Volume 23, Issue 6 (2-2025)
TB 2025, 23(6): 64-77 |
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Reisi R, Moghimian M. Predicting Nomophobia Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas Considering Depression, Anxiety and Stress in the Youth. TB 2025; 23 (6) :64-77
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3718-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3718-en.html
Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University , mmoghimian243@gmail.com
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Predicting Nomophobia Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas Considering Depression, Anxiety and Stress in the Youth
Rahele Reisi (M.Sc.s)1, Maryam Moghimian (Ph.D.)2
1.M.Sc. student of Clinical Psychology, Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding author: Associate professor of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Sciences Development Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
Email:Maryam.moghimian@iau.ac.ir Tel: 09131143254
Abstract
Introduction: Excessive use and mental preoccupation with mobile phones is one of the behavioral problems among young people that can be accompanied by negative psychological consequences, including cell phone phobia in the form of fear combined with anxiety caused by being away from it. In order to design effective interventions, it is necessary to identify the factors that predict and influence the occurrence of this phenomenon. This study aimed to predict cell phone phobia based on early maladaptive schemas with respect to depression, anxiety, and stress in young people.
Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of correlational type. The research population was young men and women aged 20-40 in Isfahan. Through a call on popular channels in virtual networks, young people with the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study. Based on Morgan's table, 384 people were selected from the users of virtual networks between October and December 2024 based on the inclusion criteria and answered the demographic characteristics questionnaire, Yildirim's nomophobia, Young's early maladaptive schemas, and DASS version 21. The data were analyzed using AMOS version 23 and SPSS version 21 software.
Results: Structural equation modeling showed that nomophobia can be predicted based on early maladaptive schemas with respect to stress, anxiety, and depression in young people. These schemas were positive and significant predictors of nomophobia (p=0/001). Depression (p=0/001), anxiety (p=0/001), and stress (p=0/001) were positive and significant predictors of nomophobia. There was a significant relationship between schemas and depression (p=0/001,r=0/29), anxiety (p=0/001,r=0/27), and stress (p=0/001,r=0/28). The schemas of cut-off/exclusion and inhibition had the greatest and other-orienteers the least effect on nomophobia.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that early maladaptive schemas, mediated by stress, depression, and anxiety, predict nomophobia in young people. Given the greater impact of cut-off/exclusion and inhibition schemas, it is necessary to identify these schemas in young people and provide them with health interventions. However, larger studies should be conducted to generalize the results.
Keywords: Nomophobia, Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, Anxiety, Stress
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Bekaroğlu E, YılmazT. Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2020; 12(1): 131-142.
2-Eisanazar A, Najafi K, Mohammadi A and et al. Relationship between smartphone addiction and stress and life satisfaction in medical students. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 30(2): 144-155.
3-Myakal V V, Vedpathak V L. Nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, a study among students of a rural medical college. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2019; 6(5): 2034.
4-Allcott H, Gentzkow M, Song L. Digital addiction. American Economic Review. 2022;112(7), 2424-2463.
5-Jin Jeong Y, Suh B, Gweon G. Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents. Behaviour & Information Technology. 2020; 39(5): 578-593.
6-Farooqui I A, Pore P, Gothankar J. Nomophobia: an emerging issue in medical institutions?. Journal of Mental Health. 2018; 27(5), 438-441.
7-Bhattacharya S, Bashar MA, Srivastava A and et al. Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2019; 8(4), 1297-1300.
8-Osorio-Molina C, Martos-Cabrera MB, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Vargas-Roman K, Suleiman-Martos N, Ortega-Campos E and et al. Smartphone addiction, risk factors and its adverse effects in nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse education today. 2021;98:104741.
9-Kuscu T D, Gumustas F, Rodopman Arman A and et al. The relationship between nomophobia and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2021; 25(1): 56-61.
10-Thomée S. Mobile phone use and mental health. A review of the research that takes a psychological perspective on exposure. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018; 15(12): 2692.
11-Chen C Y. Smartphone addiction: psychological and social factors predict the use and abuse of a social mobile application. Information, Communication & Society. 2020; 23(3): 454-467.
12-Young KS. The evolution of Internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors. 2017;100(64):229-30.
13-Vieira C, Kuss D J, Griffiths M D. Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review. Clinical psychology review. 2023; 105: 102340.
14-Sakulsriprasert C, Thawornwutichat R, Phukao D, Guadamuz TE. Early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviours: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology &
Psychotherapy. 2023;30(6):1416-32.
15-Yakın D, Gençöz T, Steenbergen L and et al. An integrative perspective on the interplay between early maladaptive schemas and mental health: The role of self‐compassion and emotion regulation. Journal of clinical psychology. 2019;75(6):1098-113.
16-Moghimian M, Fadaee, S, Azarbarzin M and et.al. Alphabet research method in medical sciences for using by students of medical sciences and researchers. 2st Ed.Isfahan: Islamic Azad University of Najafabad Press;2021:109-120.
17-Alizadeh M, Hasani M, Mianbandi G and et al. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of nomophobia questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2021; 27(2): 234-247
18-Mahdavi S, Azadi M. Standardization of Young’s maladaptive schema questionnaire in students of Tehran. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2021; 12(45): 135-163.
19-Kakemam E, Navvabi E, Albelbeisi A H and t al. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) in a sample of health professionals: a cross-sectional study. BMC health services research. 2022; 22(1): 111.
20-Yağmur B, Arıcak O. The relationship between early maladaptive schema and problematic mobile phone use among adolescent female. Research on Education and Psychology. 2022;6(2):101-17.
21-Aloi M, Verrastro V, Rania M and et al. The potential role of the early maladaptive schema in behavioral addictions among late adolescents and young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;10:3022.
22-Rouhani F, Botsheken Z. The relationship between mentalization, fear of negative evaluation, impulsivity, and depressive symptoms with nomophobia in female students of Islanic Azad University of Tehran Markaz at 2023. Proceedings of the First International Conference and Second National Conference on Quality of Living from the Perspective of Psychology, Counseling, and Social Work: 2024 May. 51-65: Khomainishahr,Isfahan. Isfahan: Islamic Azad University Khomainishar branch;2024
23-Tolan ÖÇ, Karahan S. The relationship between nomophobia and depression, anxiety and stress levels of university students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies. 2021;9(1):115-29.
24-Kubrusly M, Silva PGdB, Vasconcelos GVd and et al. Nomofobia entre discentes de medicina e sua associação com depressão, ansiedade, estresse e rendimento acadêmico. Revista brasileira de educacao medica. 2021;45:e162.
25-Gnardellis C, Vagka E, Lagiou A and et al. Nomophobia and Its Association with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS Scale), among Young Adults in Greece. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023;13(12):2765-78.
26-Tariq A, Reid C, Chan S W. A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Medicine. 2021; 51(8):1233-1248.
27-Tariq A, Quayle E, Lawrie S and et al. Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anxiety in adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2021; 295:1462-1473.
Shahbazi T, Moeini B, Moradveisi L and et al. Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Mental Health in Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Pajouhan Scientific Journal. 2024;22(1):78-90.
28-Costa I F D, Tomaz M P, Pessoa G D N and et al. Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 42(5): 489-495.
29-Brockman R N, Simpson S, Hayes C and et al.Cambridge guide to schema therapy. 1St Ed. UK: Cambridge University Press.;2023:84-89.
Rahele Reisi (M.Sc.s)1, Maryam Moghimian (Ph.D.)2
1.M.Sc. student of Clinical Psychology, Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2.Corresponding author: Associate professor of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Sciences Development Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
Email:Maryam.moghimian@iau.ac.ir Tel: 09131143254
Abstract
Introduction: Excessive use and mental preoccupation with mobile phones is one of the behavioral problems among young people that can be accompanied by negative psychological consequences, including cell phone phobia in the form of fear combined with anxiety caused by being away from it. In order to design effective interventions, it is necessary to identify the factors that predict and influence the occurrence of this phenomenon. This study aimed to predict cell phone phobia based on early maladaptive schemas with respect to depression, anxiety, and stress in young people.
Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of correlational type. The research population was young men and women aged 20-40 in Isfahan. Through a call on popular channels in virtual networks, young people with the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study. Based on Morgan's table, 384 people were selected from the users of virtual networks between October and December 2024 based on the inclusion criteria and answered the demographic characteristics questionnaire, Yildirim's nomophobia, Young's early maladaptive schemas, and DASS version 21. The data were analyzed using AMOS version 23 and SPSS version 21 software.
Results: Structural equation modeling showed that nomophobia can be predicted based on early maladaptive schemas with respect to stress, anxiety, and depression in young people. These schemas were positive and significant predictors of nomophobia (p=0/001). Depression (p=0/001), anxiety (p=0/001), and stress (p=0/001) were positive and significant predictors of nomophobia. There was a significant relationship between schemas and depression (p=0/001,r=0/29), anxiety (p=0/001,r=0/27), and stress (p=0/001,r=0/28). The schemas of cut-off/exclusion and inhibition had the greatest and other-orienteers the least effect on nomophobia.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that early maladaptive schemas, mediated by stress, depression, and anxiety, predict nomophobia in young people. Given the greater impact of cut-off/exclusion and inhibition schemas, it is necessary to identify these schemas in young people and provide them with health interventions. However, larger studies should be conducted to generalize the results.
Keywords: Nomophobia, Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, Anxiety, Stress
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Bekaroğlu E, YılmazT. Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2020; 12(1): 131-142.
2-Eisanazar A, Najafi K, Mohammadi A and et al. Relationship between smartphone addiction and stress and life satisfaction in medical students. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 30(2): 144-155.
3-Myakal V V, Vedpathak V L. Nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, a study among students of a rural medical college. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2019; 6(5): 2034.
4-Allcott H, Gentzkow M, Song L. Digital addiction. American Economic Review. 2022;112(7), 2424-2463.
5-Jin Jeong Y, Suh B, Gweon G. Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents. Behaviour & Information Technology. 2020; 39(5): 578-593.
6-Farooqui I A, Pore P, Gothankar J. Nomophobia: an emerging issue in medical institutions?. Journal of Mental Health. 2018; 27(5), 438-441.
7-Bhattacharya S, Bashar MA, Srivastava A and et al. Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2019; 8(4), 1297-1300.
8-Osorio-Molina C, Martos-Cabrera MB, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Vargas-Roman K, Suleiman-Martos N, Ortega-Campos E and et al. Smartphone addiction, risk factors and its adverse effects in nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse education today. 2021;98:104741.
9-Kuscu T D, Gumustas F, Rodopman Arman A and et al. The relationship between nomophobia and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2021; 25(1): 56-61.
10-Thomée S. Mobile phone use and mental health. A review of the research that takes a psychological perspective on exposure. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018; 15(12): 2692.
11-Chen C Y. Smartphone addiction: psychological and social factors predict the use and abuse of a social mobile application. Information, Communication & Society. 2020; 23(3): 454-467.
12-Young KS. The evolution of Internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors. 2017;100(64):229-30.
13-Vieira C, Kuss D J, Griffiths M D. Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review. Clinical psychology review. 2023; 105: 102340.
14-Sakulsriprasert C, Thawornwutichat R, Phukao D, Guadamuz TE. Early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviours: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology &
Psychotherapy. 2023;30(6):1416-32.
15-Yakın D, Gençöz T, Steenbergen L and et al. An integrative perspective on the interplay between early maladaptive schemas and mental health: The role of self‐compassion and emotion regulation. Journal of clinical psychology. 2019;75(6):1098-113.
16-Moghimian M, Fadaee, S, Azarbarzin M and et.al. Alphabet research method in medical sciences for using by students of medical sciences and researchers. 2st Ed.Isfahan: Islamic Azad University of Najafabad Press;2021:109-120.
17-Alizadeh M, Hasani M, Mianbandi G and et al. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of nomophobia questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2021; 27(2): 234-247
18-Mahdavi S, Azadi M. Standardization of Young’s maladaptive schema questionnaire in students of Tehran. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2021; 12(45): 135-163.
19-Kakemam E, Navvabi E, Albelbeisi A H and t al. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) in a sample of health professionals: a cross-sectional study. BMC health services research. 2022; 22(1): 111.
20-Yağmur B, Arıcak O. The relationship between early maladaptive schema and problematic mobile phone use among adolescent female. Research on Education and Psychology. 2022;6(2):101-17.
21-Aloi M, Verrastro V, Rania M and et al. The potential role of the early maladaptive schema in behavioral addictions among late adolescents and young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;10:3022.
22-Rouhani F, Botsheken Z. The relationship between mentalization, fear of negative evaluation, impulsivity, and depressive symptoms with nomophobia in female students of Islanic Azad University of Tehran Markaz at 2023. Proceedings of the First International Conference and Second National Conference on Quality of Living from the Perspective of Psychology, Counseling, and Social Work: 2024 May. 51-65: Khomainishahr,Isfahan. Isfahan: Islamic Azad University Khomainishar branch;2024
23-Tolan ÖÇ, Karahan S. The relationship between nomophobia and depression, anxiety and stress levels of university students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies. 2021;9(1):115-29.
24-Kubrusly M, Silva PGdB, Vasconcelos GVd and et al. Nomofobia entre discentes de medicina e sua associação com depressão, ansiedade, estresse e rendimento acadêmico. Revista brasileira de educacao medica. 2021;45:e162.
25-Gnardellis C, Vagka E, Lagiou A and et al. Nomophobia and Its Association with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS Scale), among Young Adults in Greece. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023;13(12):2765-78.
26-Tariq A, Reid C, Chan S W. A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Medicine. 2021; 51(8):1233-1248.
27-Tariq A, Quayle E, Lawrie S and et al. Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anxiety in adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2021; 295:1462-1473.
Shahbazi T, Moeini B, Moradveisi L and et al. Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Mental Health in Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Pajouhan Scientific Journal. 2024;22(1):78-90.
28-Costa I F D, Tomaz M P, Pessoa G D N and et al. Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 42(5): 489-495.
29-Brockman R N, Simpson S, Hayes C and et al.Cambridge guide to schema therapy. 1St Ed. UK: Cambridge University Press.;2023:84-89.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2024/09/2 | Accepted: 2024/12/11 | Published: 2025/02/28
Received: 2024/09/2 | Accepted: 2024/12/11 | Published: 2025/02/28
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