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Sardarpour M, Aminzadeh Gohari A. A Detailed Comparison regarding the of Knowledge Level of Final Year Dental Students of Isfahan Azad University with Other Statistical Communities in Other Studies, in Relation to Squamous Cell Cancer of the Oral Cavity. TB 2024; 22 (6) :76-89
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3523-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3523-en.html
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. , Mansour.sardarpour@yahoo.com
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A Detailed Comparison regarding the of Knowledge Level of Final Year Dental Students of Isfahan Azad University with Other Statistical Communities in Other Studies, in Relation to Squamous Cell Cancer of the Oral Cavity
Mansour Sardarpour(Ph.D.)1, Atusa Aminzadeh Gohari(Ph.D.)2
1.Corresponding Author:Graduated from Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. Email:Mansour.sardarpour@yahoo.com Tel:09199676305
2.Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) constitutes 90% of oral cancers, the most important factors of which are smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol. Early detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions and subsequent referrals are the most important factors in reducing OSCC mortality. The purpose of this study is to compare the knowledge level of senior dental students of Isfahan Azad University regarding etiology, prognosis and treatment of OSCC lesions with three other statistical communities in other statistical populations( dental students in different years of studying, the graduates , and the doctors).
Methods: The present study was conducted in the academic year 2021-2022 on 82 senior students of the Faculty of Dentistry in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan) using census sampling method. The type of study was cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical. A researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability was calculated was distributed to the students by the researcher in person. Data analyses were done and statistical tests were examined at a significance level of 0.05. Finally, other studies with the same statistical communities were also examined through Google scholar, Scopus, Sid, Proquest and PubMed databases and the results (general and detailed) were compared with the present study.
Results: Of 82 students participating in the study, 47/9% were females, 80/5% were unmarried, and 74/4% were native people. The average score of awareness regarding the etiology dimension was 2/5 out of 3, while in the prognosis and treatment level, it was estimated as 3/44 out of 7. In addition, a significant difference was not observed between the average knowledge of students in both etiology and treatment dimensions, and the variables of gender, marital status, and residence status .
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the knowledge level of senior students in the Faculty of Dentistry in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, as in many statistical communities in other studies, is far from the ideal level. In order to improve these conditions, it is suggested that students have more contact with patients and oral lesions during the course of their studies. Moreover, more retraining courses (virtual or face-to-face) are recommended in the field of malignant and premalignant oral lesions.
Keywords: Mouth, Malignancy, Squamous cells, Knowledge
References
1-Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, & etal. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;71(3):209-49.
2-Shiva A, Mousavi SJ. Epidemiologic Study of Oral and Paraoral Malignancies in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2014;38(4):337-46.
3-Kujan O, Farah CS, Johnson NW. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: Incidence, mortality, trends, and gaps in public databases as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Translational Research in Oral Oncology. 2017;2:2057178X17698480.
4-dabirmoghadam p, Yazdani N, Aghazadeh K, & etal. Determination Of The Prevalence Of Occult Neck Lymph Node Involvement In Patients With Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. UNMF. 2020;18(6):460-6.
5-Chi AC, Day TA, Neville BW. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—an update. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2015;65(5):401-21.
6-Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology. 2009;45(4-5):309-16.
7-Elham M, Azin N, Maryam H, Hamideh R, & etal. Iran Cancer Statistics in 2012 and Projection of Cancer Incidence by 2035. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;9(3):3-22.
8-James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, & etal. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-858.
9-Ren ZH, Hu CY, He HR, & etal. Global and regional burdens of oral cancer from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cancer Communications. 2020;40(2-3):81-92.
10-Silverman S, Kerr AR, Epstein JB. Oral and pharyngeal cancer control and early detection. Journal of Cancer Education. 2010;25:279-81.
11-Irani S. New Insights into Oral Cancer-Risk Factors and Prevention: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020;11(1):182-190.
12-Shakery mobser h, Farhadi S, Jolehar M. Anticancer effect of aqueous extract of Persia rose on Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Reserarch in Dental & Maxillofacial Sciences. 2022;19(3):185-93.
13-Grafton-Clarke C, Chen KW, Wilcock J. Diagnosis and referral delays in primary care for oral squamous cell cancer: a systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2019;69(679):e112-e26.
14-Kujan O, Alzoghaibi I, Azzeghaiby S, & etal. Knowledge and attitudes of Saudi dental undergraduates on oral cancer. Journal of Cancer Education. 2014;29:735-8.
15-Shiboski Ch, Shiboski Sc, Silverman Jr S. Trends In Oral Cancer Rates In The United States, 1973–1996. Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology. 2000 Aug;28(4):249-56.
16-Keser G, Pekiner FN. Assessing oral cancer awareness among dental students. Journal of Cancer Education. 2019;34(3):512-8.
17-Soares TRC, Carvalho MEdA, Pinto LSS, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge and awareness among dental students. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2014;13:28-33.
18-Allen K, Farah C. Screening and referral of oral mucosal pathology: a check‐up of Australian dentists. Australian Dental Journal. 2015;60(1):52-8.
19-Khan SQ, Farooqi FA, Moheet IA, & etal. Attitude and experiences of undergraduate dental students and interns towards research. Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences. 2016;4(2):108.
20-Nazar H, Shyama M, Ariga J, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices among primary oral health care dentists in Kuwait. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2019;20(5):1531.
21-Shubayr MA, Bokhari AM, Essa AA, & etal. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oral cancer prevention among students, interns, and faculty members at the college of dentistry of Jazan University. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:1-7.
22-Alsaud B, Aboalshamat K, Baheydrah S, & etal. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental undergraduates and practitioners regarding oral cancer in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. EC Dental Science. 2019;18:1944-52.
23-López‐Jornet P, Camacho‐Alonso F, Molina‐Miñano F. Knowledge and attitudes about oral cancer among dentists in Spain. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2010;16(1):129-33.
24-Al-Maweri s, Abbas a, Tarakji b, & etal. Knowledge and Opinions Regarding Oral Cancer among Yemeni Dental Students. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(5):1765-70.
25-Honarmand M, Hajihosseini A, Akbari F. Oral cancer knowledge of senior dental students in Zahedan, South-East of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(7):3017-20.
26-Shadid RM, Abu Ali MA, Kujan O. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oral cancer prevention among dental students and interns: an online cross‑sectional questionnaire in Palestine. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):381.
27-Eysenbach G. Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2004;6(3):e34.
28-Jafer M, Crutzen R, Jafer A, & etal. What do dental college clinicians know about oral cancer and its risk factors? An assessment among final year students, interns and faculty members in saudi arabia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2018;10(9):e908.
29-Fotedar S, Bhardwaj V, Manchanda K, & etal. Knowledge, attitude and practices about oral cancers among dental students in HP Government Dental College, Shimla-Himachal Pradesh. South Asian Journal of Cancer. 2015;4(02):065-7.
30-Alzabibi MA, Alolabi H, Ali DA, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge and practice among medical students: A cross-sectional study during the Syrian crisis. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2022;77:103504.
31-Abdal K, Mortezaee K, Haidari S, & etal. Evaluation of general dentists’ knowledge about oral cancer in Ilam, Iran in 2016. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences. 2019;6(1):36-40.
32-Lingam AS, Koppolu P, Alhussein SA, & etal. Dental Students' Perception, Awareness and Knowledge About HPV Infection, Vaccine, and Its Association with Oral Cancer: A Multinational Study. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2022;15:3711-24.
33-Gunjal S, Pateel DGS, Lim RZS, & etal. Assessing oral cancer awareness among dental and medical students of a Malaysian private university. International Dental Journal. 2020;70(1):62-9.
34-Kazmi F, Alkait S, Alghamdi H, & etal. Assessing Knowledge, Attitude and Practices for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma among Health Care Professionals in Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, KSA. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2020;21(2):539-45.
35-Manju J, Krithika C. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Dental Practitioners towards Screening for Oral Pre-Cancer and Cancer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(58A):604-11.
36-Saleem L, Mahmoud H, Joseph B. Knowledge And Attitude About Oral Cancer Among Medical And Dental Students At Kuwait University: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer Care. 2021 Jul 23;6(3):277-83.
37-Vaccarella S, Bruni L, Seoud M. Burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in the extended Middle East and North Africa region. Vaccine. 2013;31:G32-G44.
38-Al-Rawi NH, Talabani NG. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a case series analysis of clinical presentation and histological grading of 1,425 cases from Iraq. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2008;12:15-8.
39-Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi TG, & etal. Oral cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2016;12(2):458-63.
40-Panwar A, Batra R, Lydiatt WM, & etal. Human papilloma virus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a growing epidemic. Cancer treatment reviews. 2014;40(2):215-9.
41-Organization WH. Towards a strategy for cancer control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. 2009.
42-Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Gándara-Vila P, Banga C, & etal. Human Papillomavirus-Related Oral Cancer: Knowledge and Awareness Among Spanish Dental Students. Journal of Cancer Education. 2019;34(4):782-8.
43-Leonel A, Soares C, Lisboa de Castro JF, & etal. Knowledge and Attitudes of Primary Health Care Dentists Regarding Oral Cancer in Brazil. Acta Stomatologica Croatica. 2019;53(1):55-63.
44-Naseer M, Mamoon S, Qureshi Sm, & etal. Assessment Of Awareness And Knowledge Of Oral Cancer Among Dental Students In Faisalabad Medical University. MAR Dental Sciences. 2021;2(1):1-10.
45-Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Pietruszewska W. Awareness of Human Papillomavirus and Its Oncogenic Potential in Head and Neck Cancer among Students: Still More Questions than Answers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(22):8667.
Mansour Sardarpour(Ph.D.)1, Atusa Aminzadeh Gohari(Ph.D.)2
1.Corresponding Author:Graduated from Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. Email:Mansour.sardarpour@yahoo.com Tel:09199676305
2.Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) constitutes 90% of oral cancers, the most important factors of which are smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol. Early detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions and subsequent referrals are the most important factors in reducing OSCC mortality. The purpose of this study is to compare the knowledge level of senior dental students of Isfahan Azad University regarding etiology, prognosis and treatment of OSCC lesions with three other statistical communities in other statistical populations( dental students in different years of studying, the graduates , and the doctors).
Methods: The present study was conducted in the academic year 2021-2022 on 82 senior students of the Faculty of Dentistry in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan) using census sampling method. The type of study was cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical. A researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability was calculated was distributed to the students by the researcher in person. Data analyses were done and statistical tests were examined at a significance level of 0.05. Finally, other studies with the same statistical communities were also examined through Google scholar, Scopus, Sid, Proquest and PubMed databases and the results (general and detailed) were compared with the present study.
Results: Of 82 students participating in the study, 47/9% were females, 80/5% were unmarried, and 74/4% were native people. The average score of awareness regarding the etiology dimension was 2/5 out of 3, while in the prognosis and treatment level, it was estimated as 3/44 out of 7. In addition, a significant difference was not observed between the average knowledge of students in both etiology and treatment dimensions, and the variables of gender, marital status, and residence status .
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the knowledge level of senior students in the Faculty of Dentistry in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, as in many statistical communities in other studies, is far from the ideal level. In order to improve these conditions, it is suggested that students have more contact with patients and oral lesions during the course of their studies. Moreover, more retraining courses (virtual or face-to-face) are recommended in the field of malignant and premalignant oral lesions.
Keywords: Mouth, Malignancy, Squamous cells, Knowledge
References
1-Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, & etal. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;71(3):209-49.
2-Shiva A, Mousavi SJ. Epidemiologic Study of Oral and Paraoral Malignancies in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2014;38(4):337-46.
3-Kujan O, Farah CS, Johnson NW. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: Incidence, mortality, trends, and gaps in public databases as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Translational Research in Oral Oncology. 2017;2:2057178X17698480.
4-dabirmoghadam p, Yazdani N, Aghazadeh K, & etal. Determination Of The Prevalence Of Occult Neck Lymph Node Involvement In Patients With Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. UNMF. 2020;18(6):460-6.
5-Chi AC, Day TA, Neville BW. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—an update. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2015;65(5):401-21.
6-Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology. 2009;45(4-5):309-16.
7-Elham M, Azin N, Maryam H, Hamideh R, & etal. Iran Cancer Statistics in 2012 and Projection of Cancer Incidence by 2035. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;9(3):3-22.
8-James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, & etal. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-858.
9-Ren ZH, Hu CY, He HR, & etal. Global and regional burdens of oral cancer from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cancer Communications. 2020;40(2-3):81-92.
10-Silverman S, Kerr AR, Epstein JB. Oral and pharyngeal cancer control and early detection. Journal of Cancer Education. 2010;25:279-81.
11-Irani S. New Insights into Oral Cancer-Risk Factors and Prevention: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020;11(1):182-190.
12-Shakery mobser h, Farhadi S, Jolehar M. Anticancer effect of aqueous extract of Persia rose on Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Reserarch in Dental & Maxillofacial Sciences. 2022;19(3):185-93.
13-Grafton-Clarke C, Chen KW, Wilcock J. Diagnosis and referral delays in primary care for oral squamous cell cancer: a systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2019;69(679):e112-e26.
14-Kujan O, Alzoghaibi I, Azzeghaiby S, & etal. Knowledge and attitudes of Saudi dental undergraduates on oral cancer. Journal of Cancer Education. 2014;29:735-8.
15-Shiboski Ch, Shiboski Sc, Silverman Jr S. Trends In Oral Cancer Rates In The United States, 1973–1996. Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology. 2000 Aug;28(4):249-56.
16-Keser G, Pekiner FN. Assessing oral cancer awareness among dental students. Journal of Cancer Education. 2019;34(3):512-8.
17-Soares TRC, Carvalho MEdA, Pinto LSS, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge and awareness among dental students. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2014;13:28-33.
18-Allen K, Farah C. Screening and referral of oral mucosal pathology: a check‐up of Australian dentists. Australian Dental Journal. 2015;60(1):52-8.
19-Khan SQ, Farooqi FA, Moheet IA, & etal. Attitude and experiences of undergraduate dental students and interns towards research. Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences. 2016;4(2):108.
20-Nazar H, Shyama M, Ariga J, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices among primary oral health care dentists in Kuwait. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2019;20(5):1531.
21-Shubayr MA, Bokhari AM, Essa AA, & etal. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oral cancer prevention among students, interns, and faculty members at the college of dentistry of Jazan University. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:1-7.
22-Alsaud B, Aboalshamat K, Baheydrah S, & etal. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental undergraduates and practitioners regarding oral cancer in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. EC Dental Science. 2019;18:1944-52.
23-López‐Jornet P, Camacho‐Alonso F, Molina‐Miñano F. Knowledge and attitudes about oral cancer among dentists in Spain. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2010;16(1):129-33.
24-Al-Maweri s, Abbas a, Tarakji b, & etal. Knowledge and Opinions Regarding Oral Cancer among Yemeni Dental Students. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(5):1765-70.
25-Honarmand M, Hajihosseini A, Akbari F. Oral cancer knowledge of senior dental students in Zahedan, South-East of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(7):3017-20.
26-Shadid RM, Abu Ali MA, Kujan O. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oral cancer prevention among dental students and interns: an online cross‑sectional questionnaire in Palestine. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):381.
27-Eysenbach G. Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2004;6(3):e34.
28-Jafer M, Crutzen R, Jafer A, & etal. What do dental college clinicians know about oral cancer and its risk factors? An assessment among final year students, interns and faculty members in saudi arabia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2018;10(9):e908.
29-Fotedar S, Bhardwaj V, Manchanda K, & etal. Knowledge, attitude and practices about oral cancers among dental students in HP Government Dental College, Shimla-Himachal Pradesh. South Asian Journal of Cancer. 2015;4(02):065-7.
30-Alzabibi MA, Alolabi H, Ali DA, & etal. Oral cancer knowledge and practice among medical students: A cross-sectional study during the Syrian crisis. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2022;77:103504.
31-Abdal K, Mortezaee K, Haidari S, & etal. Evaluation of general dentists’ knowledge about oral cancer in Ilam, Iran in 2016. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences. 2019;6(1):36-40.
32-Lingam AS, Koppolu P, Alhussein SA, & etal. Dental Students' Perception, Awareness and Knowledge About HPV Infection, Vaccine, and Its Association with Oral Cancer: A Multinational Study. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2022;15:3711-24.
33-Gunjal S, Pateel DGS, Lim RZS, & etal. Assessing oral cancer awareness among dental and medical students of a Malaysian private university. International Dental Journal. 2020;70(1):62-9.
34-Kazmi F, Alkait S, Alghamdi H, & etal. Assessing Knowledge, Attitude and Practices for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma among Health Care Professionals in Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, KSA. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2020;21(2):539-45.
35-Manju J, Krithika C. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Dental Practitioners towards Screening for Oral Pre-Cancer and Cancer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(58A):604-11.
36-Saleem L, Mahmoud H, Joseph B. Knowledge And Attitude About Oral Cancer Among Medical And Dental Students At Kuwait University: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer Care. 2021 Jul 23;6(3):277-83.
37-Vaccarella S, Bruni L, Seoud M. Burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in the extended Middle East and North Africa region. Vaccine. 2013;31:G32-G44.
38-Al-Rawi NH, Talabani NG. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a case series analysis of clinical presentation and histological grading of 1,425 cases from Iraq. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2008;12:15-8.
39-Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi TG, & etal. Oral cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2016;12(2):458-63.
40-Panwar A, Batra R, Lydiatt WM, & etal. Human papilloma virus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a growing epidemic. Cancer treatment reviews. 2014;40(2):215-9.
41-Organization WH. Towards a strategy for cancer control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. 2009.
42-Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Gándara-Vila P, Banga C, & etal. Human Papillomavirus-Related Oral Cancer: Knowledge and Awareness Among Spanish Dental Students. Journal of Cancer Education. 2019;34(4):782-8.
43-Leonel A, Soares C, Lisboa de Castro JF, & etal. Knowledge and Attitudes of Primary Health Care Dentists Regarding Oral Cancer in Brazil. Acta Stomatologica Croatica. 2019;53(1):55-63.
44-Naseer M, Mamoon S, Qureshi Sm, & etal. Assessment Of Awareness And Knowledge Of Oral Cancer Among Dental Students In Faisalabad Medical University. MAR Dental Sciences. 2021;2(1):1-10.
45-Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Pietruszewska W. Awareness of Human Papillomavirus and Its Oncogenic Potential in Head and Neck Cancer among Students: Still More Questions than Answers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(22):8667.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Dental
Received: 2023/05/19 | Accepted: 2023/10/4 | Published: 2024/03/16
Received: 2023/05/19 | Accepted: 2023/10/4 | Published: 2024/03/16
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