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TB 2026, 24(5): 1-19 |
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Research code: IR.IAU.KSH.REC.1403.020
Ethics code: IR.IAU.KSH.REC.1403.020
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ayobi S, chehri A, Kakabraee K, Afsharineya K, arefi M. Structural Equation Model in the Relationship between Risky Addictive Behaviors and Metacognitive Beliefs, Attachment Style with the Mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Women Undergoing Methadone Treatment. TB 2026; 24 (5) :1-19
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3832-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3832-en.html
Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran , chehri@yahoo.com
Keywords: High-Risk Behaviors, Metacognitive Beliefs, Attachment Style, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Methadone Treatment
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Structural Equation Model in the Relationship between Risky Addictive Behaviors and Metacognitive Beliefs, Attachment Style with the Mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Women Undergoing Methadone Treatment
Shohreh Ayobi(Ph.D.s)1, Azita Chehri(Ph.D.)2, Keivan Kakabraee(Ph.D.)3, Karim Afsharineya(Ph.D.)4, Mokhtar Arefi(Ph.D.)4
1.Ph.D Student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 2. 2Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. E-mail: azita.chehri@iau.ac.ir Tel: +989188363988
3.Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract
Introduction:Risky behaviors in women with addiction can lead to other social and psychological problems. The present study aimed to investigate the structural equation model in the relationship between risky addictive behaviors, metacognitive beliefs, attachment style, and the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).
Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational with the structural equation model approach. The statistical population included women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in Kermanshah city, from which 240 people who had referred to special counseling centers 1 and 2 in the first six months of 2024 were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Risky Behavior Questionnaire of Moeini and Ahmadi (2014), Wells' Metacognitive Beliefs (2004), Collins and Reid's Attachment Style (1990), and Granofsky and Kraij's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies (1999). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in SPSS version 28 and Smart PLS version 3 software.
Results: The results showed that there is a relationship between metacognitive barriers, attachment styles, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risky addictive behaviors (P<0/01). Also, cognitive emotion regulation strategies have a mediating role between metacognitive beliefs and attachment styles and risky addictive behaviors.
Conclusion:It can be said that metacognitive beliefs, attachment styles, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a role in the occurrence of risky addictive behaviors in women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that all mental health professionals provide psychological services to help reduce high-risk behaviors in this vulnerable group.
Keywords: High-Risk Behaviors, Metacognitive Beliefs, Attachment Style, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Methadone Treatment
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Jallow MS, Majekodunmi M, Onofa LU. Drug Abuse among Senior Secondary School Students in Banjul Area Council Zone, The Gambia-A Pilot Study. Addict Res. 2025;9(3):1-8.
2-Shahsavari Bami R, Khoshab H, Fadakar Davarani MM & et al. Prevalence and determinants of substance use among a sample of Iranian adolescents with ease of access to drugs: an application of Social Development Model. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2022;60(3):178-90.[Persian]
3-Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y & et al. Predictors of drug abuse relapse for Iranian addicted women: an application of social cognitive theory. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2021;20(4):260-267.[Persian]
4-Towers EB, Williams IL, Qillawala EI & et al. Sex/gender differences in the time-course for the development of substance use disorder: a focus on the telescoping effect. Pharmacological reviews. 2023;75(2):217-249.
5-Daigle LE, Felix SN, Muñoz RB & et al. Examining the risks of multiple types of interpersonal victimization for transgender and gender non-conforming college students. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2025;40(3-4):876-905.
6-Yu Y, Wei Q, Tang S & et al. Sexually Explicit Media Exposure, Sexual Violence Victimization, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men with New Drug Abuse in Jinan, China. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2025;54(3):1153-1163.
7-Hochstatter KR, Akhtar WZ, Dietz S & et al. Potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug use and HIV care among people living with HIV and substance use disorders: experience from a pilot mHealth intervention. AIDS and Behavior. 2021;25(1):354-359.
8-Denissoff A, Niemelä S, Scott JG, Salom CL & et al. Does cannabis use in adolescence predict suicide? Results from a Finnish Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2022;145(3):234-243.
9-Hamonniere T, Laqueille X, Vorspan F & et al. Toward a better understanding of the influence of repetitive negative thinking in alcohol use disorder: An examination of moderation effect of metacognitive beliefs and gender. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;111(2):106561.
10-Palmieri S, Mansueto G, Ruggiero GM & et al. Metacognitive beliefs across eating disorders and eating behaviours: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2021;28(5):1254-1265.
11-Meynadier J, Malouff JM, Schutte NS & et al. Relationships between social media addiction, social media use metacognitions, depression, anxiety, fear of missing out, loneliness, and mindfulness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2025; 23(1):1-23.
12-Salehi E, Fallahchai R, Griffiths M. Online addictions among adolescents and young adults in Iran: The role of attachment styles and gender. Social Science Computer Review. 2023;41(2):554-572.[Persian]
13-Macneil S, Roderbourg L, Orri M & et al. Attachment Styles and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2023;42(4):323-364.
14-Tuncay AF, Kıran B, Çakmak S. Investigation of the Relationship between the Starting Age of Substance, Alcohol, Cigarette Use, Attachment Styles, and Temperament Features of Substance Users. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 2022;9(1): 1-7
15-Guler S, Yavaş Çelik M. Evaluation of attachment styles and life satisfaction of adolescents (12-18 years) with and without smoking, alcohol, and substance use. Journal of Substance Use. 2024 Nov 1;29(6):1029-35.
16-Kupferberg A, Hasler G. The social cost of depression: Investigating the impact of impaired social emotion regulation, social cognition, and interpersonal behavior on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2023;26 (2):100631-100642.
17-Kraft L, Ebner C, Leo K & et al. Emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression, and addiction in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2023, 30(4), 485–502.
18-Aydin A. Examining the mediating role of mindful parenting: A study on the relationship between parental emotion regulation difficulties and problem behaviors of children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2023;53(5):1873-1883.[Persian]
19-Mestre-Bach G, Fernandez-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S & et al. WITHDRAWN: Emotional regulation in gambling disorder. Current opinion in behavioral sciences. 2020 ;34:12-18.
20-Cavicchioli M, Tobia V, Ogliari A. Emotion regulation strategies as risk factors for developmental psychopathology: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies based on cross-lagged correlations and panel models. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. 2023;51(3):295-315.
21-Burgkart PL, Vuzic X, Fuchshuber J & et al. Attachment styles, personality organization, and substance use as predictors of emotion regulation strategies “suppression” and “reappraisal” in young adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;12(2):786045.
22-Ameri M A, Saadat Azhar H R, MehradSadr M & et al. Predicting General Health and Spiritual Well-being Based on Metacognitive Beliefs in Iranian Police Forces: Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. IJPCP 2024; 30 (1): 4934-4948
23-Di Pentima L, Toni A. Dysfunctional Parental Care and Emotional Dysregulation: A Pilot Study on the Mediating Role of Attachment Styles and Alexithymia in a Sample of Young Women. Journal of Adult Development. 2025; 21(2):1-8.
24-López-Martínez LF, Carretero EM, Carrasco MA & et al. Self-Regulation, emotional symptomatology, substance use, and social network addiction in adolescent self-harm. Behavioral Sciences. 2025;15(3):257-268
25-Delavar. A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Science. Virayesh Publishing. 2023; 1-328.[Persian]
26-Ebadi, M., Mashinchi Abbasi, N. The Role of Tetrad dark-sides Personality, Emotion Seeking in the Prediction of Tendency towards High Risk Behaviors in Tabriz Youth. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 2021; 16(63): 73-84.[Persian]
27-Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour research and therapy. 2004;42(4):385-96.
28-Mohajeri M, Alfooneh A, Mokhtare Z. Prediction of self-injurious behaviors based on parents' parenting styles and metacognitive beliefs in male adolescents. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2025;14(2):175-82.[Persian]
29-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents: Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies?. Journal of adolescence. 2014;37(7):1153-60.
30-Ahmadi Z, Amiri S, Kalantari M & et al. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Profile in students with high and low interpersonal sensitivity. Contemporary Psychology. 2020;14(2); 15-25.[Persian]
31-Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1990;58(4):644-663
32-Amanali Khani, T., Khabir, L. The Correlation between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Couple’s Attachment Styles: The Mediating Role of Conflict Resolution Styles. Sadra Medical Journal, 2024; 12(1): 41-52.[Persian]
33-Hamonniere T, Varescon I. Metacognitive beliefs in addictive behaviours: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors. 2021;85: 51-63.
34-Mohamadnezhad A, Mikaeili N. The Relationship between Metacognitive Model and Metaemotion with Addiction Readiness the Mediating Role of Social Support among Adolescents. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2025;16(2):147-62.[Persian]
35-Kılıçoğlu EA, Aral N. Examination of the Predictive Effect of Attachment Styles and Loneliness Levels on Internet Addiction of University Students. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education. 2024;13(2):396-409.
36-Kotera Y, Rhodes C. Pathways to sex addiction: Relationships with adverse childhood experience, attachment, narcissism, self-compassion and motivation in a gender-balanced sample. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 2019;26(1-2):54-76.
37-Ayhan CH, Aktaş MC, Aktaş S & et al. Difficulties in emotion regulation and attachment styles among Kurdish individuals in Eastern Turkey with substances use disorders. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2025 ;24(1):23-39.
38-Ottonello M, Fiabane E, Pistarini C & et al. Difficulties in emotion regulation during rehabilitation for alcohol addiction: correlations with metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use and relapse risk. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2019:2917-2925.
39-Özer D, Şahin Altun Ö, Kayaoğlu K & et al. Evaluation of metacognition, difficulties in emotion regulation and addiction severity levels of individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Use. 2024;19:1-7.
40-Abdelhamid EA, Morsy OM, Harfush SA & et al. Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation in Relationship between Attachment Styles and Defense Mechanisms among Clients with Substance Use Disorders. Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal. 2024;34(3).212-236.
41-Rezaei F, Talebzadeh Shoushtari M, Makvandi B & et al. Relationship Between Anxious Attachment, Family Health, and Addiction Susceptibility in University Students; the Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2023;11(3):399-404.[Persian]
Shohreh Ayobi(Ph.D.s)1, Azita Chehri(Ph.D.)2, Keivan Kakabraee(Ph.D.)3, Karim Afsharineya(Ph.D.)4, Mokhtar Arefi(Ph.D.)4
1.Ph.D Student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 2. 2Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. E-mail: azita.chehri@iau.ac.ir Tel: +989188363988
3.Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract
Introduction:Risky behaviors in women with addiction can lead to other social and psychological problems. The present study aimed to investigate the structural equation model in the relationship between risky addictive behaviors, metacognitive beliefs, attachment style, and the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).
Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational with the structural equation model approach. The statistical population included women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in Kermanshah city, from which 240 people who had referred to special counseling centers 1 and 2 in the first six months of 2024 were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Risky Behavior Questionnaire of Moeini and Ahmadi (2014), Wells' Metacognitive Beliefs (2004), Collins and Reid's Attachment Style (1990), and Granofsky and Kraij's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies (1999). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in SPSS version 28 and Smart PLS version 3 software.
Results: The results showed that there is a relationship between metacognitive barriers, attachment styles, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risky addictive behaviors (P<0/01). Also, cognitive emotion regulation strategies have a mediating role between metacognitive beliefs and attachment styles and risky addictive behaviors.
Conclusion:It can be said that metacognitive beliefs, attachment styles, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a role in the occurrence of risky addictive behaviors in women undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that all mental health professionals provide psychological services to help reduce high-risk behaviors in this vulnerable group.
Keywords: High-Risk Behaviors, Metacognitive Beliefs, Attachment Style, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Methadone Treatment
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Jallow MS, Majekodunmi M, Onofa LU. Drug Abuse among Senior Secondary School Students in Banjul Area Council Zone, The Gambia-A Pilot Study. Addict Res. 2025;9(3):1-8.
2-Shahsavari Bami R, Khoshab H, Fadakar Davarani MM & et al. Prevalence and determinants of substance use among a sample of Iranian adolescents with ease of access to drugs: an application of Social Development Model. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2022;60(3):178-90.[Persian]
3-Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y & et al. Predictors of drug abuse relapse for Iranian addicted women: an application of social cognitive theory. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2021;20(4):260-267.[Persian]
4-Towers EB, Williams IL, Qillawala EI & et al. Sex/gender differences in the time-course for the development of substance use disorder: a focus on the telescoping effect. Pharmacological reviews. 2023;75(2):217-249.
5-Daigle LE, Felix SN, Muñoz RB & et al. Examining the risks of multiple types of interpersonal victimization for transgender and gender non-conforming college students. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2025;40(3-4):876-905.
6-Yu Y, Wei Q, Tang S & et al. Sexually Explicit Media Exposure, Sexual Violence Victimization, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men with New Drug Abuse in Jinan, China. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2025;54(3):1153-1163.
7-Hochstatter KR, Akhtar WZ, Dietz S & et al. Potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug use and HIV care among people living with HIV and substance use disorders: experience from a pilot mHealth intervention. AIDS and Behavior. 2021;25(1):354-359.
8-Denissoff A, Niemelä S, Scott JG, Salom CL & et al. Does cannabis use in adolescence predict suicide? Results from a Finnish Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2022;145(3):234-243.
9-Hamonniere T, Laqueille X, Vorspan F & et al. Toward a better understanding of the influence of repetitive negative thinking in alcohol use disorder: An examination of moderation effect of metacognitive beliefs and gender. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;111(2):106561.
10-Palmieri S, Mansueto G, Ruggiero GM & et al. Metacognitive beliefs across eating disorders and eating behaviours: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2021;28(5):1254-1265.
11-Meynadier J, Malouff JM, Schutte NS & et al. Relationships between social media addiction, social media use metacognitions, depression, anxiety, fear of missing out, loneliness, and mindfulness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2025; 23(1):1-23.
12-Salehi E, Fallahchai R, Griffiths M. Online addictions among adolescents and young adults in Iran: The role of attachment styles and gender. Social Science Computer Review. 2023;41(2):554-572.[Persian]
13-Macneil S, Roderbourg L, Orri M & et al. Attachment Styles and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2023;42(4):323-364.
14-Tuncay AF, Kıran B, Çakmak S. Investigation of the Relationship between the Starting Age of Substance, Alcohol, Cigarette Use, Attachment Styles, and Temperament Features of Substance Users. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 2022;9(1): 1-7
15-Guler S, Yavaş Çelik M. Evaluation of attachment styles and life satisfaction of adolescents (12-18 years) with and without smoking, alcohol, and substance use. Journal of Substance Use. 2024 Nov 1;29(6):1029-35.
16-Kupferberg A, Hasler G. The social cost of depression: Investigating the impact of impaired social emotion regulation, social cognition, and interpersonal behavior on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2023;26 (2):100631-100642.
17-Kraft L, Ebner C, Leo K & et al. Emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression, and addiction in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2023, 30(4), 485–502.
18-Aydin A. Examining the mediating role of mindful parenting: A study on the relationship between parental emotion regulation difficulties and problem behaviors of children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2023;53(5):1873-1883.[Persian]
19-Mestre-Bach G, Fernandez-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S & et al. WITHDRAWN: Emotional regulation in gambling disorder. Current opinion in behavioral sciences. 2020 ;34:12-18.
20-Cavicchioli M, Tobia V, Ogliari A. Emotion regulation strategies as risk factors for developmental psychopathology: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies based on cross-lagged correlations and panel models. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. 2023;51(3):295-315.
21-Burgkart PL, Vuzic X, Fuchshuber J & et al. Attachment styles, personality organization, and substance use as predictors of emotion regulation strategies “suppression” and “reappraisal” in young adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;12(2):786045.
22-Ameri M A, Saadat Azhar H R, MehradSadr M & et al. Predicting General Health and Spiritual Well-being Based on Metacognitive Beliefs in Iranian Police Forces: Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. IJPCP 2024; 30 (1): 4934-4948
23-Di Pentima L, Toni A. Dysfunctional Parental Care and Emotional Dysregulation: A Pilot Study on the Mediating Role of Attachment Styles and Alexithymia in a Sample of Young Women. Journal of Adult Development. 2025; 21(2):1-8.
24-López-Martínez LF, Carretero EM, Carrasco MA & et al. Self-Regulation, emotional symptomatology, substance use, and social network addiction in adolescent self-harm. Behavioral Sciences. 2025;15(3):257-268
25-Delavar. A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Science. Virayesh Publishing. 2023; 1-328.[Persian]
26-Ebadi, M., Mashinchi Abbasi, N. The Role of Tetrad dark-sides Personality, Emotion Seeking in the Prediction of Tendency towards High Risk Behaviors in Tabriz Youth. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 2021; 16(63): 73-84.[Persian]
27-Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour research and therapy. 2004;42(4):385-96.
28-Mohajeri M, Alfooneh A, Mokhtare Z. Prediction of self-injurious behaviors based on parents' parenting styles and metacognitive beliefs in male adolescents. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2025;14(2):175-82.[Persian]
29-Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents: Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies?. Journal of adolescence. 2014;37(7):1153-60.
30-Ahmadi Z, Amiri S, Kalantari M & et al. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Profile in students with high and low interpersonal sensitivity. Contemporary Psychology. 2020;14(2); 15-25.[Persian]
31-Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1990;58(4):644-663
32-Amanali Khani, T., Khabir, L. The Correlation between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Couple’s Attachment Styles: The Mediating Role of Conflict Resolution Styles. Sadra Medical Journal, 2024; 12(1): 41-52.[Persian]
33-Hamonniere T, Varescon I. Metacognitive beliefs in addictive behaviours: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors. 2021;85: 51-63.
34-Mohamadnezhad A, Mikaeili N. The Relationship between Metacognitive Model and Metaemotion with Addiction Readiness the Mediating Role of Social Support among Adolescents. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2025;16(2):147-62.[Persian]
35-Kılıçoğlu EA, Aral N. Examination of the Predictive Effect of Attachment Styles and Loneliness Levels on Internet Addiction of University Students. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education. 2024;13(2):396-409.
36-Kotera Y, Rhodes C. Pathways to sex addiction: Relationships with adverse childhood experience, attachment, narcissism, self-compassion and motivation in a gender-balanced sample. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 2019;26(1-2):54-76.
37-Ayhan CH, Aktaş MC, Aktaş S & et al. Difficulties in emotion regulation and attachment styles among Kurdish individuals in Eastern Turkey with substances use disorders. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2025 ;24(1):23-39.
38-Ottonello M, Fiabane E, Pistarini C & et al. Difficulties in emotion regulation during rehabilitation for alcohol addiction: correlations with metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use and relapse risk. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2019:2917-2925.
39-Özer D, Şahin Altun Ö, Kayaoğlu K & et al. Evaluation of metacognition, difficulties in emotion regulation and addiction severity levels of individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Use. 2024;19:1-7.
40-Abdelhamid EA, Morsy OM, Harfush SA & et al. Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation in Relationship between Attachment Styles and Defense Mechanisms among Clients with Substance Use Disorders. Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal. 2024;34(3).212-236.
41-Rezaei F, Talebzadeh Shoushtari M, Makvandi B & et al. Relationship Between Anxious Attachment, Family Health, and Addiction Susceptibility in University Students; the Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2023;11(3):399-404.[Persian]
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2025/07/26 | Accepted: 2025/10/4 | Published: 2025/11/19
Received: 2025/07/26 | Accepted: 2025/10/4 | Published: 2025/11/19
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