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abbasifard M, Mirzaei Khalilabadil S, Aghamohammad Hasani P, Bagheri F, Kamiab Z. Correlation between Social Support, Pregnancy Distress, and Anxiety with Quality of Life of Primiparous Women in Rafsanjan City in 2024. TB 2025; 24 (1) :1-16
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3705-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3705-en.html
Mitra Abbasifard 
, Sakineh Mirzaei Khalilabadil , Parvin Aghamohammad Hasani , Fatemeh Bagheri , Zahra Kamiab *
, Sakineh Mirzaei Khalilabadil , Parvin Aghamohammad Hasani , Fatemeh Bagheri , Zahra Kamiab *
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran , dr.kamiab89@gmail.com
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Correlation between Social Support, Pregnancy Distress, and Anxiety with Quality of Life of Primiparous Women in Rafsanjan City in 2024
Mitra Abbasifard(Ph.D.)1, Sakineh Mirzaei Khalilabadi(Ph.D.)2, Parvin Aghamohammad Hasani(Ph.D.)3, Fatemeh Bagheri Parrani(M.D.s)4, Zahra Kamiab(Ph.D.)5
1.Associated Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
2.Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Nicknafs Educational and Tretment Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
3.Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Moradi Educational and Tretment Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
4.Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
5.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Community Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Email:dr.kamiab89@gmail.com Tel:09133911009
Abstract
Introduction: Social support during pregnancy can play a very important role in the physical and mental health of mothers. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between social support, pregnancy distress, and anxiety with health-related quality of life in primiparous women.
Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 100 primiparous women referring to Ali Ibn Abitaleb and Nik Nafs Hospital in Rafsanjan in 2024 using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic information checklist, questionnaires of social support, pregnancy distress, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. After collection, the data were analyzed with SPSS version 24 software and using statistical tests at a significance level of less than 0/05.
Rusults: The mean age of pregnant women was 30/16±5/65 years. The results showed that distress during pregnancy was inversely and significantly correlated with age (P=0/024) and number of children (P<0/001), and social support was inversely and significantly correlated with number of children (P<0/001). In general, there was a positive and significant correlation between social support and health-related quality of life (P=0/022), and there was an inverse and significant correlation between social support and distress during pregnancy (P<0/001).
Conclusion: Based on the results, social support can act as a key factor in improving health-related quality of life and reducing pregnancy distress in primiparous women. Therefore, it is essential to create strong support networks for pregnant mothers, so that they can spend this sensitive period more calmly.
Keywords: Pregnancy, Pregnancy Distress, Health-Related Quality of life, Social Support, Anxiety
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Kaplan RM, Hays RD. Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement in Public Health. Annual Review of Public Health. 2022;43(Volume 43, 2022):355-73.
2-Hays RD, Bjorner JB, Revicki DA & et al. Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items. 2009;18:873-80.
3-Soares PRAL, Calou CGP, Martins ES & et al. Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de gestantes e fatores associados. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2021;34.
4-Pobee RA, Setorglo J, Kwashie Klevor M & et al. High levels of depressive symptoms and low quality of life are reported during pregnancy in Cape Coast, Ghana; a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):894.
5-Yin X, Sun N, Jiang N & et al. Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review. 2021;83:101932.
6-Dokuhaki S, Dokuhaki F, Akbarzadeh M. The relationship of maternal anxiety, positive and negative affect schedule, and fatigue with neonatal psychological health upon childbirth. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine. 2021;6(1):12.
7-Nishigori H, Nishigori T, Suzuki T & et al. Maternal prenatal and postnatal psychological distress trajectories and impact on cognitive development in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 2023;14(6):781-94.
8-Li P, Haiyan W, Gengdong C & et al. Association Between Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy and Sleep Quality: Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021;14(null):41-9.
9-Branquinho M, Canavarro MC, Fonseca A. Profiles of women with postpartum depressive symptoms: A latent profile analysis using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale factors. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2022;78(7):1500-15.
10-Tung I, Keenan K, Hipwell AE. Resilience to stress during pregnancy: Biopsychosocial mechanisms and implications for offspring emotional and behavioral outcomes in toddlerhood. Developmental Psychology. 2024;60(9):1733-45.
11-Priyadarshanie MN, Waas DA, Goonewardena S & et al. Association of antenatal anxiety disorders with antenatal comorbidities and adverse pregnancy outcomes among clinic attendees at a tertiary-care hospital in Sri Lanka. Heliyon. 2023;9(3).
12-Wang S-W, Chen J-L, Chen Y-H & et al. Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Multiparous Women in the First Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research. 2022;30(3).
13-Chan CY, Lee AM, Lam SK & et al. Antenatal anxiety in the first trimester: Risk factors and effects on anxiety and depression in the third trimester and 6-week postpartum. Open Journal of Psychiatry. 2013.
14-Grigoriadis S, Graves L, Peer M & et al. Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2018;79(5).
15-Ding X-X, Wu Y-L, Xu S-J & et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of affective disorders. 2014;159:103-10.
16-Senter CC, Bush NR, Loftus CT & et al. Maternal Stressful Life Events during Pregnancy and Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged Approximately 4–6 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 18(18).
17-van der Leek AP, Bahreinian S, Chartier M & et al. Maternal Distress During Pregnancy and Recurrence in Early Childhood Predicts Atopic Dermatitis and Asthma in Childhood. Chest. 2020;158(1):57-67.
18-Socolovsky C, Phipatanakul W. Maternal Distress and Allergic Disease: Early Childhood Stressors Shape Long-Term Health. Chest. 2020;158(1):5-6.
19-Pascal R, Casas I, Genero M & et al. Maternal Stress, Anxiety, Well-Being, and Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women throughout Gestation. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2023; 12(23).
20-Bai G, Korfage IJ, Groen EH-d & et al. Associations between nausea, vomiting, fatigue and health-related quality of life of women in early pregnancy: the generation R study. 2016;11(11):e0166133.
21-Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W & et al. The relationship between social support and mental health problems during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health. 2021;18(1):162.
22-Fatahi Ardakani M, Anoosheh VS, Sotoudeh A & et al. Investigating Health Promotion Behaviors of Pregnant Women Referring to comprehensive Health Services centers of Bushehr city in 2016. SSU. 2019;8(1):38-45.
23-Al-Mutawtah M, Campbell E, Kubis H-P & et al. Women’s experiences of social support during pregnancy: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;23(1):782.
24-Rajani F, Sharifi N, Tayebi N & et al. Comparison of the correlation of postpartum stress disorder in vaginal and cesarean delivery with social support and fertility characteristics of mothers. Urmia-University-of-Medical-Sciences. 2023;20(10):842.
25-Nabipour Hosseini ST, Abbasalizadeh F, Hakimi S & et al. The effect of family support on anxiety and depression in pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies hospitalized in the third trimester of pregnancy: Results of randomized controlled trial. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences. 2023;44(6):478-88.
26-Gul B, Riaz MA, Batool N & et al. Social support and health related quality of life among pregnant women. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2018;68(6):872-5.
27-Ebrahimi Ghavam S. Assessing the validity of the three concepts of source of control, self-esteem and social support dissertation. Tehran: Islamic Azad university. 1992.
28-Ware J E. SF-36 health survey. Manual and interpretation guide. The Health Institute. 1993:6:1-6: 22.
29-Kooshyar H, Shoorvazi M, Dalir Z & et al. Surveying health-related quality of life and related factors in the diabetic elderly in Mashhad in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015;14(3):175-88.
30-Qu J, Weng X-l, Gao L-l. Anxiety, depression and social support across pregnancy in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: A prospective study. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2021;27(5):e12997.
31-Rafiei M, Seifi A. An investigation into the reliability and validity of beck anxiety inventory among the university students. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2013;7(27):37-46.
32-Alderdice F, Lynn F. Factor structure of the prenatal distress questionnaire. Midwifery. 2011;27(4):553-9.
33-Yousefi R. Psychometric properties of Persian version of renataldistressquestionnaire (PDQ). Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2015;13(3):215-25.
34-Bahrami N, Farahani E, Yousefi B & et al. Association of social capital with mental health and quality of life among low- and high-risk pregnant women. Midwifery. 2023;123:103727.
35-Faramarzi M, Pasha H. The role of social support in prediction of stress during pregnancy. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2015;17(11):52-60.
36-Abdollahzade Rafi M, Hassanzadeh M, Hosseini M. Relationship between social support with depression and anxiety during third trimester pregnancy. Iranian journal of Nursing research. 2012;7(26):1-10.
37-Mckee MD, Cunningham M, Jankowski KR & et al. Health-related functional status in pregnancy: relationship to depression and social support in a multi-ethnic population. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001;97(6):988-93.
38-Riahi M, Aliverdinia A, Pourhossein Z. Relationship between social support and mental health. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2011;10(39):85-121.
39-Bahrami‐Samani S, Omidvar S, Mohsenzadeh‐Ledari F & et al. The relationship between perceived stress and pregnancy distress with self‐care of pregnant women: The mediating role of social support—A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports. 2023;6(11):e1730.
40-Shishehgar S, Dolatian M, Majd HA. A survey of relationship between social support with quality of life as well as stress among pregnant women referred to Shahryar hospital affiliated to social security organization in 1391. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2014;23(81):27-32.
41-Wu H, Sun W, Chen H & et al. Health-related quality of life in different trimesters during pregnancy. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):182.
42-Cho H, Lee K, Choi E & et al. Association between social support and postpartum depression. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):3128.
43-Schubert KO, Air T, Clark SR & et al. Trajectories of anxiety and health related quality of life during pregnancy. PloS one. 2017;12(7):e0181149.
44-Fathnezhad-Kazemi A, Aslani A, Hajian S. Association between Perceived Social Support and Health-Promoting lifestyle in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of caring sciences. 2021;10(2):96-102.
45-Chehrazi M, Faramarzi M, Abdollahi S & et al. Health promotion behaviours of pregnant women and spiritual well-being: Mediatory role of pregnancy stress, anxiety and coping ways. Nursing Open. 2021;8(6):3558-65.
Mitra Abbasifard(Ph.D.)1, Sakineh Mirzaei Khalilabadi(Ph.D.)2, Parvin Aghamohammad Hasani(Ph.D.)3, Fatemeh Bagheri Parrani(M.D.s)4, Zahra Kamiab(Ph.D.)5
1.Associated Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
2.Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Nicknafs Educational and Tretment Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
3.Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Moradi Educational and Tretment Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
4.Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
5.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Community Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Email:dr.kamiab89@gmail.com Tel:09133911009
Abstract
Introduction: Social support during pregnancy can play a very important role in the physical and mental health of mothers. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between social support, pregnancy distress, and anxiety with health-related quality of life in primiparous women.
Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 100 primiparous women referring to Ali Ibn Abitaleb and Nik Nafs Hospital in Rafsanjan in 2024 using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic information checklist, questionnaires of social support, pregnancy distress, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. After collection, the data were analyzed with SPSS version 24 software and using statistical tests at a significance level of less than 0/05.
Rusults: The mean age of pregnant women was 30/16±5/65 years. The results showed that distress during pregnancy was inversely and significantly correlated with age (P=0/024) and number of children (P<0/001), and social support was inversely and significantly correlated with number of children (P<0/001). In general, there was a positive and significant correlation between social support and health-related quality of life (P=0/022), and there was an inverse and significant correlation between social support and distress during pregnancy (P<0/001).
Conclusion: Based on the results, social support can act as a key factor in improving health-related quality of life and reducing pregnancy distress in primiparous women. Therefore, it is essential to create strong support networks for pregnant mothers, so that they can spend this sensitive period more calmly.
Keywords: Pregnancy, Pregnancy Distress, Health-Related Quality of life, Social Support, Anxiety
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
1-Kaplan RM, Hays RD. Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement in Public Health. Annual Review of Public Health. 2022;43(Volume 43, 2022):355-73.
2-Hays RD, Bjorner JB, Revicki DA & et al. Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items. 2009;18:873-80.
3-Soares PRAL, Calou CGP, Martins ES & et al. Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de gestantes e fatores associados. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2021;34.
4-Pobee RA, Setorglo J, Kwashie Klevor M & et al. High levels of depressive symptoms and low quality of life are reported during pregnancy in Cape Coast, Ghana; a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):894.
5-Yin X, Sun N, Jiang N & et al. Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review. 2021;83:101932.
6-Dokuhaki S, Dokuhaki F, Akbarzadeh M. The relationship of maternal anxiety, positive and negative affect schedule, and fatigue with neonatal psychological health upon childbirth. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine. 2021;6(1):12.
7-Nishigori H, Nishigori T, Suzuki T & et al. Maternal prenatal and postnatal psychological distress trajectories and impact on cognitive development in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 2023;14(6):781-94.
8-Li P, Haiyan W, Gengdong C & et al. Association Between Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy and Sleep Quality: Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021;14(null):41-9.
9-Branquinho M, Canavarro MC, Fonseca A. Profiles of women with postpartum depressive symptoms: A latent profile analysis using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale factors. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2022;78(7):1500-15.
10-Tung I, Keenan K, Hipwell AE. Resilience to stress during pregnancy: Biopsychosocial mechanisms and implications for offspring emotional and behavioral outcomes in toddlerhood. Developmental Psychology. 2024;60(9):1733-45.
11-Priyadarshanie MN, Waas DA, Goonewardena S & et al. Association of antenatal anxiety disorders with antenatal comorbidities and adverse pregnancy outcomes among clinic attendees at a tertiary-care hospital in Sri Lanka. Heliyon. 2023;9(3).
12-Wang S-W, Chen J-L, Chen Y-H & et al. Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Multiparous Women in the First Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research. 2022;30(3).
13-Chan CY, Lee AM, Lam SK & et al. Antenatal anxiety in the first trimester: Risk factors and effects on anxiety and depression in the third trimester and 6-week postpartum. Open Journal of Psychiatry. 2013.
14-Grigoriadis S, Graves L, Peer M & et al. Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2018;79(5).
15-Ding X-X, Wu Y-L, Xu S-J & et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of affective disorders. 2014;159:103-10.
16-Senter CC, Bush NR, Loftus CT & et al. Maternal Stressful Life Events during Pregnancy and Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged Approximately 4–6 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 18(18).
17-van der Leek AP, Bahreinian S, Chartier M & et al. Maternal Distress During Pregnancy and Recurrence in Early Childhood Predicts Atopic Dermatitis and Asthma in Childhood. Chest. 2020;158(1):57-67.
18-Socolovsky C, Phipatanakul W. Maternal Distress and Allergic Disease: Early Childhood Stressors Shape Long-Term Health. Chest. 2020;158(1):5-6.
19-Pascal R, Casas I, Genero M & et al. Maternal Stress, Anxiety, Well-Being, and Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women throughout Gestation. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2023; 12(23).
20-Bai G, Korfage IJ, Groen EH-d & et al. Associations between nausea, vomiting, fatigue and health-related quality of life of women in early pregnancy: the generation R study. 2016;11(11):e0166133.
21-Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W & et al. The relationship between social support and mental health problems during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health. 2021;18(1):162.
22-Fatahi Ardakani M, Anoosheh VS, Sotoudeh A & et al. Investigating Health Promotion Behaviors of Pregnant Women Referring to comprehensive Health Services centers of Bushehr city in 2016. SSU. 2019;8(1):38-45.
23-Al-Mutawtah M, Campbell E, Kubis H-P & et al. Women’s experiences of social support during pregnancy: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;23(1):782.
24-Rajani F, Sharifi N, Tayebi N & et al. Comparison of the correlation of postpartum stress disorder in vaginal and cesarean delivery with social support and fertility characteristics of mothers. Urmia-University-of-Medical-Sciences. 2023;20(10):842.
25-Nabipour Hosseini ST, Abbasalizadeh F, Hakimi S & et al. The effect of family support on anxiety and depression in pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies hospitalized in the third trimester of pregnancy: Results of randomized controlled trial. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences. 2023;44(6):478-88.
26-Gul B, Riaz MA, Batool N & et al. Social support and health related quality of life among pregnant women. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2018;68(6):872-5.
27-Ebrahimi Ghavam S. Assessing the validity of the three concepts of source of control, self-esteem and social support dissertation. Tehran: Islamic Azad university. 1992.
28-Ware J E. SF-36 health survey. Manual and interpretation guide. The Health Institute. 1993:6:1-6: 22.
29-Kooshyar H, Shoorvazi M, Dalir Z & et al. Surveying health-related quality of life and related factors in the diabetic elderly in Mashhad in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015;14(3):175-88.
30-Qu J, Weng X-l, Gao L-l. Anxiety, depression and social support across pregnancy in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: A prospective study. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2021;27(5):e12997.
31-Rafiei M, Seifi A. An investigation into the reliability and validity of beck anxiety inventory among the university students. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2013;7(27):37-46.
32-Alderdice F, Lynn F. Factor structure of the prenatal distress questionnaire. Midwifery. 2011;27(4):553-9.
33-Yousefi R. Psychometric properties of Persian version of renataldistressquestionnaire (PDQ). Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2015;13(3):215-25.
34-Bahrami N, Farahani E, Yousefi B & et al. Association of social capital with mental health and quality of life among low- and high-risk pregnant women. Midwifery. 2023;123:103727.
35-Faramarzi M, Pasha H. The role of social support in prediction of stress during pregnancy. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2015;17(11):52-60.
36-Abdollahzade Rafi M, Hassanzadeh M, Hosseini M. Relationship between social support with depression and anxiety during third trimester pregnancy. Iranian journal of Nursing research. 2012;7(26):1-10.
37-Mckee MD, Cunningham M, Jankowski KR & et al. Health-related functional status in pregnancy: relationship to depression and social support in a multi-ethnic population. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001;97(6):988-93.
38-Riahi M, Aliverdinia A, Pourhossein Z. Relationship between social support and mental health. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2011;10(39):85-121.
39-Bahrami‐Samani S, Omidvar S, Mohsenzadeh‐Ledari F & et al. The relationship between perceived stress and pregnancy distress with self‐care of pregnant women: The mediating role of social support—A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports. 2023;6(11):e1730.
40-Shishehgar S, Dolatian M, Majd HA. A survey of relationship between social support with quality of life as well as stress among pregnant women referred to Shahryar hospital affiliated to social security organization in 1391. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2014;23(81):27-32.
41-Wu H, Sun W, Chen H & et al. Health-related quality of life in different trimesters during pregnancy. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):182.
42-Cho H, Lee K, Choi E & et al. Association between social support and postpartum depression. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):3128.
43-Schubert KO, Air T, Clark SR & et al. Trajectories of anxiety and health related quality of life during pregnancy. PloS one. 2017;12(7):e0181149.
44-Fathnezhad-Kazemi A, Aslani A, Hajian S. Association between Perceived Social Support and Health-Promoting lifestyle in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of caring sciences. 2021;10(2):96-102.
45-Chehrazi M, Faramarzi M, Abdollahi S & et al. Health promotion behaviours of pregnant women and spiritual well-being: Mediatory role of pregnancy stress, anxiety and coping ways. Nursing Open. 2021;8(6):3558-65.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
medicine
Received: 2024/12/17 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/05/19
Received: 2024/12/17 | Accepted: 2025/03/12 | Published: 2025/05/19
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