Volume 21, Issue 1 (5-2022)
TB 2022, 21(1): 28-42 |
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Research code: IR.BMSU.REC. 1398. 276
Ethics code: IR.BMSU.REC. 1398. 276
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Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Shabahang R, Savabi Niri V, Nakhostin Asef Z, Fathi-Ashtiani A. Employee Parenting Energy Correlations of Working Mothers: Perceived Social Support, Job Stress, and Perceived Discrimination. TB 2022; 21 (1) :28-42
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3315-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3315-en.html
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe 
, Reza Shabahang , Vahid Savabi Niri , Zahra Nakhostin Asef , Ali Fathi-Ashtiani *
, Reza Shabahang , Vahid Savabi Niri , Zahra Nakhostin Asef , Ali Fathi-Ashtiani *
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , fathi@bmsu.ac.ir
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Employee Parenting Energy Correlations of Working Mothers: Perceived Social Support, Job Stress, and Perceived Discrimination
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe (Ph.D.)1, Reza Shabahang (M.Sc.s)2, Vahid Savabi Niri (M.Sc.s)3, Zahra Nakhostin Asef (M.Sc.s)4, Ali Fathi-Ashtiani (Ph.D.)5
1.Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2.M.Sc. in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3.M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran.
4.M.Sc. Student of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Behshahr Branch, Mazandaran, Iran.
5Corresponding Author: Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: fathi@bmsu.ac.ir Tel: 02187554147
Abstract
Introduction: Working mothers try to maximize their correlation time with their children and experience different situations compared to housewives. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the role of perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination in predicting parenting energy of working mothers.
Methods: The present descriptive and correlational study was conducted on all mothers working in private offices in District 3 of Tehran in 2020. Convenience sampling method was used to select 110 working mothers. Data collection tools included the Perceived Parenting Energy Scale (PEFPS), the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS), the Health and Safety Management Standards Index (HSE), and the Revised Personal Related Discrimination Scale (PRDS). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24 using Pearson correlation and multiple regression, simultaneously.
Results: The results showed that the components of perceived support and job stress have a positive and significant correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). In contrast, personal-related discrimination had a significant negative correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination predict 78% of the parenting energy of working mothers.
Conclusion: Perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination have a significant impact on the parenting energy of working women. Due to the significant role of mothers in raising their children, it is necessary to identify factors affecting women's employment relationships in their work environment to take measures to increase their parenting energy.
Keywords: Parenting Energy, Perceived Social Support, Job Stress, Perceived Discrimination.
References
1-Kadale PG, Pandey AN, Raje SS. Challenges of working mothers: balancing motherhood and profession. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health.2018;5(7):2905-10.
2-Bianchi S.M. Maternal employment and time with children: dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography.2000; 37(4): 401–14.
3-Kumar Dey B, Bairaghi A, Kabir SMS, & Shahrier MA. Parenting stress and children depression. The Chittagong University J. of Biological Science. 2013;7(1,2):151-65.
4-Janisse HC, Barnett D, Nies MA. Perceived energy for parenting: a new conceptualization and scale. J Child Fam Stud.2009; 18: 312-22.
5-Selye H. The stress of life. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1956.
6-Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers. 1997; 65(3): 529-65.
7-Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52:141-66.
8-McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Revised manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services. 1992.
9- Isola AA, Alao AA, Ntiwunka GU, Iyanda RO. An Exploratory Study of Parenting and Career Management among Women in Babcock University and Lead City University, Southwest Nigeria. KIU Journal of Humanities.2021;6(2):95-104.
10- Howick J, Kelly P, Kelly M. Establishing a causal link between social relationships and health using the Bradford Hill Guidelines. SSM-population health.2019;8:100402.
11-Lagdon S, Ross J, Robinson M, Contractor AA, Charak R, Armour C. Assessing the Mediating Role of Social Support in Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology Among College Students in Northern Ireland. J Interpers Violence.2021; 36(3-4): NP2112-2136NP.
12-Ayón C. Latino child welfare: Parents’ well-being at the time of entry. Families in Society. 2018; 92: 295–300.
13-Benzies K, Mychasiuk R. Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child and Family Social Work. 2009; 14: 103–14.
14-Karaer Y, Akdemir D. Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2019; 92:22-7.
15-Rapetti R, Wang S. Employment and parenting. Parenting. 2014; 14(2): 121-32.
16-Repetti R, Wang SW. Effects of job stress on family relationships. Current opinion in psychology.2017; 13:15-8.
17-Repetti RL. Social withdrawal as a short-term coping response to daily stressors. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Hostility, coping, & health (151–165). American Psychological Association; 1992.
18- Du D, Derks D, Bakker AB. Daily spillover from family to work: A test of the work–home resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2018;23(2):237.
19-Yu KZ. Parenting stress, job stress, and parenting behaviors in nurses. Korean Journal of Childcare and Education.2013;9(2):5-21.
20-Kim KW, Doh HS, Kim SW, Rhee SH. The relationship between maternal employment, maternal job characteristics, spousal support, and parenting stress. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 2010;31(5):101-13.
21- Smith HJ, Pettigrew TF. Advances in relative deprivation theory and research. Social Justice Research.2015;28(1):1-6.
22-Smith HJ, Pettigrew TF, Pippin GM, Bialosiewicz S. Relative Deprivation: A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review.2012;16(3): 203–32.
23-Callan MJ, Ellard JH, Will Shead N, Hodgins DC. Gambling as a search for justice: examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull.2008; 34(11): 1514-29.
24-Peng J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Gong P. Relative deprivation and job satisfaction in Army officers: A moderated mediation model. Work.2019;62(1):49-58.
25-Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. J Occup Health Psychol.2017; 22(3):273-85.
26-Peterson ER, Andrejic N, Corkin MT, et al. I hardly see my baby: challenges and highlights of being a New Zealand working mother of an infant. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online.2018;13(1):4-28.
27-Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner AG.Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-91.
28-Hajialiani V, Tahmasbi A, Shakhs Bolandghadr A, et al. Effectiveness of the Nurturing Program for Parents and their Children with Special Needs and their Health Challenges on the Perceived Energy for Parenting and Mindfulness. J Child Ment Health. 2021;7(4):232-46.[Persian]
29-Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment.1988; 52(1):30–41.
30-Besharat M. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: Questionnaire, Instruction and Scoring. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist. 2019; 51(59): 447-49.[Persian]
31-Marcatto F, Colautti L, Larese Filon F, Luis O, Ferrante D. The HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool: concurrent and construct validity. Occup Med (Lond). 2014; 64(5): 365-71.
32-Akbari H, Satkin M, Gangi M, Akbari H, Fesharaki Gholami, M. Standardization and Study of Psychological Properties of the HSE Stress Questionnaire. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2017; 19(3): e40466. [Persian]
33-Callan MJ, Shead NW, Olson JM. Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011; 101(5): 955-73.
34-Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. 2015; 3.
35-Cooklin AR, Westrupp E, Strazdins L, et al. Mothers’ work–family conflict and enrichment: Associations with parenting quality and couple relationship. Child: care, health and development. 2015;41(2):266-77.
36-Karaer Y, Akdemir D. Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2019;92:22-7.
37-Hong X, Liu Q. Parenting stress, social support and parenting self-efficacy in Chinese families: Does the number of children matter?. Early Child Development and Care.2021; 26;191(14): 2269-80.
38-Wu F, Ren Z, Wang Q, et al. The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, health & medicine. 2021;26(2):204-11.
39-Zurlo MC, Vallone F, Smith AP. Work–family conflict and psychophysical health conditions of nurses: Gender differences and moderating variables. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2020;17(3):e12324.
40-Schieman S, Ruppanner L, Milkie MA. Who helps with homework? Parenting inequality and relationship quality among employed mothers and fathers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 2018;39(1):49-65.
41-Adesoye T, Mangurian C, Choo EK, et al. Perceived discrimination experienced by physician mothers and desired workplace changes: a cross-sectional survey. JAMA internal medicine. 2017;177(7):1033-6.
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe (Ph.D.)1, Reza Shabahang (M.Sc.s)2, Vahid Savabi Niri (M.Sc.s)3, Zahra Nakhostin Asef (M.Sc.s)4, Ali Fathi-Ashtiani (Ph.D.)5
1.Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2.M.Sc. in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3.M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran.
4.M.Sc. Student of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Behshahr Branch, Mazandaran, Iran.
5Corresponding Author: Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: fathi@bmsu.ac.ir Tel: 02187554147
Abstract
Introduction: Working mothers try to maximize their correlation time with their children and experience different situations compared to housewives. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the role of perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination in predicting parenting energy of working mothers.
Methods: The present descriptive and correlational study was conducted on all mothers working in private offices in District 3 of Tehran in 2020. Convenience sampling method was used to select 110 working mothers. Data collection tools included the Perceived Parenting Energy Scale (PEFPS), the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS), the Health and Safety Management Standards Index (HSE), and the Revised Personal Related Discrimination Scale (PRDS). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24 using Pearson correlation and multiple regression, simultaneously.
Results: The results showed that the components of perceived support and job stress have a positive and significant correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). In contrast, personal-related discrimination had a significant negative correlation with perceived parenting energy (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination predict 78% of the parenting energy of working mothers.
Conclusion: Perceived social support, job stress, and perceived discrimination have a significant impact on the parenting energy of working women. Due to the significant role of mothers in raising their children, it is necessary to identify factors affecting women's employment relationships in their work environment to take measures to increase their parenting energy.
Keywords: Parenting Energy, Perceived Social Support, Job Stress, Perceived Discrimination.
References
1-Kadale PG, Pandey AN, Raje SS. Challenges of working mothers: balancing motherhood and profession. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health.2018;5(7):2905-10.
2-Bianchi S.M. Maternal employment and time with children: dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography.2000; 37(4): 401–14.
3-Kumar Dey B, Bairaghi A, Kabir SMS, & Shahrier MA. Parenting stress and children depression. The Chittagong University J. of Biological Science. 2013;7(1,2):151-65.
4-Janisse HC, Barnett D, Nies MA. Perceived energy for parenting: a new conceptualization and scale. J Child Fam Stud.2009; 18: 312-22.
5-Selye H. The stress of life. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1956.
6-Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers. 1997; 65(3): 529-65.
7-Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52:141-66.
8-McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Revised manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services. 1992.
9- Isola AA, Alao AA, Ntiwunka GU, Iyanda RO. An Exploratory Study of Parenting and Career Management among Women in Babcock University and Lead City University, Southwest Nigeria. KIU Journal of Humanities.2021;6(2):95-104.
10- Howick J, Kelly P, Kelly M. Establishing a causal link between social relationships and health using the Bradford Hill Guidelines. SSM-population health.2019;8:100402.
11-Lagdon S, Ross J, Robinson M, Contractor AA, Charak R, Armour C. Assessing the Mediating Role of Social Support in Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology Among College Students in Northern Ireland. J Interpers Violence.2021; 36(3-4): NP2112-2136NP.
12-Ayón C. Latino child welfare: Parents’ well-being at the time of entry. Families in Society. 2018; 92: 295–300.
13-Benzies K, Mychasiuk R. Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child and Family Social Work. 2009; 14: 103–14.
14-Karaer Y, Akdemir D. Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2019; 92:22-7.
15-Rapetti R, Wang S. Employment and parenting. Parenting. 2014; 14(2): 121-32.
16-Repetti R, Wang SW. Effects of job stress on family relationships. Current opinion in psychology.2017; 13:15-8.
17-Repetti RL. Social withdrawal as a short-term coping response to daily stressors. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Hostility, coping, & health (151–165). American Psychological Association; 1992.
18- Du D, Derks D, Bakker AB. Daily spillover from family to work: A test of the work–home resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2018;23(2):237.
19-Yu KZ. Parenting stress, job stress, and parenting behaviors in nurses. Korean Journal of Childcare and Education.2013;9(2):5-21.
20-Kim KW, Doh HS, Kim SW, Rhee SH. The relationship between maternal employment, maternal job characteristics, spousal support, and parenting stress. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 2010;31(5):101-13.
21- Smith HJ, Pettigrew TF. Advances in relative deprivation theory and research. Social Justice Research.2015;28(1):1-6.
22-Smith HJ, Pettigrew TF, Pippin GM, Bialosiewicz S. Relative Deprivation: A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review.2012;16(3): 203–32.
23-Callan MJ, Ellard JH, Will Shead N, Hodgins DC. Gambling as a search for justice: examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull.2008; 34(11): 1514-29.
24-Peng J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Gong P. Relative deprivation and job satisfaction in Army officers: A moderated mediation model. Work.2019;62(1):49-58.
25-Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. J Occup Health Psychol.2017; 22(3):273-85.
26-Peterson ER, Andrejic N, Corkin MT, et al. I hardly see my baby: challenges and highlights of being a New Zealand working mother of an infant. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online.2018;13(1):4-28.
27-Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner AG.Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-91.
28-Hajialiani V, Tahmasbi A, Shakhs Bolandghadr A, et al. Effectiveness of the Nurturing Program for Parents and their Children with Special Needs and their Health Challenges on the Perceived Energy for Parenting and Mindfulness. J Child Ment Health. 2021;7(4):232-46.[Persian]
29-Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment.1988; 52(1):30–41.
30-Besharat M. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: Questionnaire, Instruction and Scoring. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist. 2019; 51(59): 447-49.[Persian]
31-Marcatto F, Colautti L, Larese Filon F, Luis O, Ferrante D. The HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool: concurrent and construct validity. Occup Med (Lond). 2014; 64(5): 365-71.
32-Akbari H, Satkin M, Gangi M, Akbari H, Fesharaki Gholami, M. Standardization and Study of Psychological Properties of the HSE Stress Questionnaire. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2017; 19(3): e40466. [Persian]
33-Callan MJ, Shead NW, Olson JM. Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011; 101(5): 955-73.
34-Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. 2015; 3.
35-Cooklin AR, Westrupp E, Strazdins L, et al. Mothers’ work–family conflict and enrichment: Associations with parenting quality and couple relationship. Child: care, health and development. 2015;41(2):266-77.
36-Karaer Y, Akdemir D. Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2019;92:22-7.
37-Hong X, Liu Q. Parenting stress, social support and parenting self-efficacy in Chinese families: Does the number of children matter?. Early Child Development and Care.2021; 26;191(14): 2269-80.
38-Wu F, Ren Z, Wang Q, et al. The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, health & medicine. 2021;26(2):204-11.
39-Zurlo MC, Vallone F, Smith AP. Work–family conflict and psychophysical health conditions of nurses: Gender differences and moderating variables. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2020;17(3):e12324.
40-Schieman S, Ruppanner L, Milkie MA. Who helps with homework? Parenting inequality and relationship quality among employed mothers and fathers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 2018;39(1):49-65.
41-Adesoye T, Mangurian C, Choo EK, et al. Perceived discrimination experienced by physician mothers and desired workplace changes: a cross-sectional survey. JAMA internal medicine. 2017;177(7):1033-6.
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Received: 2022/02/27 | Accepted: 2022/05/14 | Published: 2022/05/31
Received: 2022/02/27 | Accepted: 2022/05/14 | Published: 2022/05/31
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