midwifery. 2024; 134: 104013.
2-Avani M A, Zareei Mahmoobadi H, Afrasiabi H. Identifying Men's Intellectual And Behavioral Reaction After Spousal Infidelity: A Phenomenological Study. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2023; 23(4): 205-218.[Persian]
3-Lee J, Allen J, Lim H. The Effect Of Single Mothers’ Employment On Their Children’s Mental Health In Young Adulthood: Random Effects Model For Longitudinal Data. Children And Youth Services Review. 2024; 160: 107585.
4-Shahpari Sani D, Sadeghi R, Hadadi J & et al. Analysis of the demographic, social and economic situation of female-headed households in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2021;12(47):1-18.[Persian]
5-Kuhn M, Dudel Ch, Werding M. Maternal Health, Well-Being, And Employment Transitions: A Longitudinal Comparison Of Partnered And Single Mothers In Germany. Social Science Research. 2023; 114: 102906.
6-Zhau X, Tayar Z. Differentiating The Impact Of Family And Friend Social Support For Single Mothers On Parenting And Internalizing Symptoms. Journal Of Affective Disorders Reports. 2022; 8: 100319.
7-Kwon M, Kim H. Psychological Well-Being of Female-Headed Households Based on Age Stratification: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6445.
8-ShadiZavareh B, Azmoudeh M, Kashefimehr B & et al. Effectiveness of Positive Resilience Training on Emotional Self-Regulation, Psychological Distress and Parent-Child Interaction among Mothers of Mentally Retarded Children. Tolooe behdasht Journal. 2023;22(5)89-106.[Persian]
9-Sabookro M, Sheyda A. The Study of the Effect of Occupational Stress on Resilience: Mediating Role of Occupational Engagement (A Case Study: Nurses of Al-zahra Hospital in Isfahan). Tolooebehdasht Journal. 2019; 20(6):1-15.[Persian]
10-Cheng X, Feng Y, An Y & et al. The Association Between Family Resilience And Mental Health: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Archives Of Psychiatric Nursing. 2024; 53: 224-231.
11-He Y, Li X, An Y. Family Resilience, Media Exposure, And Children's Mental Health In China During COVID-19. The Family Journal. 2022; 30(4).
12-Ardi MN, Tulab T, Yurista DY. Determinants of Family Resilience in Female-Headed Families on the North Coast of Java. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 2022; 20(2): 237–250.
13-Nugroho Va, Niswah N. The Role Of Women In Family Resilience In Jepara District. Kartini. 2023; 1(1): 3024-8191.
14-Ghaderi S, Karami A, Soleyman A & et al. The Experiences of Female-Headed Households and the Cycle of Misery (Case Study of Female-Headed Households in Karaj). Quarterly of Social Studies Research in Iran. 2022; 11(1): 1-27.[Persian]
15-Jangi Aghdam Kh, Sardari B. The effect of religious attitudes (religiosity) on resilience of cancer patients, Iranian Journal of Cancer Care (IJCA). 2022;1(2): 1-8.[Persian]
16-Krauss SW, Russell DW, Kazman J & et al. Longitudinal Effects Of Deployment, Recency Of Return. And Hardiness On Mental Healthsymptoms In US Army Combat Medics Traumatology. 2019; 25(3): 216-223.
17-Pinquart M. Parenting Stress In Caregivers Of Children With Chronic Physical Condition A Meta-Analysis. Stress Health. 2018; 34(2): 197-207.
18-Mousavi N S, Shirmohammadi F, Abbassi N & et al. The Relationship Between Hope and Death Anxiety in Elderly Women: The Mediating Role of COVID-19 Anxiety and Psychological Hardiness. Iran J Forensic Med. 2023; 29 (2) :69-79.[Persian]
19-Aflaki Fard H, Ghaleh Noei M, Ramezan Khani S. Comparison Of Psychological Hardiness, Self-Differentiation And Psychological Burnout In Female-Headed Households And Normal Women In Marvdasht. Technology Of Education Journal. 2022; 16(3):1-14.[Persian]
20-Mohammadi Z, Borjali A, Sohrabi F. Effectiveness Based On Acceptance And Commitment Therapy On Quality Of Life Women Heads Of Household Conducted In Tehran Welfare Organization. Shenakht Journal Of Psychology And Psychiatry. 2018; 5 (5): 81-91.[Persian]
21-Talati F, Sharifi A, Moshfeghi M. Evaluating the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on happiness and life expectancy in female-headed households supported by the welfare of Lamerd county. Quarterly Journal of Social Work. 2021; 10 (3); 58-66.[Persian]
22-Nasiri M. The effectiveness of group reality therapy on the quality of life of female heads of households. The First National Conference on Healthy Family, Healthy Society. 2023; 1-19.[Persian]
23-Rahbar Karbasdehi F, Abolghasemi A, Rahbar Karbasdehi E. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Psychological Resilience and Social Empowerment in Students with Depression Symptoms. Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University. 2020; 15(4): 74-89.[Persian]
24-Nori F, Ali Moradi F. The effectiveness of schema therapy in increasing resilience, mental health, and quality of life of female heads of households, Journal of New Advances in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Education. 2022; 5(53):104-124.[Persian]
25-Vieira, C, Kuss D, Griffiths M. Early Maladaptive Schemas And Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Literature Review, Clin Psychol Rev. 2023; 105,102340.
26-Ghasemi K, Elahi T, Yousefi Afrashteh M. The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas (Emotional Deprivation, Abandonment/Instability, and Mistrust/Abuse) in Marital Commitment: The Mediating Role of Gender Roles. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling 2022; 12(1): 5-21.[Persian]
27-Sistanipour N, Asghari Ebrahimabad M J, Ghanbari Hashemabadi B. Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Group Therapy on Improving Dark Personality Traits, Flourishing and Cognitive Flexibility among Female Head of Households. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2024;14(53): 1-18.[Persian]
28-Moradi S, Moradi S. Efficacy of Schema Therapy training on self-efficacy, self-esteem and assertiveness in women heads of households covered by welfare in Karaj. Psychology of Woman Journal.2023; 4(2): 9- 16.[Persian]
29-Staki Organi M, Sazevari F. Investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on the quality of life and resilience of female heads of families. National Conference on Family and School Studies. 2021; 1-20.[Persian]
30-Abdi A, Hanachi N. Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Experimental Schema Therapy Techniques On The Adjustment Of Maladaptive Schemas In Women Heads Of Afghan Immigrant Households In Tehran. Journal Of new psychology. 2021;8(12): 1-9.[Persian]
31-Louis J, Ortiz V, Barlas J & et al. The Good Enough Parenting early intervention schema therapy based program: Participant experience. PLoS One. 2021; 16(1):e0243508.
32-Farhadi A, Manshaee G, Yousefi Z. Comparison of The Effectiveness of Family Resilience Training, With Cognitive-Spiritual Hope Training, on Family Resilience in Caregivers Of Kidney Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Family Therapy. 2023; 4(5): 465-477.[Persian]
33-Baradari E, Sheykholeslami A, Sadri damirchi E & et al. The Effectiveness of Narrative Therapy on Family Resilience and Marital Happiness in conflicted couples. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2024;18(3): 1-18.[Persian]
34-Hu X, Wang W, Wang Y & et al. Fear of cancerrecurrence in patients with multiple myeloma: Prevalence and predictors based on a family model analysis. Psycho‐Oncology. 2021;30 (2): 176-184.
35-Pardar CH, Moradi O, Ahmadian H & et al. The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy in Structural Model of Family Hardiness Based on Family Flexibility. ournal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family. 2021; 9(2): 671-694.[Persian]
36-Bahramipor L, Naderi F. The Effectiveness Of Schema Therapy On Perceived Stress And Mental Health Of Foster Mothers. Horizons Of Humanities. 2021; 5(48): 59-74.[Persian]
37-Hosseini SA. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Emotional Regulation and Resilience of Mothers with Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders. 2024; 3(1): 12-29.[Persian]
38-Hasanpoor E, Karimi-Afshar E, Soltani-Nejad Ms & Et Al. The Effectiveness Of Group Therapy Schema On Social Health And Psychological Toughness Of Nurses At Afzalipur Hospital Of Kerman, Iran. Nursing And Midwifery Journal 2023; 20 (11) :922-930.[Persian]
39-Shahini N. The effectiveness of schema therapy on the psychological toughness of single female students. The Third National Conference and the First International Conference on Research and Innovation in Psychology, with a Special Focus on Transdiagnostic Therapies. 2022; 1-6.[Persian]
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Counseling
Received: 2024/12/29 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/05/19
Received: 2024/12/29 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/05/19
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