Volume 23, Issue 6 (2-2025)
TB 2025, 23(6): 78-91 |
Back to browse issues page
Ethics code: IR.MUQ.REC.1403.091
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
aligol M, Golzadeh F, Kermani S. Investigating The Effect of Education Based On hHealth Belief model On Predictive Factors of Breast Self-Examination In Women In Qom City In 2024. TB 2025; 23 (6) :78-91
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3715-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3715-en.html
Qom University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , aligol1389@gmail.com
Full-Text [PDF 586 kb]
(53 Downloads)
| Abstract (HTML) (76 Views)
Full-Text: (52 Views)
Investigating The Effect of Education Based On hHealth Belief model On Predictive Factors of Breast Self-Examination In Women In Qom City In 2024
Mohammad Aligol(Ph.D.)1, Fatemeh Golzadeh(B.S.)2, Sama Kermani(M.Sc.s)3
1.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, Qom, Iran Email: aligol1389@gmail.com Tel: 09127591662
2.Public Health Expert, General Directorate of Education of Qom Province, Qom, Iran
3.Master's Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Women who perform breast self-examination monthly are more likely to find lumps in the early stages. This study was designed and implemented to investigate the effect of education based on health belief model on predictive factors of breast self-examination in women in Qom.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 70 women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Qom in November and December 2024, divided into experimental and control groups. The data collection tool included demographic questions and the Persian version of the Champion’s Health Belief Model questionnaire. The educational intervention consisted of three educational sessions designed based on the constructs of the health belief model. Post-test data were collected three months after the intervention. Paired t-tests were used to compare each group before and after the intervention.
Results: Paired T-test showed significant differences in mean and standard deviation of scores of all health
belief model constructs including perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, health
motivation, perceived self-efficacy, and behavioral intention showed significant differences in mean and standard deviation of scores before and after the educational intervention (p<0/05). In the control group, no significant differences were observed in any of the constructs before and after the intervention.
Conclusion: The use of appropriate educational methods based on the health belief model significantly improves the predictive factors of breast self-examination. Given the easy and inexpensive nature of these interventions and considering the implementation, cultural, and organizational constraints, this can be widely considered to increase equitable access to education and facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords: Breast Self-Examination, Breast Cancer, Health Belief Model
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Houghton SC, Hankinson SE. Cancer progress and priorities: breast cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2021;30(5):822-44.
2-Huang J, Chan PS, Lok V, Chen X & et al. Global incidence and mortality of breast cancer: a trend analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(4):5748.
3-Rivera-Fernandez JD, Hernández-Mendoza A, Fabila-Bustos DA & et al. A Low-Cost Optomechatronic Diffuse Optical Mammography System for 3D Image Reconstruction: Proof of Concept. Diagnostics. 2025;15(5)584.
4-Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H & et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. The Breast. 2022;66:15-23.
5-Saedi S, Saedi A, Ghaemi MM & et al. Epidemiological Study of Breast Cancer in Iran: A Micro Review Study. Eurasian Journal of Science and Technology. 2022;2(3):227-35.
6-Ataeinia B, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Shabani M & et al. National and subnational incidence, mortality, and years of life lost due to breast cancer in Iran: trends and age-period-cohort analysis since 1990. Frontiers in oncology. 2021;11:561376.
7-Brooks JD, Nabi H, Andrulis IL & et al. Personalized risk assessment for prevention and early detection of breast cancer: integration and implementation (PERSPECTIVE I&I). Journal of personalized medicine. 2021;11(6):511.
8-Heena H, Durrani S, Riaz M & et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female health care professionals: a cross sectional study. BMC women's health. 2019;19:1-11.
9-Gbenonsi G, Boucham M, Belrhiti Z, Nejjari C, Huybrechts I, Khalis M. Health system factors that influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1-20.
10-Huang N, Chen L, He J & et al. The Efficacy of Clinical Breast Exams and Breast Self-Exams in Detecting Malignancy or Positive Ultrasound Findings. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22464.
11-Anuar H, Shah S, Gafor H & et al. Usage of Health Belief Model (HBM) in health behavior: A systematic review. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2020;16(11):2636-9346.
12-Ghorbani-Dehbalaei M, Loripoor M, Nasirzadeh M. The role of health beliefs and health literacy in women's health promoting behaviours based on the health belief model: a descriptive study. BMC women's health. 2021;21(1).
13-Assfa Mossa K. Perceptions and knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination among young adult women in southwest Ethiopia: Application of the health belief model. Plos one. 2022;17(9):e0274935.
14-Ahadinezhad B, Khosravizadeh O, Rafiei S & et al. What is the uptake rate of breast self-examination in Iranian women? Estimation based on systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):538.
15-Ahmadifaraz M, Jouzi M. The Effect of Education Based on the Components of the Health Belief Model on Breast Self-Examination Performance in Female Employees of Islamic Azad University-Najafabad Branch. Journal of Nursing Education (JNE). 2024;13(3):25-35.
16-Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y & et al. Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Promoting Breast Self-Examination Behavior in Employed Women in Iran. Breast cancer : basic and clinical research. 2021;15:1178223421989657.
17-Hatefnia E, Niknami S, Mahmudi M & et al. The Effects of “Theory of Planned Behavior” based education on the promotion of mammography performance in employed women. Journals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2010;17(1):50-8.
18-Taymoori P, Berry T. The validity and reliability of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening behaviors among Iranian women. Cancer Nurs. 2019; 32(6): 465-72.
19-Ştefănuţ AM, Vintilă M. Psychotherapeutic intervention on breast self-examination based on health belief model. Current Psychology. 2023 Jun;42(18):15616-24.
20-Padela AI, Murrar S, Adviento B, Liao C, Hosseinian Z, Peek M, et al. Associations between religion-related factors and breast cancer screening among American Muslims. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2015;17:660-9.
21-Ahmed H, Mushahid H. Overcoming challenges to breast cancer screening among Muslim women: addressing barriers to early detection and treatment: A correspondence. Cancer Causes & Control. 2023;34(6):505-7.
22-Kissal A, Kartal B. Effects of health belief model-based education on health beliefs and breast self-examination in nursing students. Asia-pacific journal of oncology nursing. 2019;6(4):403-10.
23-Abo Al-Shiekh SS, Ibrahim MA, Alajerami YS. Breast Cancer Knowledge and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female University Students, Gaza. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:6640324.
24-Wondmu KS, Tessema MT, Degu G & et al. Effect of breast cancer education based on the health belief model on knowledge, health belief, and breast self-examination among female students of Debre Markos University, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2021. Frontiers in oncology. 2022;9(12):1034183.
25-Kucheki M, Nazari M, Arshadinejad R & et al. The effect of a virtual educational intervention based on self-efficacy theory on women’s skills of breast self-examination. BMC Women's Health. 2024;24(1):625.
26-Khiyali Z, Aliyan F, Kashfi SH & et al. Educational intervention on breast self-examination behavior in women referred to health centers: Application of Health Belief Model. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017;18(10): 2833.
27-Khani Jeihooni A, Moayedi ZS, Momenabadi V & et al. Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Doing Breast Self-examination in a Sample of Iranian Women. Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research. 2023;17:11782234221145417.
Mohammad Aligol(Ph.D.)1, Fatemeh Golzadeh(B.S.)2, Sama Kermani(M.Sc.s)3
1.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, Qom, Iran Email: aligol1389@gmail.com Tel: 09127591662
2.Public Health Expert, General Directorate of Education of Qom Province, Qom, Iran
3.Master's Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Women who perform breast self-examination monthly are more likely to find lumps in the early stages. This study was designed and implemented to investigate the effect of education based on health belief model on predictive factors of breast self-examination in women in Qom.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 70 women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Qom in November and December 2024, divided into experimental and control groups. The data collection tool included demographic questions and the Persian version of the Champion’s Health Belief Model questionnaire. The educational intervention consisted of three educational sessions designed based on the constructs of the health belief model. Post-test data were collected three months after the intervention. Paired t-tests were used to compare each group before and after the intervention.
Results: Paired T-test showed significant differences in mean and standard deviation of scores of all health
belief model constructs including perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, health
motivation, perceived self-efficacy, and behavioral intention showed significant differences in mean and standard deviation of scores before and after the educational intervention (p<0/05). In the control group, no significant differences were observed in any of the constructs before and after the intervention.
Conclusion: The use of appropriate educational methods based on the health belief model significantly improves the predictive factors of breast self-examination. Given the easy and inexpensive nature of these interventions and considering the implementation, cultural, and organizational constraints, this can be widely considered to increase equitable access to education and facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords: Breast Self-Examination, Breast Cancer, Health Belief Model
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Houghton SC, Hankinson SE. Cancer progress and priorities: breast cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2021;30(5):822-44.
2-Huang J, Chan PS, Lok V, Chen X & et al. Global incidence and mortality of breast cancer: a trend analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(4):5748.
3-Rivera-Fernandez JD, Hernández-Mendoza A, Fabila-Bustos DA & et al. A Low-Cost Optomechatronic Diffuse Optical Mammography System for 3D Image Reconstruction: Proof of Concept. Diagnostics. 2025;15(5)584.
4-Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H & et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. The Breast. 2022;66:15-23.
5-Saedi S, Saedi A, Ghaemi MM & et al. Epidemiological Study of Breast Cancer in Iran: A Micro Review Study. Eurasian Journal of Science and Technology. 2022;2(3):227-35.
6-Ataeinia B, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Shabani M & et al. National and subnational incidence, mortality, and years of life lost due to breast cancer in Iran: trends and age-period-cohort analysis since 1990. Frontiers in oncology. 2021;11:561376.
7-Brooks JD, Nabi H, Andrulis IL & et al. Personalized risk assessment for prevention and early detection of breast cancer: integration and implementation (PERSPECTIVE I&I). Journal of personalized medicine. 2021;11(6):511.
8-Heena H, Durrani S, Riaz M & et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female health care professionals: a cross sectional study. BMC women's health. 2019;19:1-11.
9-Gbenonsi G, Boucham M, Belrhiti Z, Nejjari C, Huybrechts I, Khalis M. Health system factors that influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1-20.
10-Huang N, Chen L, He J & et al. The Efficacy of Clinical Breast Exams and Breast Self-Exams in Detecting Malignancy or Positive Ultrasound Findings. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22464.
11-Anuar H, Shah S, Gafor H & et al. Usage of Health Belief Model (HBM) in health behavior: A systematic review. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2020;16(11):2636-9346.
12-Ghorbani-Dehbalaei M, Loripoor M, Nasirzadeh M. The role of health beliefs and health literacy in women's health promoting behaviours based on the health belief model: a descriptive study. BMC women's health. 2021;21(1).
13-Assfa Mossa K. Perceptions and knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination among young adult women in southwest Ethiopia: Application of the health belief model. Plos one. 2022;17(9):e0274935.
14-Ahadinezhad B, Khosravizadeh O, Rafiei S & et al. What is the uptake rate of breast self-examination in Iranian women? Estimation based on systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):538.
15-Ahmadifaraz M, Jouzi M. The Effect of Education Based on the Components of the Health Belief Model on Breast Self-Examination Performance in Female Employees of Islamic Azad University-Najafabad Branch. Journal of Nursing Education (JNE). 2024;13(3):25-35.
16-Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y & et al. Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Promoting Breast Self-Examination Behavior in Employed Women in Iran. Breast cancer : basic and clinical research. 2021;15:1178223421989657.
17-Hatefnia E, Niknami S, Mahmudi M & et al. The Effects of “Theory of Planned Behavior” based education on the promotion of mammography performance in employed women. Journals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2010;17(1):50-8.
18-Taymoori P, Berry T. The validity and reliability of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening behaviors among Iranian women. Cancer Nurs. 2019; 32(6): 465-72.
19-Ştefănuţ AM, Vintilă M. Psychotherapeutic intervention on breast self-examination based on health belief model. Current Psychology. 2023 Jun;42(18):15616-24.
20-Padela AI, Murrar S, Adviento B, Liao C, Hosseinian Z, Peek M, et al. Associations between religion-related factors and breast cancer screening among American Muslims. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2015;17:660-9.
21-Ahmed H, Mushahid H. Overcoming challenges to breast cancer screening among Muslim women: addressing barriers to early detection and treatment: A correspondence. Cancer Causes & Control. 2023;34(6):505-7.
22-Kissal A, Kartal B. Effects of health belief model-based education on health beliefs and breast self-examination in nursing students. Asia-pacific journal of oncology nursing. 2019;6(4):403-10.
23-Abo Al-Shiekh SS, Ibrahim MA, Alajerami YS. Breast Cancer Knowledge and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female University Students, Gaza. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:6640324.
24-Wondmu KS, Tessema MT, Degu G & et al. Effect of breast cancer education based on the health belief model on knowledge, health belief, and breast self-examination among female students of Debre Markos University, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2021. Frontiers in oncology. 2022;9(12):1034183.
25-Kucheki M, Nazari M, Arshadinejad R & et al. The effect of a virtual educational intervention based on self-efficacy theory on women’s skills of breast self-examination. BMC Women's Health. 2024;24(1):625.
26-Khiyali Z, Aliyan F, Kashfi SH & et al. Educational intervention on breast self-examination behavior in women referred to health centers: Application of Health Belief Model. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017;18(10): 2833.
27-Khani Jeihooni A, Moayedi ZS, Momenabadi V & et al. Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Doing Breast Self-examination in a Sample of Iranian Women. Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research. 2023;17:11782234221145417.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
other
Received: 2024/09/10 | Accepted: 2024/12/11 | Published: 2025/02/28
Received: 2024/09/10 | Accepted: 2024/12/11 | Published: 2025/02/28
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
