Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2024)
TB 2024, 23(3): 76-91 |
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Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1402.226
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Maleki Avarsin F, Pirkhaefi A, Kalhornia Golkar M. The Effectiveness of Spiritual Group Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Self-Efficacy of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Tehran in 2023. TB 2024; 23 (3) :76-91
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3644-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3644-en.html
Garmsar, Iran , Apirkhaefi@gmail.com
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The Effectiveness of Spiritual Group Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Self-Efficacy of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Tehran in 2023
Farideh Maleki Avarsin (Ph.D.)1, Alireza Pirkhaefi (Ph.D.)2, Maryam Kalhornia Golkar (Ph.D.)3
1.Department of Health Psychology, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Clinical psychology, Garmsar branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. Phone: 09123779022, Email: Apirkhaefi@gmail.com
3.Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes, as one of the common causes of mortality worldwide, extends beyond physical aspects and can impact psychological and emotional dimensions as well. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the psychological well-being and self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran.
Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a three-month follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of all the patients with type 2 diabetes who attended treatment centers in Tehran (Masih Daneshvari, Nikan, and the Iranian Diabetes Association) from August to November 2023. Among the patients, 37 were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (N=18) and the control group (N=19). The data collection tools included a demographic information form, the standardized Ryff's scale of psychological well-being– short form (Cronbach's alpha= 0/72), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Cronbach's alpha= 0/83). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-21 software. Additionally, given the different stages of measurement (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up), repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis.
Results: The results indicated that spiritual therapy led to an increase in psychological well-being (F=132/56, P<0/001) and self-efficacy (F=15/51, P<0/001) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the effect size of spiritual therapy on psychological well-being was 79%, and self-efficacy was 31%, and the sustainability of its effects was observed up to three months after treatment.
Conclusion: The findings suggest the impact of spiritual therapy on enhancing psychological well-being and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to the routine treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, spiritual therapy be utilized to enhance the psychological well-being of the patients.
Keywords: Psychological well-being, Self-efficacy, Spirituality, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
References
1-Ma RC, Tong PC. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Textbook of diabetes. 2024:55-74.
2-Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature reviews endocrinology. 2018;14(2):88-98.
3-Collaborators GMD. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):137-50.
4-Ogurtsova K, Guariguata L, Barengo NC & et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes research clinical practice. 2022;183:109-118.
5-Car J, Collaborators GD. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
6-Hazar N, Jokar M, Namavari N & et al. An updated systematic review and Meta-analysis of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iran, 1996–2023. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;12:1-15.
7-Imeni F, Sadeghi M, Gholam Rezaei S. The effect of group spirituality therapy on self-care and its dimensions in women with type 2 diabetes. Daneshvar medicine. 2018;26(1):79-87.
8-Sorbi MH, Sadeghi K, Rahmanian M & et al. Positive psychotherapy effect on life expectancy and general health of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Diabetes Obesity. 2018;10(1):31-6.
9-Care D. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:19-40.
10-Kautzky-Willer A, Leutner M, Harreiter J. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66(6):986-1002.
11-Weaver RR, Lemonde M, Payman N & et al. Health capabilities and diabetes self-management: the impact of economic, social, and cultural resources. Social Science & Medicine. 2014;102:58-68.
12-Sorbi MH, Rahmanian M, Azizi R. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on the Well-Being and Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Thrita. 2019;8(1):1-7.
13-Wong PT. A second-wave positive psychology in counselling psychology: A paradigm shift: Taylor & Francis; 2023.
14-Maor M, Zukerman G, Amit N & et al. Psychological well-being and adjustment among type 2 diabetes patients: the role of psychological flexibility. Psychology, Health Medicine. 2022;27(7):1456-67.
15-Scharbert J, Humberg S, Kroencke L & et al. Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Nature Communications. 2024;15(1):12-22.
16-Benasi G, Gostoli S, Zhu B & et al. Well-Being Therapy and lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2022;84(9):1041-1049.
17-Ryff CD. The Privilege of Well-Being in an Increasingly Unequal Society. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2024;9:63-72.
18-Milam LA, Cohen GL, Mueller C & et al. The relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of surgical education. 2019;76(2):321-328.
19-Linge AD, Bjørkly SK, Jensen C & et al. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Model Used to Explore Participants’ Experiences of Health, Lifestyle, and Work After Attending a Vocational Rehabilitation Program with Lifestyle Intervention–A Focus Group Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021;8:3533-48.
20-Pakdel H, Shorabi F, Haji Alizade K. The efficacy of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on job stress coping strategies, health-related quality of life, and self-efficacy of iran air traffic controler staff. Journal of psychologicalscience. 2022;21(111):543-58.
21-Waddington J. Self-efficacy. ELT Journal. 2023;77(2):237-40.
22-Hamidi S, Gholamnezhad Z, Kasraie N & et al. The effects of self-efficacy and physical activity improving methods on the quality of life in patients with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2022:1-14.
23-Woodcock S, Tournaki N. Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Determinism model and teacher self-efficacy scales: a revisit. Teacher Development. 2023;27(1):75-91.
24-Poluektova O, Kappas A, Smith CA. Using Bandura's self-efficacy theory to explain individual differences in the appraisal of problem-focused coping potential. Emotion Review. 2023;15(4):302-312.
25-Mirmahdi SR, Safarinia M, Sharifi E. Therapeutic spirituality and positive psychology approach. Tehran: Avay-Noor 2017.
26-Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D & et al. Harrisons Principles of international Medicine. 17th edition. Mc Graw-Hill companies; 2008.
27-Babaei Z, Latifi Z M, Ismaeili E. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the quality of life and mental health of women with diabetes. Journal of Religion and Psychology. 2015;30(2):37-50.
28-Ghazanfari F, Sabzian S, Garavand H. Effectiveness of therapy spirituality on quality of life for high school girls martyr and dedicated. Journal of military Psychology. 2015;6(23):5-16.
29-Niaz-Azari M, Abdollahi M, Zabihi Hesari NK & et al. Effect of spiritual group therapy on anxiety and quality of life among gestational diabetic females. Journal of religion jealth. 2017;5(1):11-20.
30-Imeni F, Sadeghi M, Gholamrezaei S. The effect of spirituality group therapy on self-compassion and control of blood sugar in women with type 2 diabetes. Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2018;16(1):55-64.
31-Salehpoor-Emran M, Rezapour M, Nazari R. The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes after the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Predictive Study. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2024;33(228):45-56.
32-Giyaningtyas IJ, Elizabeth B. Analysis of Spiritual Well Being on the Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Tambun Health Center Area. Promoter. 2024;7(1):61-65.
33-Ryff CD, Singer B. Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy psychosomatics. 1996;65(1):14-23.
34-Heydari M, Nouri M, Niaei AM. The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on psychological well-being and hope of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Journal of Social Behavior Community Health. 2023;7(1):1042-50.
35-Asgharnejad T, Ahmadi DM, Farzad VE & et al. Psychometric properties of sherer's general self-efficacy scale. Journal of psychology. 2006;10(3):262-74.
36-Richards PS. & Bergin AE. A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy. American Psychological Association. 2006;51(13):422.
37-Akbari S, Pazokian M, Farahani AS & et al. Investigating the effect of spiritual care on the hope of diabetic patients referred to the Iranian diabetes association: a clinical trial. Archives of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;11:124-30.
38-Peyravi M, NasliEsfahani E, Tahmouresi N & et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of hope therapy and spiritual therapy on quality of life and biological indicators in women with diabetes. Quarterly Journal of Applied Psychology/Faṣlnāmah-i Ravān/shināsī-i Kārburdī. 2022; 16(2):183-200.
39-Darvishi A, Otaghi M, Mami S. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on spiritual well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy in patients on hemodialysis. Journal of religion health. 2020;59(1):277-88.
40-Sari RY, Hatmanti NM, Faizah I & et al. Spiritual diabetes self-management health coaching on self-efficacy, self-care, and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Bali Medical Journal. 2023;12(3):2768-73.
41-Arwani A, Sunarto S, Hidayati S & et al. The Influence of Spiritual Therapy on Diabetes Self-Management Intention in the Client with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. “4th International Conference In Health Sciences (ICHS)”; 2021.
Farideh Maleki Avarsin (Ph.D.)1, Alireza Pirkhaefi (Ph.D.)2, Maryam Kalhornia Golkar (Ph.D.)3
1.Department of Health Psychology, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Clinical psychology, Garmsar branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. Phone: 09123779022, Email: Apirkhaefi@gmail.com
3.Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes, as one of the common causes of mortality worldwide, extends beyond physical aspects and can impact psychological and emotional dimensions as well. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the psychological well-being and self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran.
Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a three-month follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of all the patients with type 2 diabetes who attended treatment centers in Tehran (Masih Daneshvari, Nikan, and the Iranian Diabetes Association) from August to November 2023. Among the patients, 37 were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (N=18) and the control group (N=19). The data collection tools included a demographic information form, the standardized Ryff's scale of psychological well-being– short form (Cronbach's alpha= 0/72), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Cronbach's alpha= 0/83). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-21 software. Additionally, given the different stages of measurement (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up), repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis.
Results: The results indicated that spiritual therapy led to an increase in psychological well-being (F=132/56, P<0/001) and self-efficacy (F=15/51, P<0/001) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the effect size of spiritual therapy on psychological well-being was 79%, and self-efficacy was 31%, and the sustainability of its effects was observed up to three months after treatment.
Conclusion: The findings suggest the impact of spiritual therapy on enhancing psychological well-being and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to the routine treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, spiritual therapy be utilized to enhance the psychological well-being of the patients.
Keywords: Psychological well-being, Self-efficacy, Spirituality, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
References
1-Ma RC, Tong PC. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Textbook of diabetes. 2024:55-74.
2-Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature reviews endocrinology. 2018;14(2):88-98.
3-Collaborators GMD. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):137-50.
4-Ogurtsova K, Guariguata L, Barengo NC & et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes research clinical practice. 2022;183:109-118.
5-Car J, Collaborators GD. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
6-Hazar N, Jokar M, Namavari N & et al. An updated systematic review and Meta-analysis of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iran, 1996–2023. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;12:1-15.
7-Imeni F, Sadeghi M, Gholam Rezaei S. The effect of group spirituality therapy on self-care and its dimensions in women with type 2 diabetes. Daneshvar medicine. 2018;26(1):79-87.
8-Sorbi MH, Sadeghi K, Rahmanian M & et al. Positive psychotherapy effect on life expectancy and general health of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Diabetes Obesity. 2018;10(1):31-6.
9-Care D. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:19-40.
10-Kautzky-Willer A, Leutner M, Harreiter J. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66(6):986-1002.
11-Weaver RR, Lemonde M, Payman N & et al. Health capabilities and diabetes self-management: the impact of economic, social, and cultural resources. Social Science & Medicine. 2014;102:58-68.
12-Sorbi MH, Rahmanian M, Azizi R. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on the Well-Being and Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Thrita. 2019;8(1):1-7.
13-Wong PT. A second-wave positive psychology in counselling psychology: A paradigm shift: Taylor & Francis; 2023.
14-Maor M, Zukerman G, Amit N & et al. Psychological well-being and adjustment among type 2 diabetes patients: the role of psychological flexibility. Psychology, Health Medicine. 2022;27(7):1456-67.
15-Scharbert J, Humberg S, Kroencke L & et al. Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Nature Communications. 2024;15(1):12-22.
16-Benasi G, Gostoli S, Zhu B & et al. Well-Being Therapy and lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2022;84(9):1041-1049.
17-Ryff CD. The Privilege of Well-Being in an Increasingly Unequal Society. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2024;9:63-72.
18-Milam LA, Cohen GL, Mueller C & et al. The relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of surgical education. 2019;76(2):321-328.
19-Linge AD, Bjørkly SK, Jensen C & et al. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Model Used to Explore Participants’ Experiences of Health, Lifestyle, and Work After Attending a Vocational Rehabilitation Program with Lifestyle Intervention–A Focus Group Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021;8:3533-48.
20-Pakdel H, Shorabi F, Haji Alizade K. The efficacy of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on job stress coping strategies, health-related quality of life, and self-efficacy of iran air traffic controler staff. Journal of psychologicalscience. 2022;21(111):543-58.
21-Waddington J. Self-efficacy. ELT Journal. 2023;77(2):237-40.
22-Hamidi S, Gholamnezhad Z, Kasraie N & et al. The effects of self-efficacy and physical activity improving methods on the quality of life in patients with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2022:1-14.
23-Woodcock S, Tournaki N. Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Determinism model and teacher self-efficacy scales: a revisit. Teacher Development. 2023;27(1):75-91.
24-Poluektova O, Kappas A, Smith CA. Using Bandura's self-efficacy theory to explain individual differences in the appraisal of problem-focused coping potential. Emotion Review. 2023;15(4):302-312.
25-Mirmahdi SR, Safarinia M, Sharifi E. Therapeutic spirituality and positive psychology approach. Tehran: Avay-Noor 2017.
26-Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D & et al. Harrisons Principles of international Medicine. 17th edition. Mc Graw-Hill companies; 2008.
27-Babaei Z, Latifi Z M, Ismaeili E. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the quality of life and mental health of women with diabetes. Journal of Religion and Psychology. 2015;30(2):37-50.
28-Ghazanfari F, Sabzian S, Garavand H. Effectiveness of therapy spirituality on quality of life for high school girls martyr and dedicated. Journal of military Psychology. 2015;6(23):5-16.
29-Niaz-Azari M, Abdollahi M, Zabihi Hesari NK & et al. Effect of spiritual group therapy on anxiety and quality of life among gestational diabetic females. Journal of religion jealth. 2017;5(1):11-20.
30-Imeni F, Sadeghi M, Gholamrezaei S. The effect of spirituality group therapy on self-compassion and control of blood sugar in women with type 2 diabetes. Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2018;16(1):55-64.
31-Salehpoor-Emran M, Rezapour M, Nazari R. The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes after the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Predictive Study. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2024;33(228):45-56.
32-Giyaningtyas IJ, Elizabeth B. Analysis of Spiritual Well Being on the Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Tambun Health Center Area. Promoter. 2024;7(1):61-65.
33-Ryff CD, Singer B. Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy psychosomatics. 1996;65(1):14-23.
34-Heydari M, Nouri M, Niaei AM. The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on psychological well-being and hope of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Journal of Social Behavior Community Health. 2023;7(1):1042-50.
35-Asgharnejad T, Ahmadi DM, Farzad VE & et al. Psychometric properties of sherer's general self-efficacy scale. Journal of psychology. 2006;10(3):262-74.
36-Richards PS. & Bergin AE. A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy. American Psychological Association. 2006;51(13):422.
37-Akbari S, Pazokian M, Farahani AS & et al. Investigating the effect of spiritual care on the hope of diabetic patients referred to the Iranian diabetes association: a clinical trial. Archives of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;11:124-30.
38-Peyravi M, NasliEsfahani E, Tahmouresi N & et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of hope therapy and spiritual therapy on quality of life and biological indicators in women with diabetes. Quarterly Journal of Applied Psychology/Faṣlnāmah-i Ravān/shināsī-i Kārburdī. 2022; 16(2):183-200.
39-Darvishi A, Otaghi M, Mami S. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on spiritual well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy in patients on hemodialysis. Journal of religion health. 2020;59(1):277-88.
40-Sari RY, Hatmanti NM, Faizah I & et al. Spiritual diabetes self-management health coaching on self-efficacy, self-care, and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Bali Medical Journal. 2023;12(3):2768-73.
41-Arwani A, Sunarto S, Hidayati S & et al. The Influence of Spiritual Therapy on Diabetes Self-Management Intention in the Client with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. “4th International Conference In Health Sciences (ICHS)”; 2021.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2024/04/10 | Accepted: 2024/06/9 | Published: 2024/08/31
Received: 2024/04/10 | Accepted: 2024/06/9 | Published: 2024/08/31
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