The Journal of

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Background: Releasing of heavy metals in the environment caused by industrialization and urban, is a concern worldwide. Cadmium ion is toxic contaminants for Humans, Animals and plants that the maximum allowable concentration in water (0.005 mg/l) is defined by WHO. Different methods for removing heavy metals have been studied. In recent years, the use of low-cost adsorbent for removal of these metals has been considered by researchers. In this study, removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions with continues flow method was studied by prepared adsorbent from barley stems.

Methods: This experimental- laboratory study done in 2011. Barley stem particles in the range of 1.19 to 2 mm were investigated for removal of cadmium ions with continues down-flow by a column. All tests performed at constant pH of 6 and temperature of 27°C. The effective variables such as initial concentration, adsorbent bed height and inlet flow rate was studied for removal of cadmium ions. For each trial, value of 6 ml samples was collected at every 30 minutes of the output column. Cadmium ion concentration in each sample was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Results: Test results showed that the absorption breakthrough curve related to the studied variables. Increasing flow rate and input concentration decreases the saturation point and breakthrough time but increase the depth of adsorbent bed makes it longer. Maximum uptake of cadmium ions was obtained 10.07mg/g in a flow3ml/min, bed depth 30cm, and initial concentration 30mg/l.

Conclusion: According to obtained results, increasing flow rate decreases the maximum of uptake of cadmium ions per gram of absorbent and the absorption efficiency. The input flow 2 ml/min on the adsorbent column with Barley stem was removed cadmium ions as well and also has a large absorption capacity. It is recommended that continuous flow method with the obtained parameters in this study be used in the chemically refining process.

 

 

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Abstract Introduction: Innovative processes for treatment of industrial effluents containing dyes and heavy metals are often used to reduce the toxicity of these compounds in order to reach the refining standards. Recently, a special focus on innovative processes took place for physical and chemical removal by new absorbent, biomass absorption, membrane filtration, radiation, and electrochemical coagulation. In this study, the recent developments and application of different treatment methods was analyzed for dyes removal from industrial wastewater. Methods: This study extracted from 45 articles of different sites between 1997 until 2014, which it was evaluated the advantages and limits of adsorption process. The main operating conditions affecting on the absorption process such as pH, temperature, concentration of pollutants and dose of contaminants were evaluated for dyes treatment. Conclusion: This review study indicated that the pH factor was frequently studied and its impact has been widely studied in treatment of contaminated wastewater with dyes. Previous studies had shown that adsorption process will be the most promising methods of treatment in the complex systems at the near future. Adsorption process for removing of organic contaminants and metals recovery systems have shown a good performance in the batch reactor. Among of conventional processes, adsorption is known as one of the most effective technology for wastewater treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants with concentrations less than 1000 mg/l. It is important to note that the cost of treatment method varies depending on the used process and the local conditions. In general, the key factors in choosing a method are usability of method, simplicity of design and cost benefits. The adsorption process provided all benefits and it is suitable for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

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Comparison of Generalized Linear Mixed and Generalized Linear Models in Determining Type II Diabetes Related Factors in Yazd

Fallahzadeh H(Ph.D)¹,Rahmanian M(Ph.D)²,Emadi M(Ph.D)³,Asadi F(M.Sc)⁴

1. Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

2. Corresponding Author: Graduate student of Biostatistics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

3. Professor of Endocrine Diseases And Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Yazd, Iran.

4. Associate professor, Department of Statistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, it’s prevalence is very high and is increasing recently. In this study, in addition to determining type II diabetes related factors, we compared the generalized linear and generalized linear mixed models.

Methods: Data is related to research project to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of diabetes in adults aged 30 years and older in the province of Yazd. In this study, 2,795 people were screened with a blood glucose test for diabetes. We for data analysis by the mixed logistic and ordinary logistic regression used the R software.

Results: In this study ,four variables of family history of diabetes, age, body mass index and waist circumference to hip circumference were significant in both models (p-value <.001).Job was a significant variable in the ordinary logistic regression model in level significant .1 but not significant in the mixed logistic regression model. The education, area of housing and gender not significant in neither logistic mixed model nor ordinary logistic model. According to the values of the odds ratio also, we saw quite differences between the two models. Judging from standard error of the coefficients and comparison of the their values in both models seen underestimate in ordinary logistic regression model

Conclusion: The use of generalized linear mixed models lead to more accurate results and prevents underestimated standard error of the coefficients.

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Introduction:The ability to use skills such as reading, listening, analysis and decision making in health status depends on the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understanding basic health information and services needed which is defined in term of health literacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of health literacy in referred patients to Yazd Diabetes Research Center.

Methods: This cross-sectional study performed on 432 patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2014. Health literacy was measured by the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) and analyzed using the SPSS-17 software and analytical statistics (T-Test, Chi-Square, A-Nova and linear regression).

Results: The mean age of studied population was 55.02 ± 6.32 years old and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.24 ± 7.13 years old. Increase age and decrease the Duration of diabetes, Increase health literacy scores. The average of Health literacy scores was significantly higher in men than women. Retired people, people living in the city, people with high educational level and good economic situation were more literate. (P-Value <0.001)

Conclusion: The results showed that health literacy in 59.3 percent of patients was insufficient, in 18.5 percent was border and only 22.2 percent of patients had adequate health literacy that providing facilities and health literacy education seems to be necessary for them.

 

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease . The number of people with diabetes over the last twenty years has doubled . Asia as a result of rapid economic growth , as the center of the epidemic in the world . Iran is among the countries with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus . Use of medicinal plants as adjunctive therapy along with medication always been original . In recent years the tendency of patients to alternative therapies and traditional medicine has increased. Methods : Among patients referred to clinics of University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran , 67 people were selected and randomly divided into two groups,intervention or placebo. Patients in the intervention group received 3 tablets of 300 mg bee propolis and in the control group received placebo . The study lasted 12 weeks . Serum insulin and insulin resistance index were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. Results: 57 patients completed the study . The average demographic characteristics , anthropometric indices , serum insulin and insulin resistance index at the beginning and end of the study between the two groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion : In this study , supplementation with bee propolis for 12 weeks , on the serum insulin and indices of insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes is not effective . Further studies are needed to make a final decision.

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Introduction: Observance of food hygiene and safety by the staff working in the food supply and distribution sector is one of the most important factors in prevention of foodborne diseases. However, considering the inadequate knowledge and inappropriate performance of the staff, we are faced with many epidemics of food poisoning. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of food supply and distribution companies in Yazd.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 126 employees working in 15 food catering centers in Yazd City in 2018. Census sampling method was applied to collect data by a researcher-made questionnaire. In this questionnaire, the items were about the participants' background demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and practice in the field of food health, which was designed according to previous studies. Data were analyzed using SPSS24, T-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results: The employees' mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 10.08 ± 5.11, 24.31 ± 8.37 and 8.91 ± 6.50, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the mean and standard deviation of the participants' knowledge and education level (P = 0.00). Furthermore, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice.
Conclusion: It is necessary to provide individuals with practical and continuous training programs by experienced specialists. Moreover, food catering staff should be motivated to adhere to the principles of personal hygiene and food and their health knowledge should be updated.