Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2024)
TB 2024, 23(3): 30-45 |
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Izadkhah F, Moradi J, Bahrami A, Janbozorgi Z. The Effect of Motor and Cognitive Exercises on Working Memory and Selective Attention in Athletes with ADHD. TB 2024; 23 (3) :30-45
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3646-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3646-en.html
Assistant professor , zamouzadeh@yahoo.co
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The Effect of Motor and Cognitive Exercises on Working Memory and Selective Attention in Athletes with ADHD
Fereshteh Izadkhah(Ph.D.)1, Jalil Moradi(Ph.D.)2, Alireza Bahrami(Ph.D.)2, Zohreh Janbozorgi(M.Sc.)3
1.Corresponding Author: Assistant professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
E-mail: zamouzadeh@yahoo.com. Tel: +989163697898
2.Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
3.Masters Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in executive functions, and it is very important to find new non-pharmacological methods to help them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motor and cognitive exercises on working memory and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up was employed, including a control group. A total of 120 athletes(males and females) with ADHD, aged 9 to 11, from Lorestan province, were initially considered. Among them, 75 athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: control, motor exercises, and cognitive exercises, with each group consisting of 25 participants.
The first experimental group received motor exercises, while the second experimental group received cognitive exercises (Captain’s Log), both delivered in 10 sessions of 20 minutes each. The control group did not receive any interventions. Post-tests were conducted immediately one day after the intervention period, followed by a two-week follow-up test. Working memory and selective attention were assessed using the N-back and Stroop tests. Data analysis included mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software.
Results: The results demonstrated a significant difference between the group of motor exercises (P= 0/0001) and cognitive exercises (P= 0/0001) with the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups(P= 0/536).
Conclusion: The mentioned exercises can be used as an effective treatment in improving working memory and selective attention in athletes with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder.
Keywords: Memmory, Attention, Exercises, Athletes, ADHD.
References
1-Hamidian M, Hejazi Dinan P, Shamsipour Dehkordi P. Working Memory in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). Armaghane Danesh. 2019;24(3):496-509.
2-Sonuga‐Barke EJ, Becker SP, Bölte S & et al. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science–from characterization to cause. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2023;64(4):506-32.
3-Leibold C, Smetana RM, Statuta SM. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine..2024;43(1):145-157.
4-Borjali A, Rostami M. Efficacy of Working Memory Training on Executive Functions in Adult with Attention Deficit with Hyperactive Disorder. Journal title. 2021;9(2):44-54.
5-Tamm L, Epstein JN, Peugh JL & et al. Preliminary data suggesting the efficacy of attention training for school-aged children with ADHD. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2013;4:16-28.
6-Easterbrook JA. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychol Rev. 1959;66(3):183-201.
7-Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L& et al. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. J Neural Transm(Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26.
8-Kane MJ, Brown LH, McVay JC & et al. For whom the mind wanders, and when: an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(7):614-21.
9-ghazi a, Sohrabi M, Taheri H, ghahramani moghadam M. Effect of Nintendo Wii-based motor and cognitive training on motor proficiency, visual attention and cognitive flexibility of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Motor Behavior. 2022;14(48):99-124.
10-Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;38:181-91.
11-Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X. Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509.
12-Adhvaryu KP, Karthikbabu S, Rao PT. Motor performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2022;65(11):512-520.
13-Wiest GM, Rosales KP, Looney L et al. Utilizing cognitive training to improve working memory, attention, and impulsivity in school-aged children with ADHD and SLD. Brain Sciences. 2022;12(2):141-157.
14-Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL & et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942-8.
15-Yazdanbakhsh K, aivazy s, Moradi A. The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation of Working Memory in Reducing Sleep Disorders and Behavioral Symptoms of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2018;8(29):213-34.
16-Faheem M, Akram W, Akram H & et al. Gender-Based Differences in Prevalence and Effects of ADHD in Adults; a Systematic Review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022;75:103-205.
17-Lotfi G, Salehi SK, Karami S. The effect of Practice variability on Cognitive and Motor performance in children with Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2022;11(8):35-46.
18-Kadri A, Slimani M, Bragazzi NL & et al . Effect of Taekwondo Practice on Cognitive Function in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jan 12;16(2):204-214.
19-Amouzadeh F, Sheikh M. Impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation on working memory and selective attention in athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial. Neuroreport. 2022;33(17):756-62.
20-Eslami nosratabadi M, Namazizadeh M, Aslankhani MA. Effect of Attention Games and Cognitive Rehabilitation on Attention and Cognitive Functions of Children with ADHD. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;9(1):201-8.
21-Stein A, Iyer KK, Barlow KM. Chapter 12 - Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury. In: Rajendram R, Preedy VR, Martin CR, editors. Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: Academic Press; 2022;151-67.
22-Khan H, Rauch AA, Obolsky MA & et al . A comparison of embedded validity indicators from the Stroop Color and Word Test among adults referred for clinical evaluation of suspected or confirmed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment. 2022;34(7):697-703.
23-Mohammadi E, Shadbafi M. The comparison of executive functions of inhibition, updating and shifting in children with ADHD and SCT. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2020;9(3):41-50.
24-Ebrahimi jozani S, Sepahmansour M, Kochak Entezar R & et al. Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of memory processing and response inhibition in elementary female students. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2022;64(6):4421-30.
25-Samnia Z, Livarjani S, Hassan Pashaei L. Educational effect of Captain Log software on working memory, processing speed and cognitive flexibility in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology . 2021;7(3):115-30.
26-Ciocca M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2019;38(4):545-54.
27-Pujalte GG, Maynard JR, Thurston MJ & et al . Considerations in the care of athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2019;29(3):245-56.
28-Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in developmental disabilities. 2015;38:181-91.
29-Barzegary L, Zamini S. The effect of play therapy on children with ADHD. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;30:2216-8.
30-Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Place M & et al. Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD. Applied cognitive psychology. 2010;24(6):827-36.
31-Heinrich H, Gevensleben H, Strehl U. Annotation: Neurofeedback–train your brain to train behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2007;48(1):3-16.
Fereshteh Izadkhah(Ph.D.)1, Jalil Moradi(Ph.D.)2, Alireza Bahrami(Ph.D.)2, Zohreh Janbozorgi(M.Sc.)3
1.Corresponding Author: Assistant professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
E-mail: zamouzadeh@yahoo.com. Tel: +989163697898
2.Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
3.Masters Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in executive functions, and it is very important to find new non-pharmacological methods to help them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motor and cognitive exercises on working memory and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up was employed, including a control group. A total of 120 athletes(males and females) with ADHD, aged 9 to 11, from Lorestan province, were initially considered. Among them, 75 athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: control, motor exercises, and cognitive exercises, with each group consisting of 25 participants.
The first experimental group received motor exercises, while the second experimental group received cognitive exercises (Captain’s Log), both delivered in 10 sessions of 20 minutes each. The control group did not receive any interventions. Post-tests were conducted immediately one day after the intervention period, followed by a two-week follow-up test. Working memory and selective attention were assessed using the N-back and Stroop tests. Data analysis included mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software.
Results: The results demonstrated a significant difference between the group of motor exercises (P= 0/0001) and cognitive exercises (P= 0/0001) with the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups(P= 0/536).
Conclusion: The mentioned exercises can be used as an effective treatment in improving working memory and selective attention in athletes with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder.
Keywords: Memmory, Attention, Exercises, Athletes, ADHD.
References
1-Hamidian M, Hejazi Dinan P, Shamsipour Dehkordi P. Working Memory in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). Armaghane Danesh. 2019;24(3):496-509.
2-Sonuga‐Barke EJ, Becker SP, Bölte S & et al. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science–from characterization to cause. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2023;64(4):506-32.
3-Leibold C, Smetana RM, Statuta SM. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine..2024;43(1):145-157.
4-Borjali A, Rostami M. Efficacy of Working Memory Training on Executive Functions in Adult with Attention Deficit with Hyperactive Disorder. Journal title. 2021;9(2):44-54.
5-Tamm L, Epstein JN, Peugh JL & et al. Preliminary data suggesting the efficacy of attention training for school-aged children with ADHD. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2013;4:16-28.
6-Easterbrook JA. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychol Rev. 1959;66(3):183-201.
7-Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L& et al. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. J Neural Transm(Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26.
8-Kane MJ, Brown LH, McVay JC & et al. For whom the mind wanders, and when: an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(7):614-21.
9-ghazi a, Sohrabi M, Taheri H, ghahramani moghadam M. Effect of Nintendo Wii-based motor and cognitive training on motor proficiency, visual attention and cognitive flexibility of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Motor Behavior. 2022;14(48):99-124.
10-Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;38:181-91.
11-Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X. Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509.
12-Adhvaryu KP, Karthikbabu S, Rao PT. Motor performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2022;65(11):512-520.
13-Wiest GM, Rosales KP, Looney L et al. Utilizing cognitive training to improve working memory, attention, and impulsivity in school-aged children with ADHD and SLD. Brain Sciences. 2022;12(2):141-157.
14-Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL & et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942-8.
15-Yazdanbakhsh K, aivazy s, Moradi A. The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation of Working Memory in Reducing Sleep Disorders and Behavioral Symptoms of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 2018;8(29):213-34.
16-Faheem M, Akram W, Akram H & et al. Gender-Based Differences in Prevalence and Effects of ADHD in Adults; a Systematic Review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022;75:103-205.
17-Lotfi G, Salehi SK, Karami S. The effect of Practice variability on Cognitive and Motor performance in children with Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2022;11(8):35-46.
18-Kadri A, Slimani M, Bragazzi NL & et al . Effect of Taekwondo Practice on Cognitive Function in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jan 12;16(2):204-214.
19-Amouzadeh F, Sheikh M. Impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation on working memory and selective attention in athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial. Neuroreport. 2022;33(17):756-62.
20-Eslami nosratabadi M, Namazizadeh M, Aslankhani MA. Effect of Attention Games and Cognitive Rehabilitation on Attention and Cognitive Functions of Children with ADHD. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;9(1):201-8.
21-Stein A, Iyer KK, Barlow KM. Chapter 12 - Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury. In: Rajendram R, Preedy VR, Martin CR, editors. Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: Academic Press; 2022;151-67.
22-Khan H, Rauch AA, Obolsky MA & et al . A comparison of embedded validity indicators from the Stroop Color and Word Test among adults referred for clinical evaluation of suspected or confirmed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment. 2022;34(7):697-703.
23-Mohammadi E, Shadbafi M. The comparison of executive functions of inhibition, updating and shifting in children with ADHD and SCT. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2020;9(3):41-50.
24-Ebrahimi jozani S, Sepahmansour M, Kochak Entezar R & et al. Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of memory processing and response inhibition in elementary female students. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2022;64(6):4421-30.
25-Samnia Z, Livarjani S, Hassan Pashaei L. Educational effect of Captain Log software on working memory, processing speed and cognitive flexibility in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology . 2021;7(3):115-30.
26-Ciocca M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2019;38(4):545-54.
27-Pujalte GG, Maynard JR, Thurston MJ & et al . Considerations in the care of athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2019;29(3):245-56.
28-Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in developmental disabilities. 2015;38:181-91.
29-Barzegary L, Zamini S. The effect of play therapy on children with ADHD. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;30:2216-8.
30-Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Place M & et al. Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD. Applied cognitive psychology. 2010;24(6):827-36.
31-Heinrich H, Gevensleben H, Strehl U. Annotation: Neurofeedback–train your brain to train behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2007;48(1):3-16.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2024/04/5 | Accepted: 2024/06/9 | Published: 2024/08/31
Received: 2024/04/5 | Accepted: 2024/06/9 | Published: 2024/08/31
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