Volume 22, Issue 4 (11-2023)
TB 2023, 22(4): 41-58 |
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Research code: IR.SUMS.REC.1400.262
Ethics code: IR.SUMS.REC.1400.262
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Karimi B, ghahremani L, Karimi M, Kazemi S. The effect of positive thinking skill training on the resilience of nurses in Abadeh and Eqlid hospitals in the covid-19 pandemic - application of the theory of planned behavior. TB 2023; 22 (4) :41-58
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3526-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3526-en.html
Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran , lghahraman@gmail.com
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The Effect of Positive Thinking Skill Training on the Resilience of Nurses in Abadeh and Eqlid Hospitals in the Covid-19 Pandemic - Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Behnam Karimi (M.Sc.)1, Leila Ghahramani (Ph.D.)2, Masoud Karimi (Ph.D.)2, Sadegh Kazemi(Ph.D.)3
1.M.Sc. Student of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
2.Associate Professor, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
3.Corresponding author: Ph.D. in Disaster& Emergencies Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email Info.sadeghkazemi@gmail.com Tel:09132591377
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of positive thinking skills training based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on nurses' resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 1400.
Methods: The current research is a semi-experimental interventional study with a pre-test and post-test design, the statistical population of which was made up of nurses working in the hospitals of Abadeh and Euclid cities in Fars province in 1400. Based on the inclusion criteria, 98 nurses were selected and randomly divided into two intervention(n=49) and control(n=49) groups. For the intervention, positive thinking training was conducted face-to-face and group discussion in eight 120-minute sessions, twice a week. The duration of training was two months. To collect data, questionnaires of demographic characteristics, Connor and Davidson's resilience and positive thinking were used. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 26 and using statistical tests.
Results: Based on the findings of this research, the average post-test resilience of nurses in the intervention group (60/02 ± 6/2) was significantly higher than the control group (52/6 ± 3/5). The average positive thinking of nurses in the post-test was 176/6 ± 4/75 and control group (85/04 ± 5/1). Also, after teaching positive thinking skills, the mean resilience score and its dimensions in the intervention group (89/6±3/1) were significantly higher than the control group (53/18±3/6) (P<0/001).
Conclusion: Positive thinking skills training is a safe, low-cost, and practicable approach whose effectiveness was proven in this study. It could, therefore, be widely used as an empowerment program.
Keywords: Training, Positive thinking skills, Nurses’ resilience, COVID-19 pandemic
References
1-Wang D, Hu B, Hu C & etal. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
2-Arefi MF, Poursadeqiyan M. A review of studies on the COVID-19 epidemic crisis disease with a preventive approach. Work. 2020;66(4):717-29.
3-Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS & etal. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv. 2020.
4-Shanafelt T, Ripp J, Trockel M. Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama. 2020;323(21):2133-4.
5-Leiva Amaya YK, Rondón Barreto AT, Villalba Torres LM. Riesgo psicosocial y percepción de ansiedad caso Unidad de Salud Puerto Carreño. 2021.
6-Asadi N, Salmani F, Pourkhajooyi S & etal. Investigating the Relationship Between Corona Anxiety and Nursing Care Behaviors Working in Corona's Referral Hospitals. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2020;26(3):306-19.
7-Marey‐Sarwan I, Hamama‐Raz Y, Asadi A & etal. “It's like we're at war”: Nurses’ resilience and coping strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Inquiry. 2022;29(3):e12472.
8-Ariapooran S, Amirimanesh M. Depression, Anxiety and Suicidal ideation of Nurses in the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Role of Demographic Variables. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2020;23(5):724-39.
9-Arab Z, Piri L, Arsalani N & etal. The correlation of workload and work ability with job stress in nursing staff. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2015;4(1):21-30.
10-Chang EM, Hancock KM, Johnson A & etal. Role stress in nurses: review of related factors and strategies for moving forward. Nursing & health sciences. 2005;7(1):57-65.
11-Cherakhalipor Z. Comparison of job stress in military drivers in Tehran [Thesis in Persian]. Tehran: Baghiatallah University. 2010.
12-Jafari Golestan N, Afaghi E, Kazemi Galougahi MH. Effect of Positive Thinking Skills Training on the Resilience of Nurses Working in Selected Military Hospitals. Military Caring Sciences Journal. 2022;9(3):231-40.
13-Benada N, Chowdhry R. A correlational study of happiness, resilience and mindfulness among nursing student. Indian journal of positive psychology. 2017;8(2):105-7.
14-Foster K, Roche M, Delgado C & etal. Resilience and mental health nursing: An integrative review of international literature. International journal of mental health nursing. 2019;28(1):71-85.
15-Polk LV. Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in nursing science. 1997;19(3):1-13.
16-Izadinia N, Amiri M, ghorban Jahromi R & et al. A study of relationship between suicidal ideas, depression, anxiety, resiliency, daily stresses and mental health among Tehran university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:1615-9.
17-Rasti L, Arsalani N, Maghsoudipour M & etal. Assessment and Comparison of the Impact of Ergonomic Patient Transfer Method Training on the Operating Room Staff Performance Using Two Instruments of “Patient Transfer Assessment” and “Rapid Entire Body Assessment”. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2016;5(6):1-8.
18-Zakeri H, Jowkar B, Razmjoee M. Parenting styles and resilience. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:1067-70.
19-Kyani P-A, Naeini SMK, Safavi M. The effect of positive thinking training on happiness and resilience of nurses in intensive care units: A randomized clinical trial. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch. 2020;30(2):193-203.
20-McKinley N, Karayiannis PN, Convie L & etal. Resilience in medical doctors: a systematic review. Postgraduate medical journal. 2019;95(1121):1400-7.
21-Motamed-Jahromi M, Fereidouni Z, Dehghan A. Effectiveness of positive thinking training program on nurses’ quality of work life through smartphone applications. International scholarly research notices. 2017;2017.
22-Rostami M, Jalal Younesi S, Movallali G & etal. The effectiveness of mental rehabilitation based on positive thinking skills training on increasing happiness in hearing impaired adolescents. Audiology. 2014;23(3).
23-Marey‐Sarwan I, Hamama‐Raz Y, Asadi A & etal. “It's like we're at war”: Nurses’ resilience and coping strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Inquiry. 2021:e12472.
24-Mehafarid M, Khakpour M, Jajarmi M. Effectiveness of positive thinking training on hardiness & resilience and Job burnout in women nurses. Journal of Nursing Education. 2015;4(1):72-83.
25-Sedghi Goyaghaj N, Rostami M, Hosseini M. Effect of positive thinking skills training on nurse’s job burnout. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2016;3(4):38-47.
26-Gatezadeh A. The Effectiveness of Positive Thinking Skill Training on Professional Ethics and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies. 2019;6(2):123-38.
27-Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
28-Movlaee KSM, Karimi MH, Emadzadeh ALI & etal. The Effect of Planned Behavior Theory-Based Education on Promotion of Physical Activity in Female Workers. 2019.
29-Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A & et al. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iranian journal of medical education. 2015;14(10):857-65.
30-Jafari BA, Ghahremani L, Keshavarzi S & etal. Validity and reliability of optimism questionnaire among adolescents based on theory of planned behavior. 2016.
31-Quilliam S. Applied Positive Thinking and applied positivism. Translated Barati Sedeh F, Sadeghi F, Tehran, Javaneh Roshd Publications. 2003.
32-Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N & etal. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist. 2005;60(5):410-19.
33-Yusefi AR, Daneshi S, Davarani ER & etal. Resilience level and its relationship with hypochondriasis in nurses working in COVID-19 reference hospitals. BMC nursing. 2021;20(1):1-9.
34-Wei H, Roberts P, Strickler J & etal. Nurse leaders’ strategies to foster nurse resilience. Journal of nursing management. 2019;27(4):681-7.
35-Chesak SS, Bhagra A, Schroeder DR & etal. Enhancing resilience among new nurses: feasibility and efficacy of a pilot intervention. Ochsner Journal. 2015;15(1):38-44.
36-Alan H, Eskici GT, Sen HT & etal. Nurses' disaster core competencies and resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study from Turkey. Journal of Nursing Management. 2022;30(3):622-32.
37-Hwang WJ, Lee J. Effectiveness of the infectious disease (COVID-19) simulation module program on nursing students: Disaster nursing scenarios. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2021;51(6):648-60.
38- Bozdağ F, Ergün N. Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological reports. 2021;124(6):2567-86.
39-Potter P, Pion S, Gentry JE. Compassion fatigue resiliency training: The experience of facilitators. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2015;46(2):83-8.
40-García‐Izquierdo M, Meseguer de Pedro M, Ríos‐Risquez MI & etal. Resilience as a moderator of psychological health in situations of chronic stress (burnout) in a sample of hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2018;50(2):228-36.
41-Roberto A, Sellon A, Cherry ST & etal. Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women. Health care for women international. 2020;41(11-12):1313-34.
42-Gerami Nejad N, Hosseini M, Mousavi Mirzaei SM & etal. Association between resilience and professional quality of life among nurses working in intensive care units. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2019;31(116):49-60.
43- Mohammadi M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Jalali R, Salari N. Prevalence of job stress in nurses working in Iranian hospitals: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression study. JHSW. 2020;10(2):119-28.
44-Kim SC, Quiban C, Sloan C & etal. Predictors of poor mental health among nurses during COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Open. 2021;8(2):900-7.
45-Rose S, Hartnett J, Pillai S. Healthcare worker’s emotions, perceived stressors and coping mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021;16(7): e0254252.
46-Garrosa E, Moreno-Jiménez B, Rodríguez-Muñoz A & etal. Role stress and personal resources in nursing: A cross-sectional study of burnout and engagement. International journal of nursing studies. 2011;48(4):479-89.
47-Jeong S-a, Kim J. Factors influencing nurses’ intention to care for patients with COVID-19: Focusing on positive psychological capital and nursing professionalism. Plos one. 2022;17(1): e0262786.
48- Nelson H, Hubbard Murdoch N, Norman K. The role of uncertainty in the experiences of nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 2021;53(2):124-33.
49-Afshari D, Nourollahi-Darabad M, Chinisaz N. Demographic predictors of resilience among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work. 2021;68(2):297-303.
50-Campbell-Sills L, Forde DR, Stein MB. Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of psychiatric research. 2009;43(12):1007-2.
51-Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H & etal. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. medrxiv. 2020.
52- Kakemam E, Raeissi P, Raoofi S & etal. Occupational stress and associated risk factors among nurses: a cross-sectional study. Contemporary nurse. 2019;55(2-3):237-49.
Behnam Karimi (M.Sc.)1, Leila Ghahramani (Ph.D.)2, Masoud Karimi (Ph.D.)2, Sadegh Kazemi(Ph.D.)3
1.M.Sc. Student of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
2.Associate Professor, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
3.Corresponding author: Ph.D. in Disaster& Emergencies Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email Info.sadeghkazemi@gmail.com Tel:09132591377
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of positive thinking skills training based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on nurses' resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 1400.
Methods: The current research is a semi-experimental interventional study with a pre-test and post-test design, the statistical population of which was made up of nurses working in the hospitals of Abadeh and Euclid cities in Fars province in 1400. Based on the inclusion criteria, 98 nurses were selected and randomly divided into two intervention(n=49) and control(n=49) groups. For the intervention, positive thinking training was conducted face-to-face and group discussion in eight 120-minute sessions, twice a week. The duration of training was two months. To collect data, questionnaires of demographic characteristics, Connor and Davidson's resilience and positive thinking were used. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 26 and using statistical tests.
Results: Based on the findings of this research, the average post-test resilience of nurses in the intervention group (60/02 ± 6/2) was significantly higher than the control group (52/6 ± 3/5). The average positive thinking of nurses in the post-test was 176/6 ± 4/75 and control group (85/04 ± 5/1). Also, after teaching positive thinking skills, the mean resilience score and its dimensions in the intervention group (89/6±3/1) were significantly higher than the control group (53/18±3/6) (P<0/001).
Conclusion: Positive thinking skills training is a safe, low-cost, and practicable approach whose effectiveness was proven in this study. It could, therefore, be widely used as an empowerment program.
Keywords: Training, Positive thinking skills, Nurses’ resilience, COVID-19 pandemic
References
1-Wang D, Hu B, Hu C & etal. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
2-Arefi MF, Poursadeqiyan M. A review of studies on the COVID-19 epidemic crisis disease with a preventive approach. Work. 2020;66(4):717-29.
3-Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS & etal. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv. 2020.
4-Shanafelt T, Ripp J, Trockel M. Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama. 2020;323(21):2133-4.
5-Leiva Amaya YK, Rondón Barreto AT, Villalba Torres LM. Riesgo psicosocial y percepción de ansiedad caso Unidad de Salud Puerto Carreño. 2021.
6-Asadi N, Salmani F, Pourkhajooyi S & etal. Investigating the Relationship Between Corona Anxiety and Nursing Care Behaviors Working in Corona's Referral Hospitals. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2020;26(3):306-19.
7-Marey‐Sarwan I, Hamama‐Raz Y, Asadi A & etal. “It's like we're at war”: Nurses’ resilience and coping strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Inquiry. 2022;29(3):e12472.
8-Ariapooran S, Amirimanesh M. Depression, Anxiety and Suicidal ideation of Nurses in the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Role of Demographic Variables. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2020;23(5):724-39.
9-Arab Z, Piri L, Arsalani N & etal. The correlation of workload and work ability with job stress in nursing staff. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2015;4(1):21-30.
10-Chang EM, Hancock KM, Johnson A & etal. Role stress in nurses: review of related factors and strategies for moving forward. Nursing & health sciences. 2005;7(1):57-65.
11-Cherakhalipor Z. Comparison of job stress in military drivers in Tehran [Thesis in Persian]. Tehran: Baghiatallah University. 2010.
12-Jafari Golestan N, Afaghi E, Kazemi Galougahi MH. Effect of Positive Thinking Skills Training on the Resilience of Nurses Working in Selected Military Hospitals. Military Caring Sciences Journal. 2022;9(3):231-40.
13-Benada N, Chowdhry R. A correlational study of happiness, resilience and mindfulness among nursing student. Indian journal of positive psychology. 2017;8(2):105-7.
14-Foster K, Roche M, Delgado C & etal. Resilience and mental health nursing: An integrative review of international literature. International journal of mental health nursing. 2019;28(1):71-85.
15-Polk LV. Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in nursing science. 1997;19(3):1-13.
16-Izadinia N, Amiri M, ghorban Jahromi R & et al. A study of relationship between suicidal ideas, depression, anxiety, resiliency, daily stresses and mental health among Tehran university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:1615-9.
17-Rasti L, Arsalani N, Maghsoudipour M & etal. Assessment and Comparison of the Impact of Ergonomic Patient Transfer Method Training on the Operating Room Staff Performance Using Two Instruments of “Patient Transfer Assessment” and “Rapid Entire Body Assessment”. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2016;5(6):1-8.
18-Zakeri H, Jowkar B, Razmjoee M. Parenting styles and resilience. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:1067-70.
19-Kyani P-A, Naeini SMK, Safavi M. The effect of positive thinking training on happiness and resilience of nurses in intensive care units: A randomized clinical trial. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch. 2020;30(2):193-203.
20-McKinley N, Karayiannis PN, Convie L & etal. Resilience in medical doctors: a systematic review. Postgraduate medical journal. 2019;95(1121):1400-7.
21-Motamed-Jahromi M, Fereidouni Z, Dehghan A. Effectiveness of positive thinking training program on nurses’ quality of work life through smartphone applications. International scholarly research notices. 2017;2017.
22-Rostami M, Jalal Younesi S, Movallali G & etal. The effectiveness of mental rehabilitation based on positive thinking skills training on increasing happiness in hearing impaired adolescents. Audiology. 2014;23(3).
23-Marey‐Sarwan I, Hamama‐Raz Y, Asadi A & etal. “It's like we're at war”: Nurses’ resilience and coping strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Inquiry. 2021:e12472.
24-Mehafarid M, Khakpour M, Jajarmi M. Effectiveness of positive thinking training on hardiness & resilience and Job burnout in women nurses. Journal of Nursing Education. 2015;4(1):72-83.
25-Sedghi Goyaghaj N, Rostami M, Hosseini M. Effect of positive thinking skills training on nurse’s job burnout. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2016;3(4):38-47.
26-Gatezadeh A. The Effectiveness of Positive Thinking Skill Training on Professional Ethics and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies. 2019;6(2):123-38.
27-Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
28-Movlaee KSM, Karimi MH, Emadzadeh ALI & etal. The Effect of Planned Behavior Theory-Based Education on Promotion of Physical Activity in Female Workers. 2019.
29-Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A & et al. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iranian journal of medical education. 2015;14(10):857-65.
30-Jafari BA, Ghahremani L, Keshavarzi S & etal. Validity and reliability of optimism questionnaire among adolescents based on theory of planned behavior. 2016.
31-Quilliam S. Applied Positive Thinking and applied positivism. Translated Barati Sedeh F, Sadeghi F, Tehran, Javaneh Roshd Publications. 2003.
32-Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N & etal. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist. 2005;60(5):410-19.
33-Yusefi AR, Daneshi S, Davarani ER & etal. Resilience level and its relationship with hypochondriasis in nurses working in COVID-19 reference hospitals. BMC nursing. 2021;20(1):1-9.
34-Wei H, Roberts P, Strickler J & etal. Nurse leaders’ strategies to foster nurse resilience. Journal of nursing management. 2019;27(4):681-7.
35-Chesak SS, Bhagra A, Schroeder DR & etal. Enhancing resilience among new nurses: feasibility and efficacy of a pilot intervention. Ochsner Journal. 2015;15(1):38-44.
36-Alan H, Eskici GT, Sen HT & etal. Nurses' disaster core competencies and resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study from Turkey. Journal of Nursing Management. 2022;30(3):622-32.
37-Hwang WJ, Lee J. Effectiveness of the infectious disease (COVID-19) simulation module program on nursing students: Disaster nursing scenarios. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2021;51(6):648-60.
38- Bozdağ F, Ergün N. Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological reports. 2021;124(6):2567-86.
39-Potter P, Pion S, Gentry JE. Compassion fatigue resiliency training: The experience of facilitators. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2015;46(2):83-8.
40-García‐Izquierdo M, Meseguer de Pedro M, Ríos‐Risquez MI & etal. Resilience as a moderator of psychological health in situations of chronic stress (burnout) in a sample of hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2018;50(2):228-36.
41-Roberto A, Sellon A, Cherry ST & etal. Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women. Health care for women international. 2020;41(11-12):1313-34.
42-Gerami Nejad N, Hosseini M, Mousavi Mirzaei SM & etal. Association between resilience and professional quality of life among nurses working in intensive care units. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2019;31(116):49-60.
43- Mohammadi M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Jalali R, Salari N. Prevalence of job stress in nurses working in Iranian hospitals: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression study. JHSW. 2020;10(2):119-28.
44-Kim SC, Quiban C, Sloan C & etal. Predictors of poor mental health among nurses during COVID‐19 pandemic. Nursing Open. 2021;8(2):900-7.
45-Rose S, Hartnett J, Pillai S. Healthcare worker’s emotions, perceived stressors and coping mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021;16(7): e0254252.
46-Garrosa E, Moreno-Jiménez B, Rodríguez-Muñoz A & etal. Role stress and personal resources in nursing: A cross-sectional study of burnout and engagement. International journal of nursing studies. 2011;48(4):479-89.
47-Jeong S-a, Kim J. Factors influencing nurses’ intention to care for patients with COVID-19: Focusing on positive psychological capital and nursing professionalism. Plos one. 2022;17(1): e0262786.
48- Nelson H, Hubbard Murdoch N, Norman K. The role of uncertainty in the experiences of nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 2021;53(2):124-33.
49-Afshari D, Nourollahi-Darabad M, Chinisaz N. Demographic predictors of resilience among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work. 2021;68(2):297-303.
50-Campbell-Sills L, Forde DR, Stein MB. Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of psychiatric research. 2009;43(12):1007-2.
51-Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H & etal. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. medrxiv. 2020.
52- Kakemam E, Raeissi P, Raoofi S & etal. Occupational stress and associated risk factors among nurses: a cross-sectional study. Contemporary nurse. 2019;55(2-3):237-49.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Nursing
Received: 2023/02/19 | Accepted: 2023/06/26 | Published: 2023/11/11
Received: 2023/02/19 | Accepted: 2023/06/26 | Published: 2023/11/11
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