The Journal of

---

Introduction: Drug abuse and addiction in Iran is expanding continually. By reducing the onset age of addiction and the growing youth population in the country it seems prevention to be the most efficient way. In this regard, considering that family is the most important social institution that plays a fundamental role in children's socialization and social education and values, education is a major factor and has a major impact on personality development of the children. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude, behavioral beliefs and evaluations of behavioral outcomes in Yazdi fathers about prevention of their children's tendency to addictive drugs. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research community comprised Yazdi fathers in a sample of 180 selected through a multistage random sampling method. Data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire in three parts: seven demographic questions, four attitude items (α=0.81) with the score rang of 4-28, behavioral beliefs fifteen questions (α=0.89) with a score rang of 15-105 and evaluations of behavioral outcomes fifteen items (α=82) with the score rang of 15-105 all of which were completed through self-report. Data were then analyzed using SPSS-18 by independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression at α=0.05. Results: The age of the participants was 30-59 years with the mean of 40.38±5.34. 98.3% were married, 22.8% had a history of addiction in the family and friends, 13.9% had a BS or higher education degree, and 34.7% were self-employed. Mean score on attitude was 19.45±5.14, behavioral believes 78.76±14.94 and the evaluation of behavioral outcomes 81.81±9.10. Attitude mean score of the landlord fathers (p=0.001) and behavioral beliefs (p=0.05) and fathers with BS and higher education degrees (p=0.001) and behavioral beliefs (p=0.012) were higher. There was a correlation between attitude and behavioral beliefs (r=0.368, p>0.001), attitude and evaluation of behavioral outcomes (r=0.304, p>0.001) and behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcomes (r=0.792, p>0.001). Conclusion: Attitude, behavioral beliefs and evaluations of behavioral outcomes were optimal about father’s behaviors in prevention of tendency of children toward drugs so the importance and necessity of implementing preventive programs by fathers is emphasized.

---

Introduction: The prevalence of high blood pressure worldwide and Creation of serious complications in organs, the disease has become a major health problem in all societies that management of the disease appears to be very important. The present study aimed to determine predictive factors of high blood pressure in patients with hypertension, according to the health belief model.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 135 patients over 30 years with high blood pressure in Kerman. Multi-stage sampling was performed. The patients were randomly enrolled in this study. Self-report questionnaires and interviews have been completed. Data collection tool was questionnaire of demographic factors, knowledge and health belief model. To analyze the data, SPSS version 15 statistical indicators and linear regression were used for data analysis.

Results: The mean age 46.45 ± 10.47 years. Among the demographic variables, age and marital status had directly significant relationship related to the control of hypertension in people. Regression test between the constructs of self-efficacy, perceived benefits and cues to action showed a significant association with blood pressure.

Conclusion: The results showed that the mean score of health belief model structures investigated was moderate. It is Recommended that a detailed plan of training for blood pressure of patients based on Health Belief Model on self-efficacy, perceived benefits and cues for action that was strong predictor of blood pressure being done so in the long term we can avoid the complications of this disease.

---

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of childbearing age. The prevalence is about 4-15 per­­ cent. Disease present with menstrual disorders, hirsutism, acne, obesity and associated metabolic complications in the long term and the quality of life of patients is affected. The aim of this study was to prioritize the problems of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome to improve the quality of life.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 70 women with polycystic ovary syndrome Referred to the Baghai poor clinic in Yazd. Polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire was used to collect information.

Results: Mean scores in order from less to more include menstrual disorders (57.6), weight (63.06), infertility (68.77), emotional (68.9) and hirsutism (72.6). The mean age was 29.03±6.14 and the mean BMI was 28.3±5.6. More than 70 percent had BMI higher than 25. Among the demographics data, age, marital status, education level, income level and employment status did not affect any of the areas. Weight is predictive of weight area and the child is predictive of infertility area.

Conclusion: Considering the profound impact of the disease on various aspects of health, further studies to investigate the relationship between symptoms and treatments on quality of life and planning to increase the quality of life of people is necessary.

---

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is considered as one of the most common complications of pregnancy, which can be avoided via adopting preventive behaviors. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate determinants of preventive behaviors of urinary tract infection in pregnant women based on the constructs of Health Belief Model in Yazd.

Methods: This descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted on 160 pregnant women referred to health centers of Yazd, suffering from urinary tract infection, who were selected via purposive sampling method. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model construct was applid and then the study data were analyzed using SPSS Software (ver.18) via frequency tables and t-test.

Results: Among the pregnant women, 63.1% (101 patients) demonstrated average score of knowledge and 36.9% (59 patients) had good knowledge. Regarding the constructs of Health Belief Model, 73.1% (117) had good score of perceived barriers, 95% (152) demonstraded good perceived benefits, 95% (152) reported good perceived susceptibility, and 81.3% (130) scored a good level of perceived severity. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the total score of knowledge and attitude (p=0.02), though the correlation between the behavior and knowledge (p=0.08) as well as attitude and behavior (p=0.09) were not proved to be significant.

Conclusions: According to the results, further structural intervention needs to focus on perceived barriers in order to prevent the urinary tract infections. Furthermore, behaviors related to eating and hygiene habits should be considered further and the importance of family, wife and the media involvement seem to be essential in designing the training programs.

---

Introduction: Today, one of the issues that threatens human resources is job burnout. If a person is in such situation, negative changes occur in his/her attitudes, mood, and behavior. Then he/she emotionally fatigued and gradually feels lack of competence in fulfillment of his/her duties Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the rate of job burnout and its related factors in textile industry workers.
Methods: This analytical study was conducted on 200 workers of a textile company selected through stratified sampling method. The data collection instrooments consisted of a demographic characteristics questionnaire, and Maslach job burnout standard 22-item questionnaire. After codification, data were analyzed through the SPSS (version 16), descriptive statistics, ANOVA, T-test, and correlation coefficients.
Results: The mean of workers' job burnout was 52.2±24.88 which is placed at the average level of job burnout. In this study, 59 % of workers had low personal competence, 52% suffered from severe emotional exhaustion, and 25% had severe level of depersonalization. Significant correlations were reported between burnout and its dimensions (p= 0.001), as well as between job burnout and education, marital status, work experience, income satisfaction, housing, workplace lighting condition, sounds in workplace, satisfaction from workplace , smoking, and exercise. However, no significant correlation was observed between the number of children and the disease.
Conclusion: Due to the high status of job burnout and its dimensions and  their negative effects on workers' performance and mental health, training programs and skill enhancement workshops are recommended.  Meanwhile, the company's management is required to pay more attention to workers' demands and attract them to participate in the programs.

---

Introduction: health physical, mental and social young couples with health family is related fertility of new slip. Participation in premarital education and counseling program, may couple's first encounter with the health care system. service perception and satisfaction, will play an important role continuation of health service utilization.
Methods:This quasi-experimental study,before and after the 230 couples attending pre-marriage counseling classes during June to December 2016 premarital counseling center was down.The questionnaire was made based on the objectives of the study was designed and its validity and reliability was approved.The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, knowledge,attitude in three areas of was set up in two stages,before and after intervention training program and completed.Collected data using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests and meaningful outlets α = 0/05 were analyzed.
Results:The average age of the couples studied,22/97 ± 4/77 years was.Knowledge couple before and after the educational intervention,respectively 6/33 ± 3/89 and 15/37 ± 3/84 was. Attitudes of couples before and after the intervention to the 65/94 ± 8/92 and 76/56 ± 9/92 was.Average score of knowledge and attitude before and after the intervention in the areas of reproductive health, hereditary diseases and blood-borne and sexually showed statistically significant differences. (P = 0/000)
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is necessary to increase the couple's health literacy about the topics (Blood and sexually transmitted diseases, reproductive health and hereditary diseases) headlines and take the time to do a more comprehensive programming classes.
 
 

---

Introduction: Evaluation provides truly useful information about the effectiveness of the educational programs. Kirkpatrick model provides a four-level training evaluation framework (reaction, learning, behavior, and results). The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a workshop on “social determinants of health” held for the health staff of a medical center in Bandar Abbas Province, in the South of Iran.
Methods: In the present research, a training workshop was held on social determinants of health for 40 staff of a medical center. Later, this workshop was evaluated based on the Kirkpatrick training evaluation model and a researcher-constructed questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS-19.
Results: The participants' mean scores of satisfaction (reaction), learning, and behavior were 41.47±4.34, 14.9±1.93, and 10.72±3.8, respectively. The overall effectiveness (reaction, learning and behavior) was evaluated as optimal. The most effective items in reaction, learning, and behavior levels were awareness-raising, better performance of tasks at work, and use of the acquired content in monitoring work, respectively.
Conclusion: Staff training to provide them with job-related practical knowledge not only satisfies them, but also improves their professional learning and performance. Kirkpatrick training evaluation model needs to be applied to other staff training programs at four levels of reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Those who develop and implement training courses need to be acquainted with these constructs.
  
 

---

Introduction: Quality of life is a subjective and multidimensional concept that in recent years has been noticeable by researcher due to multilateral widespread of technology and industrialization process. Quality of life, was  is individuals understanding of their status in the context of physical, mental and social impacts and to indicate the status of a resident in a country or region. The purpose of this study was determination the quality of life in employees health centers of Yazd province about healthy life styles in 2011.
Methods : This research was a cross - sectional study in which 501 staff employed  in 12 central areas of health centers of Yazd  as census method were enrolled . Data collection tool was WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) including 26 questions,). After  data collection , it was analyzed  by using SPSS software as well as statistical t-test and ANOVA.
Results: The results shown that the employees health centers of Yazd province were acquired 67.9% of the quality of life score. The way in which the dimensions of physical, psychological, social relationships and environment were obtained 72.9, 65.5, 70.2 and 63.15 ​​percent from the maximum score; Respectively. The quality of life score based on age, gender, type of employment, work experience and climate conditions were significant (p≤ 0.05).
Conclusions: Therefore it was suggested to improve the quality of life of employees health centers, officials with proper planning includes considering educational , cultural, recreational and sport programs ,, providing healthy nutrition, installing motivation and responsibility in them as well as paying  proper salary and benefits, take effective steps in this way.
 

---

   Introduction: Human ecology examines the interactions between humans and the environment. Investigation of the human happiness and health requires a systematic study of the human life and ecosystem, which includes the physical and social environment of the human species.  Ecosystem is the basis of changes that occur in the biological, psychological, and social systems, because they happen in the context of environment. The urban areas can also be considered as an ecosystem that can affect biological, psychological, and social aspects of the inhabitants. As a result, ecosystem is associated with the inhabitants' happiness and the health.
Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over 145 individuals with 15 years of age living in Pardisan district of Qom. To collect data randomly, two questionnaires were administered: a questionnaire to assess the residents' ecological satisfaction (environmental, economic, and social) from urban quality of life and a general health questionnaire. In order to investigate the differences between quantitative variables, two groups of ecological components of urban quality of life and general health as a whole and their subsets were considered. T-test and ANOVA  were aplied to analyze the collected data.   Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between quantitative variables (satisfaction with ecological components of the urban quality of life and general health and related subsets).
Results: The results of this study indicated a significant correlation between all environmental, social, and economic components, physical scales, anxiety, social function, and depression, except for the ecological component and social function. In other words, decreased satisfaction from the ecological urban quality of life increased the scores of general health, which indicated an increase in the disease symptoms in the general health questionnaire.
Conclusion: Considering the relationship between the ecological components of urban quality of life and health, the residents' views and their basic problems should be investigated in order to create the appropriate conditions for improving their quality of urban life.
 

---

Introduction:pre-hypertension is a common worldwide disease in 30-50% of the studied population. Diet compliance among pre-hypertensions is one of the most important changes in lifestyle. This study aims to determine compliance dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) among pre-hypertensions.
Methods:This cross-sectional study in 2017, using a cluster sampling method, 165 pre-hypertensive patients referred to health centers of Ferdows were surveyed. The data gathering tool was a three-day food inventory questionnaire. Information about the nutrition program was obtained using N4 software and data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19 and descriptive and analytic tests.
 The diet was measured by using a three-day dietary questionnaire. In order to analyze the data the consumed food substances were converted into gram scale and then the N4 software rendered the data on diet. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using chi-square and covariance.
Results: The average Dash diet compliance was 24.21 ± 4.4. The mean and standard deviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were Respectively 133 ± 9.8, 82 ± 11. Compliance with the diet was accompanied by an increase in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains, beans, Nuts and reduced sodium intake Sweet drinks, and red meat and processed. There was a significant difference between the components of the diet plan and the score of the diet plan.
Conclusion: Considering the importance of following a diet plan to prevent high blood pressure and its moderate follow-up among pre-hypertensive individuals, it is suggested that theoretically-focused interventions be designed to increase compliance with the diet.
 

---

Introduction: Due to the high global incidence of skin cancer, its adverse effects on health, and imposition of exorbitant treatment costs on people, the ecological factors associated with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) were examined in patients who referred to the Tumor Clinic of Razi Skin Hospital, Tehran in 2017.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted by administration of a researcher-made questionnaire to collect data from 300 case and 300 control participants selected by convenience sampling method. Inclusion criteria included diagnosis of the NMSC disease by a physician through biopsy and pathology tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests by SPSS software.
Results: A statistically significant relationship was found between NMSC and type of job, socioeconomic status, alcohol and tobacco use, preventive behavioral habits, well water consumption, use of virtual networks, burns, family history, consumption of fatty foods, age / gender, and weight variables. Moreover, NMSC had no statistically significant relationship with the variables of height, body mass index, and urban or rural residence.
Conclusion: Screening programs should be applied for early detection of this disease in its early stages among older men, especially those who have been exposed to a lot of sunlight due to their occupation.
 
 
 

---

Introduction: The quality of work-life plays a significant role in employee satisfaction and organizational effectiveness. Due to their direct educational impacts, teachers play a unique role in nurturing future generations of society. This study aimed to investigate the quality of the work-life of teachers in Mehriz City.
Methods: This descriptive practical study was carried out among 440 people as the study population. We selected 248 people randomly by cluster sampling method. The data collection tools included the Ilgan Quality of work-life Questionnaire. To analyze the data, we used descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS software.
Results: The findings showed that the quality of the work-life of teachers was at a desirable level, but the wages and benefits were at an unacceptable level.
Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasized that the principal concern of the teachers in Mehriz was the issue of wages and benefits. Therefore, teachers not satisfied with their current salary cannot have ideal creativity, planning, and educational efficiency. Although the reward of a teacher's work is not just in the form of material rewards, the reality is that a decent wage is a necessity to live a dignified life.