The Journal of

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  Background: Previous studies show that swimming in pools which are not well managed, can transmit infections. So there is still concern that swimmers by contacting with water and swimming pool environment could be affected by fungal diseases. So this study aimed to determine the amount of fungal contamination in indoor pools of Yazd in 2011.

  Method: In this study, all the indoor swimming pools of Yazd (12 pools) during the spring and summer of 2011 in terms of fungal contamination were studied. To determine fungal contamination of the sample, a sterile carpet collection method was used. Sixty samples from different environmental surfaces in each pool (shower, dressing room surface, the chair and sit in the sauna, bath, platforms, around the pool), 5 areas on average from each pool and to tally about 720 samples from all pools were tested for separation of bacterial contamination.

  Results: Results of the present study showed that from all the 720 cultivated samples, 495 samples (68.8%) were positive for one or more fungal contamination including 443 mould saprophyte (89.5%), 48 yeast saprophyte (9.7%) and 4 dermatophyte pathogenic fungi (0/8%). Most fungal species were isolated from showers, dressing area, sauna and pool's peripheral area.

  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is necessary to pay more attention to sanitation and disinfection of water and environment around swimming pools. Also necessary actions and educations on disinfection and eliminating contamination have to given to the pools authorities.

   

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Abstract

Introduction: fungi exist all over the world and about as much as flowering plants are abundant and diverse. They reproduce through spores. Fungi can grow at body temperature and may easily infect susceptible people and make some infections. The study of fungal spores is one of the important indicators of biological air quality. So, it defined as the purpose of this study.  
 Methods: This is a cross - sectional study and conducted in Damghan and two villages around it. We used a Bioaerosols sampler for sampling in the breathing level height (m 2-1) by a direct sampling on the sabouraud dextrose agar media. Five points in the urban area and five points from streets of the villages were chosen. In each point, sampling with two replicate on different days of a season and with sampling flow of 28 liters per minute for 5 minutes was performed.         
Results: In this study totally 132 colonies were observed in taken the samples, Damghan samples with 64 colonies were the greatest and the villages Mehmandust with 36 colonies and 32 colonies Jazan, had the lowest number of colonies. Most fungal species in the Damghan air were including Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus flavus and Most fungal species in the villages were Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium.    
Conclusion: according to the results, rural air quality in Damghan is more favorable in terms of fungal spores. So, the presence of the sensitive persons or patients in rural areas or less crowded area and low-traffic like the village, can help these people in health Promotion.

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Introduction: Candidiasisis the most common human opportunistic disease with the prevalence and resistance of etiologic agents being increased as a result of increasing the immunosuppressed diabetics and malignancies. Candida albicans known as the most common agent of disease is one of the human body’s normal floras. The aim of the present study was to evaluate anti-Candida properties of the aerial parts of Ferula assafoatida compared with Fluconazole in vitro. Methods: In the current experimental lab-trial study a 35 mg/ml aqueous extracts ofIranian Ferula assafoatida aerial parts were prepared and then used for evaluation of their susceptibility against a standard Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Different concentrations of this herbal extract and Fluconazole were used for determining the minimum inhibition concentration and killing on Candidasuspensions. Results:Concentrations of 8.75 mg/ml aerial parts of Ferula assafoetida completely inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and killed all viable cells (MFC). Concentrations of 0.273 and 4.4 mg/ml Ferula aqueous extracts were also determined as MIC50 and MIC90. In case of Fluconazole, 128 µg/ml concentrationis determined as MFC and 0.5 µg/ml concentration is also known as MIC50. Conclusion:Results of the current study showed that the aqueous extract of Ferula assafoetida aerial parts has inhibitory and candidacidal effect against Candida albicans and further in vivo studies are suggested.

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Introduction: There is a high concern regarding air contamination in the dental clinics and offices. For the reason that the most risking factor is the presence of floating particles in the clinics containing different disease-causing microorganisms and in order to provide a better strategy to improve the condition, the present article takes into consideration the study of the air inside the medical centers affected by the microbial and fungal contamination. Methods: A descriptive study (from 1391 to 1392) was conducted in clinics and dental offices in Kerman. Among the 14 clinics in the city of Kerman, two state dental clinics, three private clinics, a semi- private clinic, a charity - based clinic and from the totality of 143 dental offices throughout the city, 52 were chosen. Random sampling method was used. Sampling was done by sedimentation. The medium used nutrient agar, blood agar, nutrient agar and Sabouroud dextrose agar . Gram stain and culture of bio-chemical environment and culture slides were used for detection. Sampling Sit characteristics such as size, number of units, size of space, time, travel, type of service and the turbine were recorded. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the the samples surveyed, 89% showed fungal and bacterial contamination. The bacterial species found included: gram positive cocci 60.2%, gram negative cocci 24.1%, basillus gram positive bacillus 11.2%, gram negative bacillus 2.4%, and also fungi 1.2%.There was a significant relationship between contamination rate, number of clients, space (clinics and dental offices, users, non working and working shifts). Conclusion: Degree of microbial contamination of air clinics and dental offices of Kerman, ranked according to AMI, shows bad condition. There is a necessity to rank the dental clinics and offices from good to bad. The ventilation system improvement needs a high consideration.

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 Introduction: By development of bacterial drug-resistance to traditional antibacterial drugs and fungal  infections, the need to design, synthesis, and use of new and effective antibacterial and antifungal drugs is increased. Quinazolinone derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atoms that have pharmacological properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize of new derivatives of dihydroquinazolinone and study of their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties.
Methods: This research is an experimental work in which four dihydroquinazolinone derivatives were synthesized, by a new environmental-safe method and identified by various spectroscopic methods. Antibacterial activities of these derivatives were investigated against Escherichia coli gram-negative, and bacillus subtilis gram-positive in comparesion with amikacin. Antifungal activities of these derivatives were investigated against Aspergillus niger fungus and compared with ketoconazole. Both of antifungal and antibacterial activities of these synthetic compounds derivatives was checked by disk diffusion method with measuring the zone inhibition.
Results: All synthetic dihydroquinazolinones that were synthesized in high yields and purity, showed good antibacterial and antifungal properties. The compound 1d 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative of these compounds showed more antimicrobial activities and antifungal comparable with the Amikacin and Ketoconazole standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs.
Conclusion: Synthetic dihydroquinazolinone derivatives in this work have good antifungal and antibacterial activities. The higher antifungal and antibacterial activity of 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative can be related to more hydrophobicity of the phenyl group as a substitution in position 2.
 

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Introduction: By increasing the amount and diversity of bio-environmental wastewater pollutants, it is essential to be controlled and planed the environmental contaminants to eliminate or minimize. Cardboard recycling industry wastewater has the potential of environmental pollution; it is contaminated with various fungal species that may be effective in the decomposition and removal of pollutants. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of native fungal species that decontaminate organic pollutants in the cardboard recycling industry wastewaters.
Methods: In this study, which is a descriptive study, samples were randomly taken from different area of wastewater of cardboard recycling industry. Samples were cultured on Saboraud dextrose agar medium for isolation of probable fungal species, which decomposers of wastewater. The isolated fungal colonies were enumerated and purified based on morphological characteristics and microscopic analyzing as far as possible.
Results: The average count of the total number of fungi species in wastewater of cardboard recycling industry was 2.5×102 CFU/ml of these 2.1×101 were saprophytic fungi. The most prevalent fungal species were identificated from the wastewater include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillum, Geotrichum, Mucor, Drechselera, Paecillomyces, Alternaria, Fusarium and Absidia. The highest frequency of fungal species Aspergillus nige, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum were 30.89%, 22.76% and 14.63% respectively.
Conclusion: It seems that native fungi isolated from the cardboard recycling industry wastewater in this study are from fungi that have the potential for bioremediation of wastewater contaminants based on scientific literature and can be used for evaluating of their ability to decompose wastewater from this industry.