Volume 24, Issue 4 (3-2026)
TB 2026, 24(4): 19-33 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Fereidoon N, behzadpoor S. The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Self-Control. TB 2026; 24 (4) :19-33
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3796-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3796-en.html
University of Science and Culture , samaneh_behzadpoor@yahoo.com
| Abstract (HTML) (46 Views)
The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Self-Control
Niloofar Fereidoon(M.Sc.)1, Samaneh Behzadpoor(Ph.D.)2
[1].Master of Clinical Family Psychology, Department of Psychology, Humanities Faculty, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
2.Corresponding Author : Assistant Prof., Dept.of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran E-mail:samaneh_behzadopoor@yahoo.com Tel: (021) 44238171
Abstract
Introduction: Internet gaming disorder is a serious concern in adolescent mental health, and identifying the involved mechanisms can be helpful for prevention. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder in adolescents.
Methods: This descriptive-correlational study included 200 adolescents aged 12 to 18 residing in Tehran in 2024, selected through convenience sampling. The adolescents completed standardized questionnaires on perceived parenting styles, Internet gaming disorder, and the short form of the self-control questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis. SPSS version 28 was used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed a significant negative relationship between permissive (r=-0/21) and authoritarian (r=-0/38) parenting styles with self-control (p<0/001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive relationship between permissive (r=0/27) and authoritarian (r=0/41) parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder (p< 0/001). Additionally, Internet gaming disorder (r=-0/35) was negatively associated with self-control (p<0/001), and it was determined that self-control capacity plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and internet gaming disorder (p<0/001).
Conclusion: The results supported the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder, indicating that modifying parenting approaches and strengthening children's self-control skills can be effective in preventing this disorder during adolescence.
Key words: Internet gaming disorder, Self-Control, Parenting, Adolescents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
1-Bener A, Griffiths MD, Baysoy NG & et al. Internet addiction and the psychometric properties of the nine-item Internet Disorder Scale-Short Form: an application of Rasch analysis. Addiction & Health. 2019; 11(4): 234-242.
2-Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML & et al. Corrigendum: "Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time". Clin Psychol Sci. 2019; 7(2): 397.
3-Kim HS, Son G, Roh EB & et al. Prevalence of gaming disorder: A meta-analysis. Addictive behaviors. 2022; 126(5): 107-123.
4-American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed., text rev. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2021: 255-276
5-Gao YX, Wang JY, Dong GH. The prevalence and possible risk factors of internet gaming disorder among adolescents and young adults: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Psychiatr Res. 2022; 154: 35-43.
6-Paulus FW, Ohmann S, Von Gontard A & et al. Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018; 60(7): 645-659.
7-Tunney C, Rooney B. Using theoretical models of problematic internet use to inform psychological formulation: A systematic scoping review. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry. 2023; 28(2): 810-830.
8-Areshtanab HN, Fathollahpour F, Bostanabad MA & et al. Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with behavioral disorder and mother’s parenting styles in primary school students according to gender in Iran. BMC Psychol. 2021; 9:1-7.
9-Coşa IM, Dobrean A, Georgescu RD & et al. Parental behaviors associated with internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Curr Psychol. 2023; 42(22): 19401-19418.
10-Bi X, Yang Y, Li H & et al. Parenting styles and parent–adolescent relationships: the mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2187.
11-Bornstein MH. Cultural approaches to parenting and infancy. New York: Routledge; 2022: 375-403
12-Li ZK, Shi LJ, Cai XL. Smartphone addiction is more harmful to adolescents than Internet gaming disorder: divergence in the impact of parenting styles. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1044190.
13-Hosseni R, Kheirkhah B. Investigating the relationship between clinical disorders and parenting style with addiction to computer games in first secondary school students in Neyriz city. Technology and Scholarship. 2023 ; 3(2): 51-62
14-KHanshan M, Tamnaeifar MR. The relationship between parenting styles and attachment styles with adolescent sleep disorders: the mediating role of internet addiction. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2022;11(1):185-98.
15-Keshavarz S, pardakhti M, kakavand A. The Relationship between Parenting Styles with Internet Addiction: Mediating Role of Moral Intelligence. Ethics in Science and Technology 2023; 18 (2) : 13
16-Tamannai Far M & Khanshan M. Predicting Adolescent Internet Addiction Based on Parenting Styles with The Mediating Role of Attachment Styles. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational.2023; 18(65), 269-291.
17-Cho IY, Kim JS, Kim JO. Factors influencing adolescents’ self-control according to family structure. J Child Fam Stud. 2018;27(11):3520-3530.
18-Burt CH. Self-control and crime: beyond Gottfredson & Hirschi's theory. Annu Rev Criminol. 2020;3(1):43-73.
19-Li JB, Willems YE, Stok FM & et al. Parenting and self-control across early to late adolescence: A three-level meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2019; 14(6): 967-1005.
20-Pan W, Gao B, Long Y & et al. Effect of caregivers’ parenting styles on the emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children: The parallel mediating role of self-control. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18(23):12714.
21-Huang Z, Li J. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):599-610.
22-Firoozi M, Firoozi AA, Karimi Riabi E. The global prevalence of internet addiction in adolescents post-COVID-19 period: examining Iran's situation. J World Soc Polit Stud. 2022;6(4):673-703.
23-Fuyama K, Hagiwara Y, Matsuyama Y. A simulation study of regression approaches for estimating risk ratios in the presence of multiple confounders. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 2021;18(1) :18.
24-Buri JR. Parental authority questionnaire. J Pers Assess. 1991;57:110-119.
25-Mehrad Sadr M, Khademolreza N, Akhbari S & et al. Psychometric Characteristics of Persian Version of Parenting Style Index. IJPCP. 2019; 24 (1): 80-91
26-Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271-322.
27-Schrader SW, Tangney JP. Rethinking the Measurement of Self-Control: Distinguishing Among Self-Control Capacity, Urge Intensity, and Behavior Outcomes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2025; 47(1): 37-46.
28-Azadmanesh M, Aboualmali Hosseini K, Mohammadi A. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-control questionnaire among students. Psychometrics J. 2020;8(32):107-123.
29-Karhulahti VM, Martončik M, Adamkovič M. Measuring internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder: A qualitative content validity analysis of validated scales. Assessment. 2023; 30(2): 402-13
30-Ko CH, Lin HC, Lin PC & et al. Validity, functional impairment and complications related to Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 and gaming disorder in the ICD-11. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 54(7): 707-18.
31-Vahidi M, Zamanzadeh V, Musavi S & et al. Validation of the Persian version of the internet gaming disorder-20 test among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ Med Sci. 2019;7(1):15-26.
32-Demir S. Comparison of normality tests in terms of sample sizes under different skewness and Kurtosis coefficients. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. 2022; 9(2): 397-409.
33-Cuong VM, Assanangkornchai S, Wichaidit W & et al. Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. J Behav Addict. 2021;10(3):722-730.
34-Chen I-H, Lee Z-H, Dong X-Y & et al. The influence of parenting style and time management tendency on internet gaming disorder among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9120.
35-Kim S, Lee J, Park H. Parenting styles and self-regulation in adolescents: the moderating role of parental support. Child Dev Perspect. 2021;15(4):268-273.
36-Zhou Q, Wang L, Li Y. Moderators of parenting styles and adolescent self-regulation: the importance of contextual factors. J Child Fam Stud. 2023; 32:1231-1243.
37-Liew J, Chen J, Mende M. Parenting styles and adolescent regulation: the role of coping strategies and emotional support. J Youth Adolesc. 2022; 51:417-430.
38-Agbaria Q. Internet addiction and aggression: the mediating roles of self-control and positive affect. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(4):1227-1242.
39-Huang L, Tang S, Wang Y. Parental perfectionism and parenting styles: the mediating role of parenting stress. J Child Fam Stud. 2022; 31:765-777.
Full-Text: (24 Views)
The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Self-Control
Niloofar Fereidoon(M.Sc.)1, Samaneh Behzadpoor(Ph.D.)2
[1].Master of Clinical Family Psychology, Department of Psychology, Humanities Faculty, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
2.Corresponding Author : Assistant Prof., Dept.of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran E-mail:samaneh_behzadopoor@yahoo.com Tel: (021) 44238171
Abstract
Introduction: Internet gaming disorder is a serious concern in adolescent mental health, and identifying the involved mechanisms can be helpful for prevention. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder in adolescents.
Methods: This descriptive-correlational study included 200 adolescents aged 12 to 18 residing in Tehran in 2024, selected through convenience sampling. The adolescents completed standardized questionnaires on perceived parenting styles, Internet gaming disorder, and the short form of the self-control questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis. SPSS version 28 was used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed a significant negative relationship between permissive (r=-0/21) and authoritarian (r=-0/38) parenting styles with self-control (p<0/001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive relationship between permissive (r=0/27) and authoritarian (r=0/41) parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder (p< 0/001). Additionally, Internet gaming disorder (r=-0/35) was negatively associated with self-control (p<0/001), and it was determined that self-control capacity plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and internet gaming disorder (p<0/001).
Conclusion: The results supported the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between parenting styles and Internet gaming disorder, indicating that modifying parenting approaches and strengthening children's self-control skills can be effective in preventing this disorder during adolescence.
Key words: Internet gaming disorder, Self-Control, Parenting, Adolescents
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
1-Bener A, Griffiths MD, Baysoy NG & et al. Internet addiction and the psychometric properties of the nine-item Internet Disorder Scale-Short Form: an application of Rasch analysis. Addiction & Health. 2019; 11(4): 234-242.
2-Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML & et al. Corrigendum: "Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time". Clin Psychol Sci. 2019; 7(2): 397.
3-Kim HS, Son G, Roh EB & et al. Prevalence of gaming disorder: A meta-analysis. Addictive behaviors. 2022; 126(5): 107-123.
4-American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed., text rev. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2021: 255-276
5-Gao YX, Wang JY, Dong GH. The prevalence and possible risk factors of internet gaming disorder among adolescents and young adults: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Psychiatr Res. 2022; 154: 35-43.
6-Paulus FW, Ohmann S, Von Gontard A & et al. Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018; 60(7): 645-659.
7-Tunney C, Rooney B. Using theoretical models of problematic internet use to inform psychological formulation: A systematic scoping review. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry. 2023; 28(2): 810-830.
8-Areshtanab HN, Fathollahpour F, Bostanabad MA & et al. Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with behavioral disorder and mother’s parenting styles in primary school students according to gender in Iran. BMC Psychol. 2021; 9:1-7.
9-Coşa IM, Dobrean A, Georgescu RD & et al. Parental behaviors associated with internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Curr Psychol. 2023; 42(22): 19401-19418.
10-Bi X, Yang Y, Li H & et al. Parenting styles and parent–adolescent relationships: the mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2187.
11-Bornstein MH. Cultural approaches to parenting and infancy. New York: Routledge; 2022: 375-403
12-Li ZK, Shi LJ, Cai XL. Smartphone addiction is more harmful to adolescents than Internet gaming disorder: divergence in the impact of parenting styles. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1044190.
13-Hosseni R, Kheirkhah B. Investigating the relationship between clinical disorders and parenting style with addiction to computer games in first secondary school students in Neyriz city. Technology and Scholarship. 2023 ; 3(2): 51-62
14-KHanshan M, Tamnaeifar MR. The relationship between parenting styles and attachment styles with adolescent sleep disorders: the mediating role of internet addiction. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2022;11(1):185-98.
15-Keshavarz S, pardakhti M, kakavand A. The Relationship between Parenting Styles with Internet Addiction: Mediating Role of Moral Intelligence. Ethics in Science and Technology 2023; 18 (2) : 13
16-Tamannai Far M & Khanshan M. Predicting Adolescent Internet Addiction Based on Parenting Styles with The Mediating Role of Attachment Styles. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational.2023; 18(65), 269-291.
17-Cho IY, Kim JS, Kim JO. Factors influencing adolescents’ self-control according to family structure. J Child Fam Stud. 2018;27(11):3520-3530.
18-Burt CH. Self-control and crime: beyond Gottfredson & Hirschi's theory. Annu Rev Criminol. 2020;3(1):43-73.
19-Li JB, Willems YE, Stok FM & et al. Parenting and self-control across early to late adolescence: A three-level meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2019; 14(6): 967-1005.
20-Pan W, Gao B, Long Y & et al. Effect of caregivers’ parenting styles on the emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children: The parallel mediating role of self-control. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18(23):12714.
21-Huang Z, Li J. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):599-610.
22-Firoozi M, Firoozi AA, Karimi Riabi E. The global prevalence of internet addiction in adolescents post-COVID-19 period: examining Iran's situation. J World Soc Polit Stud. 2022;6(4):673-703.
23-Fuyama K, Hagiwara Y, Matsuyama Y. A simulation study of regression approaches for estimating risk ratios in the presence of multiple confounders. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 2021;18(1) :18.
24-Buri JR. Parental authority questionnaire. J Pers Assess. 1991;57:110-119.
25-Mehrad Sadr M, Khademolreza N, Akhbari S & et al. Psychometric Characteristics of Persian Version of Parenting Style Index. IJPCP. 2019; 24 (1): 80-91
26-Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271-322.
27-Schrader SW, Tangney JP. Rethinking the Measurement of Self-Control: Distinguishing Among Self-Control Capacity, Urge Intensity, and Behavior Outcomes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2025; 47(1): 37-46.
28-Azadmanesh M, Aboualmali Hosseini K, Mohammadi A. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-control questionnaire among students. Psychometrics J. 2020;8(32):107-123.
29-Karhulahti VM, Martončik M, Adamkovič M. Measuring internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder: A qualitative content validity analysis of validated scales. Assessment. 2023; 30(2): 402-13
30-Ko CH, Lin HC, Lin PC & et al. Validity, functional impairment and complications related to Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 and gaming disorder in the ICD-11. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 54(7): 707-18.
31-Vahidi M, Zamanzadeh V, Musavi S & et al. Validation of the Persian version of the internet gaming disorder-20 test among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ Med Sci. 2019;7(1):15-26.
32-Demir S. Comparison of normality tests in terms of sample sizes under different skewness and Kurtosis coefficients. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. 2022; 9(2): 397-409.
33-Cuong VM, Assanangkornchai S, Wichaidit W & et al. Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. J Behav Addict. 2021;10(3):722-730.
34-Chen I-H, Lee Z-H, Dong X-Y & et al. The influence of parenting style and time management tendency on internet gaming disorder among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9120.
35-Kim S, Lee J, Park H. Parenting styles and self-regulation in adolescents: the moderating role of parental support. Child Dev Perspect. 2021;15(4):268-273.
36-Zhou Q, Wang L, Li Y. Moderators of parenting styles and adolescent self-regulation: the importance of contextual factors. J Child Fam Stud. 2023; 32:1231-1243.
37-Liew J, Chen J, Mende M. Parenting styles and adolescent regulation: the role of coping strategies and emotional support. J Youth Adolesc. 2022; 51:417-430.
38-Agbaria Q. Internet addiction and aggression: the mediating roles of self-control and positive affect. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(4):1227-1242.
39-Huang L, Tang S, Wang Y. Parental perfectionism and parenting styles: the mediating role of parenting stress. J Child Fam Stud. 2022; 31:765-777.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2025/07/9 | Accepted: 2025/09/13 | Published: 2026/03/1
Received: 2025/07/9 | Accepted: 2025/09/13 | Published: 2026/03/1
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
