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TB 2024, 23(5): 1-17 |
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kamali P, Sajjadian2 P. The Effectiveness of Treatment based on Compassion for Aging, Self-care Behaviors and Pain Catastrophizing in Depressed Elderly People. TB 2024; 23 (5) :1-17
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3674-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3674-en.html
, p.sajjadian@phu.laun.ac.ir
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The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on the Perception of Aging, Self-Care Behaviors, and Pain Catastrophizing in Depressed Elderly
Parisa Kamali Ronizi (M.Sc.s)1, Parinaz Sajjadian (Ph.D.)2
1.M.Sc. student Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Email: p.sajjadian@phu.laun.ac.ir Tel:09132106240
Abstract
Introduction: Depression is a common mental disorder in the elderly and causes many complications to them. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on the perception of aging, self-care behaviors, and pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-one-month follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all elderly women suffering from depression in Sadeghieh Nursing Home, Isfahan city, and 30 of them were selected by census sampling and randomly replaced in the test and control groups. Data collection tools included standard Beck depression questionnaires, perception of aging, elderly self-care and pain catastrophizing. The test group received compassion-focused therapy in eight 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements using SPSS-27 software.
Results: In the post-test phase, the mean scores of aging perception and self-care in the test group increased more and pain catastrophizing decreased more than the control group. Therefore, compassion-focused therapy has a significant effect on the perception of aging, self-care behaviors, and pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly of Isfahan city (p≤0/05). However, this effect was not permanent in the follow-up stage of aging perception (p≥0/05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, compassion-focused therapy can be an effective intervention in improving the perception of aging, self-care behaviors and reducing pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly.
Keywords: Perception of Aging, Compassion Therapy, Self-Care, Pain Catastrophizing, Elderly
References
1-Forsman A, Jane-Llopis E, Schierenbeck I & et al. Psychosocial interventions for prevention of depression in older people. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018; 2018(10).
2-Saint-Maurice PF, Coughlan D, Kelly SP & et al. Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity Across the Adult Life Course with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(3): 1-12.
3-Zhu B, Shi C, Park C & et al. Sleep quality and gestational diabetes in pregnant women: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine. 2020; 67 (1): 47-55.
4-Arab Sh, Mohammadi A. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on sleep disorder and the risk of death in the elderly. Psychology Aging. 2023; 9(1): 102-89.[Persian]
5-Varlı Ü, Alankaya N. Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2022; 40: 84-90.
6-Bone JK, Bu F, Fluharty ME & et al. Engagement in leisure activities and depression in older adults in theUnited States: Longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. In Social Science & Medicine. 2022; 294: 114703.
7-Berk M, Woods RL, Nelson MR & et al. Effect of Aspirin .vs Placebo on the Prevention of Depression in Older People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020.
8-Sapmaz SY, Sen S, Ozkan Y & et al. Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and depression in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research. 2019; 278: 263-267.
9-Levy T, Kronenberg S, Crosbie J & et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and suicidality in children: The mediating role of depression, irritability and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 265: 200-6.
10-Arthur A, Savva GM, Barnes LE & et al. Changing prevalence and treatment of depression among older people over two decades. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 216(1):49-54.
11-Sadegh Moghadam L, Foroughan M, Mohammadi F& etal. Aging Perception in Older Adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016; 10 (4): 202-209.[Persian]
12-Worm S, Benyamini Y. Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self-perception of ageing on physical and mental health. Psychol Health. 2014, 29(7):832-48.
13-Goudarzian AH, Nesami MB, Zamani F & et al. Relationship between depression and self-care in Iranian patientswith cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017; 18(1):101. [Persian]
14- Mu TY, Xu RX, Xu JY & et al. Association between self-care disability and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. Plos one. 2022; 17(4): e0266950.
15-Mendoza-Núñez V. M, Sarmiento-Salmorán E, Marín-Cortés R, Martínez-Maldonado M. D. L. L, Ruiz-Ramos M. Influence of the self-perception of old age on the effect of a healthy aging program. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018; 7(5):106.
16-Kav S, Yilmaz AA, Bulut Y & et al. self-efficacy, depression and self-careactivities of people with type 2 diabetes in Turkey. Collegian. 2017; 24(1):27-3.
17-Novrouzi R, Ghaffari M, Sabouri M & et al. Investigating the Effect of Self-care on the Nutritional Status of the Elderly by Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2023; 18 (1) :46-59.[Persian]
18-Whitney CA, Dorfman CS, Shelby RA & et al. Reminders of Cancer Risk and PainCatastrophizing: Relationships with Cancer Worry and Perceived Risk in Women with a First-DegreeRelative with Breast Cancer. Fam Cancer. 2019; 18(1): 9-18.
19-Barnes MS, Cassidy T. Diet, exercise and motivation in weight reduction: The role of psychological capital and Stress. JOJ Nurse Health Care. 2018; 9(5): 555775.
20-Golestani Far S, Dashtbozorgi Z. Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and well-being therapy on life expectancy and psychological health in elderly non-hospitalized depressed patients. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 20: 297-312.[Persian]
21-Abdi Sarkami F, Mirzaian B, Abbasi G. The Effectiveness of Emotion Efficacy Therapy on the Level of Depression and Self-Care Ability of Non-Clinical Depressed Elderly. IJNR. 2021; 15 (6) :65-74.[Persian]
22-Shafai Sh, Mirzaian B, Hassanzadeh R. The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function and working memory function in the elderly with non-clinical depression: Applied Family Therapy Quarterly. 2021; 3(4): 1-17.[Persian]
23-Abdi M, Rahnama F, Tavakoli Gh. Investigating the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on the happiness of the elderly with depression, the 12th International Conference on Health, Treatment and Health Promotion in Georgia. 2022.[Persian]
24-Alighanavati S, Bahrami F, Goudarzi K & et al. Effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on quality of life andhappiness of women with breast cancer in Ahvaz city. Journal of Nursing Education. 2018; 7(2):53–61.[Perisan]
25-Gilbert P, Van Gordon W. Compassion as a skill: A comparison of contemplative and evolution-based approaches. Mindfulness. 2023; 14(10): 2395-2416.
26-Thrift O, Irons C. Developing a compassionate mind to strengthen the Healthy Adult. In Creative Methods in Schema Therapy (pp. 269-286). Routledge. 2020.
27-Brown L, Huffman JC, Bryant C. Self-compassionate aging: A systematic review. The Gerontologist. 2019; 59(4): e311-e324.
28-Farzipour M. The effectiveness of self-compassion training on resilience and mental well-being of the elderly in Khorramabad nursing home. 2022, 4(2): 1-15.[Persian]
29-Abad Y, Harun Rashidi H. The effectiveness of compassion-based therapy Rumination and existential anxietythe elderly Psychology of Aging. 2022; 1(8):1-10.[Persian]
30-Kaemi N, Hejazi E, Rasolzadeh V. The effectiveness of therapy focused on self-compassion on feelings of loneliness and life expectancy in elderly women. Rooyesh. 2020; 8(12): 73-80. [Persian]
31-Gao P, Mosazadeh H, Nazari N. The buffering role of self-compassion in the Association between loneliness with depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional Survey Study among older adults living in Residential Care Homes during COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2023; 1-21.
32-Tavares LR, Vagos P, Xavier A. The role of self-compassion in the psychological (mal) adjustment of older adults: a scoping review. International Psychogeriatrics. 2023; 35(4): 179-192.
33-Lee EE, Govind T, Ramsey M & et al. Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Translational Psychiatry. 2021; 11(1): 397.
34-Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RC. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books. 1985.
35-Razmzen Z. The effectiveness of the cognitive bias adjustment program-the interpretation and attention component on the symptoms of social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and the chain effect of these components in people with social anxiety disorder, master's thesis in clinical psychology, Shiraz University. 2013.[Persian]
36-Barker M, O'Hanlon A, McGee HM & et al. Cross -sectional validation of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument for assessing self-perceptionsof aging. BioMed Central Geriatrics. 2007; 7(1): 9.
37-Haqi Asgar Abadi F, Kraskian Mavemari A, Jamhari F. Determining the psychometric characteristics of the aging perception questionnaire in Iranian elderly, Psychometric Scientific Research Quarterly. 2017; 3(22): 59-76.[Persian]
38-Yonesi Borojeni, J, Jadidi M, AhmadRad F. Construction and standardization of the self-care scale for the elderly in Tehran. Applied Research Quarterly. 2019; 11(1): 158-208.[Persian]
39-Sullivan MJL, Bishop S, Pivik J. The Pain catastrophizing scale development and validation. J Psychol Ass. 1995; 7: 524-32.
40-Mozafari E. Investigating the relationship between catastrophizing pain, psychosis, social support and coping strategies with functionaldisability in rheumatic patients in Ahvaz.Master Thesis. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University. 2010.[Persian]
41-Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British journal of clinical psychology. 2014; 53(1): 6-41.
42-Saifi Z, Harun Rashidi H. The effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism of the elderly suffering from post-traumatic stress. Psychology of Aging. 2023; 9(4): 375-361.[Persian]
43-Haji Ghadirzadeh A, Taheri A, Babakhani N. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and compassion therapy on self-care behaviors of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2023; 9 (4): 87-75.[Persian]
44-Kalatian M, Salehzadeh M, Bakshaish A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy on despair and rumination in the elderly. The 4th National Conference on Management, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2023.[Persian]
45-Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018; 74(3): 675-688.
46-Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological flexibility and self-compassion in clinical samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2019; 68: 4-18.
47-MacBeth A, Gumley A. The role of self-compassion in the management of chronic pain: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2020; 78: 101834.
48-Beauchamp M. R, Sawada N. Compassion-focused therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021; 162(1): 61-72.
Parisa Kamali Ronizi (M.Sc.s)1, Parinaz Sajjadian (Ph.D.)2
1.M.Sc. student Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Email: p.sajjadian@phu.laun.ac.ir Tel:09132106240
Abstract
Introduction: Depression is a common mental disorder in the elderly and causes many complications to them. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on the perception of aging, self-care behaviors, and pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-one-month follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all elderly women suffering from depression in Sadeghieh Nursing Home, Isfahan city, and 30 of them were selected by census sampling and randomly replaced in the test and control groups. Data collection tools included standard Beck depression questionnaires, perception of aging, elderly self-care and pain catastrophizing. The test group received compassion-focused therapy in eight 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements using SPSS-27 software.
Results: In the post-test phase, the mean scores of aging perception and self-care in the test group increased more and pain catastrophizing decreased more than the control group. Therefore, compassion-focused therapy has a significant effect on the perception of aging, self-care behaviors, and pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly of Isfahan city (p≤0/05). However, this effect was not permanent in the follow-up stage of aging perception (p≥0/05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, compassion-focused therapy can be an effective intervention in improving the perception of aging, self-care behaviors and reducing pain catastrophizing in depressed elderly.
Keywords: Perception of Aging, Compassion Therapy, Self-Care, Pain Catastrophizing, Elderly
References
1-Forsman A, Jane-Llopis E, Schierenbeck I & et al. Psychosocial interventions for prevention of depression in older people. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018; 2018(10).
2-Saint-Maurice PF, Coughlan D, Kelly SP & et al. Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity Across the Adult Life Course with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(3): 1-12.
3-Zhu B, Shi C, Park C & et al. Sleep quality and gestational diabetes in pregnant women: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine. 2020; 67 (1): 47-55.
4-Arab Sh, Mohammadi A. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on sleep disorder and the risk of death in the elderly. Psychology Aging. 2023; 9(1): 102-89.[Persian]
5-Varlı Ü, Alankaya N. Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2022; 40: 84-90.
6-Bone JK, Bu F, Fluharty ME & et al. Engagement in leisure activities and depression in older adults in theUnited States: Longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. In Social Science & Medicine. 2022; 294: 114703.
7-Berk M, Woods RL, Nelson MR & et al. Effect of Aspirin .vs Placebo on the Prevention of Depression in Older People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020.
8-Sapmaz SY, Sen S, Ozkan Y & et al. Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and depression in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research. 2019; 278: 263-267.
9-Levy T, Kronenberg S, Crosbie J & et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and suicidality in children: The mediating role of depression, irritability and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 265: 200-6.
10-Arthur A, Savva GM, Barnes LE & et al. Changing prevalence and treatment of depression among older people over two decades. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 216(1):49-54.
11-Sadegh Moghadam L, Foroughan M, Mohammadi F& etal. Aging Perception in Older Adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016; 10 (4): 202-209.[Persian]
12-Worm S, Benyamini Y. Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self-perception of ageing on physical and mental health. Psychol Health. 2014, 29(7):832-48.
13-Goudarzian AH, Nesami MB, Zamani F & et al. Relationship between depression and self-care in Iranian patientswith cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017; 18(1):101. [Persian]
14- Mu TY, Xu RX, Xu JY & et al. Association between self-care disability and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. Plos one. 2022; 17(4): e0266950.
15-Mendoza-Núñez V. M, Sarmiento-Salmorán E, Marín-Cortés R, Martínez-Maldonado M. D. L. L, Ruiz-Ramos M. Influence of the self-perception of old age on the effect of a healthy aging program. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018; 7(5):106.
16-Kav S, Yilmaz AA, Bulut Y & et al. self-efficacy, depression and self-careactivities of people with type 2 diabetes in Turkey. Collegian. 2017; 24(1):27-3.
17-Novrouzi R, Ghaffari M, Sabouri M & et al. Investigating the Effect of Self-care on the Nutritional Status of the Elderly by Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2023; 18 (1) :46-59.[Persian]
18-Whitney CA, Dorfman CS, Shelby RA & et al. Reminders of Cancer Risk and PainCatastrophizing: Relationships with Cancer Worry and Perceived Risk in Women with a First-DegreeRelative with Breast Cancer. Fam Cancer. 2019; 18(1): 9-18.
19-Barnes MS, Cassidy T. Diet, exercise and motivation in weight reduction: The role of psychological capital and Stress. JOJ Nurse Health Care. 2018; 9(5): 555775.
20-Golestani Far S, Dashtbozorgi Z. Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and well-being therapy on life expectancy and psychological health in elderly non-hospitalized depressed patients. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 20: 297-312.[Persian]
21-Abdi Sarkami F, Mirzaian B, Abbasi G. The Effectiveness of Emotion Efficacy Therapy on the Level of Depression and Self-Care Ability of Non-Clinical Depressed Elderly. IJNR. 2021; 15 (6) :65-74.[Persian]
22-Shafai Sh, Mirzaian B, Hassanzadeh R. The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function and working memory function in the elderly with non-clinical depression: Applied Family Therapy Quarterly. 2021; 3(4): 1-17.[Persian]
23-Abdi M, Rahnama F, Tavakoli Gh. Investigating the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on the happiness of the elderly with depression, the 12th International Conference on Health, Treatment and Health Promotion in Georgia. 2022.[Persian]
24-Alighanavati S, Bahrami F, Goudarzi K & et al. Effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on quality of life andhappiness of women with breast cancer in Ahvaz city. Journal of Nursing Education. 2018; 7(2):53–61.[Perisan]
25-Gilbert P, Van Gordon W. Compassion as a skill: A comparison of contemplative and evolution-based approaches. Mindfulness. 2023; 14(10): 2395-2416.
26-Thrift O, Irons C. Developing a compassionate mind to strengthen the Healthy Adult. In Creative Methods in Schema Therapy (pp. 269-286). Routledge. 2020.
27-Brown L, Huffman JC, Bryant C. Self-compassionate aging: A systematic review. The Gerontologist. 2019; 59(4): e311-e324.
28-Farzipour M. The effectiveness of self-compassion training on resilience and mental well-being of the elderly in Khorramabad nursing home. 2022, 4(2): 1-15.[Persian]
29-Abad Y, Harun Rashidi H. The effectiveness of compassion-based therapy Rumination and existential anxietythe elderly Psychology of Aging. 2022; 1(8):1-10.[Persian]
30-Kaemi N, Hejazi E, Rasolzadeh V. The effectiveness of therapy focused on self-compassion on feelings of loneliness and life expectancy in elderly women. Rooyesh. 2020; 8(12): 73-80. [Persian]
31-Gao P, Mosazadeh H, Nazari N. The buffering role of self-compassion in the Association between loneliness with depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional Survey Study among older adults living in Residential Care Homes during COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2023; 1-21.
32-Tavares LR, Vagos P, Xavier A. The role of self-compassion in the psychological (mal) adjustment of older adults: a scoping review. International Psychogeriatrics. 2023; 35(4): 179-192.
33-Lee EE, Govind T, Ramsey M & et al. Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Translational Psychiatry. 2021; 11(1): 397.
34-Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RC. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books. 1985.
35-Razmzen Z. The effectiveness of the cognitive bias adjustment program-the interpretation and attention component on the symptoms of social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and the chain effect of these components in people with social anxiety disorder, master's thesis in clinical psychology, Shiraz University. 2013.[Persian]
36-Barker M, O'Hanlon A, McGee HM & et al. Cross -sectional validation of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument for assessing self-perceptionsof aging. BioMed Central Geriatrics. 2007; 7(1): 9.
37-Haqi Asgar Abadi F, Kraskian Mavemari A, Jamhari F. Determining the psychometric characteristics of the aging perception questionnaire in Iranian elderly, Psychometric Scientific Research Quarterly. 2017; 3(22): 59-76.[Persian]
38-Yonesi Borojeni, J, Jadidi M, AhmadRad F. Construction and standardization of the self-care scale for the elderly in Tehran. Applied Research Quarterly. 2019; 11(1): 158-208.[Persian]
39-Sullivan MJL, Bishop S, Pivik J. The Pain catastrophizing scale development and validation. J Psychol Ass. 1995; 7: 524-32.
40-Mozafari E. Investigating the relationship between catastrophizing pain, psychosis, social support and coping strategies with functionaldisability in rheumatic patients in Ahvaz.Master Thesis. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University. 2010.[Persian]
41-Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British journal of clinical psychology. 2014; 53(1): 6-41.
42-Saifi Z, Harun Rashidi H. The effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism of the elderly suffering from post-traumatic stress. Psychology of Aging. 2023; 9(4): 375-361.[Persian]
43-Haji Ghadirzadeh A, Taheri A, Babakhani N. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and compassion therapy on self-care behaviors of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2023; 9 (4): 87-75.[Persian]
44-Kalatian M, Salehzadeh M, Bakshaish A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy on despair and rumination in the elderly. The 4th National Conference on Management, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2023.[Persian]
45-Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018; 74(3): 675-688.
46-Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological flexibility and self-compassion in clinical samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2019; 68: 4-18.
47-MacBeth A, Gumley A. The role of self-compassion in the management of chronic pain: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2020; 78: 101834.
48-Beauchamp M. R, Sawada N. Compassion-focused therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021; 162(1): 61-72.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Elderly Health
Received: 2024/08/30 | Accepted: 2024/10/27 | Published: 2024/12/30
Received: 2024/08/30 | Accepted: 2024/10/27 | Published: 2024/12/30
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