Volume 22, Issue 5 (3-2023)
TB 2023, 22(5): 13-27 |
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Mahdevar E, Choobforoushzadeh A, Mohammadpanah A, Shirovi E. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Reducing Hopelessness and Anxiety of Working Children. TB 2023; 22 (5) :13-27
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3542-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3542-en.html
Ardakan University , azadechoobforoush@ardakan.ac.ir
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The Effectiveness of Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment regarding Reducing Hopelessness and Anxiety of Working Children in Yazd city
Elahe Mahdvar (M.A.)1, Azadeh Choobforoushzadeh (Ph.D.)2, Azra Mohammad panah (Ph.D.)3, Elahe Shirovi (Ph.D.s)4
1.Master of Psychology, Departement of Humanities and social sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Departement of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Email: Azadechoobforoush@ardakan.ac.ir Tel: 09127553502
3.Assistant Professor, Departement of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
4.Ph.D Student of Psychology, Departement of Humanities and social sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The phenomenon of working and street children is one of the problems that plagues most big cities. Working children means children and teenagers who, according to social laws, under the age of 18 engage in activities to earn money. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment regarding reducing hopelessness and anxiety of working children in Yazd City.
Method: The method of the current research was semi-experimental, and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a four-week follow-up. The statistical population included working children in the age group of 8 to 12 who were covered by the welfare management of Yazd city in the spring of 2019. The study sample included 30 working children who were placed randomly in 2 control and experimental groups using convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Kazdin's Children’s Hopelessness Scale and Spence's Children’s Anxiety Scale. The experimental group received 8 one and half an hour sessions of treatment based on commitment and acceptance, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance test and SPSS software.
Results: The results of the present study, according to the analysis of covariance, showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced the level of frustration and anxiety in working children (p<0/05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the treatment based on commitment and acceptance has been able to reduce hopelessness and anxiety of working children. It is suggested to organize psychological interventions and trainings with the help of relevant organizations in order to improve working children’s mental health and reduce their anxiety and frustration.
Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Hopelessness, Anxiety, Working Children
References
1-Fatima A. Child labour in Pakistan: Addressing supply and demand side labour market dynamics. The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 2017; 28(2): 294-311.
2-Pasdar Y, Darbandi M, Nachvak SM. Nutritional status of working children as a neglected group in Kermanshah west of Iran. Journal of Community Health Research. 2014; 3(2): 124-131. [Persian]
3-Pinilla-Roncancio M, Silva R. Children in Angola: Poverty, deprivation and child labour. Child Indicators Research. 2018; 11: 981-1005.
4-Martin M. Child labour: parameters, developmental implications, causes and consequences. Contemporary Social Science. 2013; 8(2): 156-65.
5-Dash BM, Prashad L, Dutta M. Demographic trends of child labour in India: implications for policy reforms. Global Business Review. 2018; 19(5): 1345-1362.
6-Ahmadi Tabar M, Jafari F, Shafi'i N. The effectiveness of group reality therapy on aggression and anxiety in child laborers. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 5(51): 14-27. [Persian]
7-Ali E, Letourneau N, Benzies K & etal. Maternal prenatal anxiety and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems: the moderating roles of maternal-child attachment security and child sex. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 2020; 52(2): 88-99.
8-Heydari MT, Hazrati M. Explaining the role of social security in promoting social health in the informal settlement area (case: Aslam Abad area in Zanjan city). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning. 2020; 15(1): 233-248. [Persian]
9-Hill C, Waite P, Creswell C X. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2020; 26(12): 548-553.
10-Ramezani J, Hossaini M, Ghaderi MR. The relationship between test anxiety and academic performance of Nursing and Emergency Medical Technician students. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences. 2016; 9(5): 392-399. [Persian]
11-Kheiri Hassan M, Khodabakhshi A, Taghvaei D. The difference between aggression and anxiety in children working with and without sexual abuse. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 3(2): 10-15. [Persian]
12-Khankesh M, Amini Rarani M, Nosratabadi M. The effect of anger management training on aggression and anxiety in working children. Koomesh. 2020; 22 (2): 255-262. [Persian]
13-Sturrock S, Hodes M. Child labour in low-and middle-income countries and its consequences for mental health: a systematic literature review of epidemiologic studies. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2016; 25(12): 1273-1286.
14-Mahmoodnejad M, Karbalaie Mohammad Meigooni A, Sabet M. Prediction of suicidal ideation and interpersonal violence among labor children based on childhood trauma, emotion regulation difficulties and callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Psychological Achievements. 2018; 25(1): 1-22. [Persian]
15-Unicef. Child protection advocay brief: child labour. (2020). https://www.unicef.org/ documents/ child-protection-advocay-brief-child-labour.
16-Dube J. Sucidal Children. An un-published thesis for Master of Education, The faculty of Education Lethbridge Alberta, B.S.W University of Calgary. 2005.
17-Courtney E, Jeffrey G J, Alloy L. Association of Childhood Maltreatment with Hopelessness and Depression among Adolescent. Journal of Cognitive Therapy. 2008; 1(7): 4-17.
18-Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M. Child labor. Our World in Data. 2016 Feb 9.
19-Inanloo M, Seyed Fatemi N, Ghasemi F & et al. Hopelessness and Dysfunctional Attitude in Children Under the Support of Child Labor Centers in the South of Tehran in 2021. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2023; 35(140): 614-29. [Persian]
20-Sheer A, Shouping L, Yaseen M & et al. Socio-economic effects of children employment law in reducing child labor in Punjab-Pakistan. Pakistan Administrative Review. 2018; 2(3): 323-32.
21-Atik G, Kemer G. Psychometric properties of children hope scale validity and reliability study. Journal of Elementary Education online. 2008; 8(2):379-390
22-Ipek N. The levels of anxiety and hopelessness of primary education children with speech disorders and of their parents. Journal of Elementary Education Online. 2010; 9(1): 23-30.
23-Zimmerman B. Orphans living situation in Malawi: A comparison of orphanages and foster homes. Journal of Review of policy Research. 2005; 22(6): 881-899
24-Williams K. Childhood disappointment and the recession holidays. Journal of Child Study Center. 2008; 7(4): 154-160.
25-Kelson J, Rollin A, Ridout B & etal. Internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety treatment: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research. 2019; 21(1):e12530.
26-Pielech M, Vowles KE, Wicksell R. Acceptance and commitment therapy for pediatric chronic pain: theory and application. Children. 2017; 4(2): 10.
27-Critchley D, McCracken L, Wileman V, Holmes MG, Norton S, Godfrey E. Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (PACT) for people with chronic low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2019; 105(1): 34 -5.
28-Kanzler KE, Robinson PJ, McGeary DD, Mintz J, Kilpela LS, Finley EP, McGeary C, Lopez EJ, Velligan D, Munante M, Tsevat J. Addressing chronic pain with Focused Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in integrated primary care: findings from a mixed methods pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Primary Care. 2022; 23(1): 77 -91
29-Batool SA, Bilal M. Understanding child labour: the debate of children’s mental and physical health in Pakistan. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS). 2022; 3(1): 217-29.
30-Lappalainen R, Lappalainen P, Puolakanaho A, Hirvonen R, Eklund K, Ahonen T, Muotka J, Kiuru N. The Youth Compass-the effectiveness of an online acceptance and commitment therapy program to promote adolescent mental health: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of contextual behavioral science. 2021; 20:1-2.
31-Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-191
32-Kazdin AE, Rodgers A, Colbus D. The hopelessness scale for children: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1986; 54: 241-245.
33-Sanatnegar S., Hassanabadi H.R., Asgharinekah M. The effectiveness of group story therapy on reducing hopelessness and loneliness of female children in family-like community centers. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2013; 6(4): 7-23. [Persian]
34-Coopersmith S. The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.1967.
35-Matson J.L, Rotatori A.F, Helsel W.J. Development of a rating scale to measure social skills in children: The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY). Behavior Research and Therapy. 1983; 21: 335-340.
36-Spence S H. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1997; 106(2): 280.
37-Mousavi R, Moradi A, Farzad V, Mahdavi S. Psychometric properties of the Spence children's anxiety scale with an Iranian sample. Int J of Psycholy 2007; 1(1): 17–26. [Persian]
38-Bosaknejad. The effectiveness of family stress management training on the Mothers of preschool anxious children. Sci Med J Jundishapour 2012; 11(4): 26–35. [Persian]
39-Hayes SC, Strosahl KD. A Practical Guide to Acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Springer Science and Business Media Inc; 2010.
40-Heydari M, Masafi S, Jafari M, Saadat SH, Shahyad S. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety and depression of Razi Psychiatric Center staff. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 2018; 6(2): 410. [Persian]
41-Shirazi Chaleshtari Q, Ghasemi Pirblouti M, Sharifi T, Beigi Herchgani M. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on negative emotional regulation (anxiety, stress, depression) of high school male students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017. [Persian]
42-Jafari H. Comparison of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment training and emotion regulation on social anxiety and resilience of female students with first grade social anxiety disorder. Master Thesis in Psychology, Lorestan University. 2016. [Persian]
43-Mojdehi M, Etemadi A, Falsafinejad M. [Study of therapeutic interventions and effectiveness of ACT in reduction of general anxiety disordered patients symptoms]. Q J Cult Couns Psychother; 2012. 2(7): 12-23. [Persian]
44-Hayes SC. Stability and change in cognitive behavior therapy: considering the implication of ACT and RFT. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 2005; 23(2): 131-51.
45-Ibrahim A, Abdalla SM & et al. Child labor and health: a systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child’s health in low-and middle-income countries. Journal of public health. 2019; 41(1): 18-26.
46-Sedigh Rad Gh, Asgari P, Hedari A & et al. The Effects of Acceptance-Commitment Therapy on Behavior Impulsivity, Alexithymia and Disappointment in Depressed Patients. Psychological Achievements, 2021; 28(2): 12-26. [Persian]
Elahe Mahdvar (M.A.)1, Azadeh Choobforoushzadeh (Ph.D.)2, Azra Mohammad panah (Ph.D.)3, Elahe Shirovi (Ph.D.s)4
1.Master of Psychology, Departement of Humanities and social sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Departement of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Email: Azadechoobforoush@ardakan.ac.ir Tel: 09127553502
3.Assistant Professor, Departement of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
4.Ph.D Student of Psychology, Departement of Humanities and social sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The phenomenon of working and street children is one of the problems that plagues most big cities. Working children means children and teenagers who, according to social laws, under the age of 18 engage in activities to earn money. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment regarding reducing hopelessness and anxiety of working children in Yazd City.
Method: The method of the current research was semi-experimental, and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a four-week follow-up. The statistical population included working children in the age group of 8 to 12 who were covered by the welfare management of Yazd city in the spring of 2019. The study sample included 30 working children who were placed randomly in 2 control and experimental groups using convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Kazdin's Children’s Hopelessness Scale and Spence's Children’s Anxiety Scale. The experimental group received 8 one and half an hour sessions of treatment based on commitment and acceptance, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance test and SPSS software.
Results: The results of the present study, according to the analysis of covariance, showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced the level of frustration and anxiety in working children (p<0/05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the treatment based on commitment and acceptance has been able to reduce hopelessness and anxiety of working children. It is suggested to organize psychological interventions and trainings with the help of relevant organizations in order to improve working children’s mental health and reduce their anxiety and frustration.
Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Hopelessness, Anxiety, Working Children
References
1-Fatima A. Child labour in Pakistan: Addressing supply and demand side labour market dynamics. The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 2017; 28(2): 294-311.
2-Pasdar Y, Darbandi M, Nachvak SM. Nutritional status of working children as a neglected group in Kermanshah west of Iran. Journal of Community Health Research. 2014; 3(2): 124-131. [Persian]
3-Pinilla-Roncancio M, Silva R. Children in Angola: Poverty, deprivation and child labour. Child Indicators Research. 2018; 11: 981-1005.
4-Martin M. Child labour: parameters, developmental implications, causes and consequences. Contemporary Social Science. 2013; 8(2): 156-65.
5-Dash BM, Prashad L, Dutta M. Demographic trends of child labour in India: implications for policy reforms. Global Business Review. 2018; 19(5): 1345-1362.
6-Ahmadi Tabar M, Jafari F, Shafi'i N. The effectiveness of group reality therapy on aggression and anxiety in child laborers. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 5(51): 14-27. [Persian]
7-Ali E, Letourneau N, Benzies K & etal. Maternal prenatal anxiety and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems: the moderating roles of maternal-child attachment security and child sex. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 2020; 52(2): 88-99.
8-Heydari MT, Hazrati M. Explaining the role of social security in promoting social health in the informal settlement area (case: Aslam Abad area in Zanjan city). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning. 2020; 15(1): 233-248. [Persian]
9-Hill C, Waite P, Creswell C X. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2020; 26(12): 548-553.
10-Ramezani J, Hossaini M, Ghaderi MR. The relationship between test anxiety and academic performance of Nursing and Emergency Medical Technician students. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences. 2016; 9(5): 392-399. [Persian]
11-Kheiri Hassan M, Khodabakhshi A, Taghvaei D. The difference between aggression and anxiety in children working with and without sexual abuse. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 3(2): 10-15. [Persian]
12-Khankesh M, Amini Rarani M, Nosratabadi M. The effect of anger management training on aggression and anxiety in working children. Koomesh. 2020; 22 (2): 255-262. [Persian]
13-Sturrock S, Hodes M. Child labour in low-and middle-income countries and its consequences for mental health: a systematic literature review of epidemiologic studies. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2016; 25(12): 1273-1286.
14-Mahmoodnejad M, Karbalaie Mohammad Meigooni A, Sabet M. Prediction of suicidal ideation and interpersonal violence among labor children based on childhood trauma, emotion regulation difficulties and callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Psychological Achievements. 2018; 25(1): 1-22. [Persian]
15-Unicef. Child protection advocay brief: child labour. (2020). https://www.unicef.org/ documents/ child-protection-advocay-brief-child-labour.
16-Dube J. Sucidal Children. An un-published thesis for Master of Education, The faculty of Education Lethbridge Alberta, B.S.W University of Calgary. 2005.
17-Courtney E, Jeffrey G J, Alloy L. Association of Childhood Maltreatment with Hopelessness and Depression among Adolescent. Journal of Cognitive Therapy. 2008; 1(7): 4-17.
18-Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M. Child labor. Our World in Data. 2016 Feb 9.
19-Inanloo M, Seyed Fatemi N, Ghasemi F & et al. Hopelessness and Dysfunctional Attitude in Children Under the Support of Child Labor Centers in the South of Tehran in 2021. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2023; 35(140): 614-29. [Persian]
20-Sheer A, Shouping L, Yaseen M & et al. Socio-economic effects of children employment law in reducing child labor in Punjab-Pakistan. Pakistan Administrative Review. 2018; 2(3): 323-32.
21-Atik G, Kemer G. Psychometric properties of children hope scale validity and reliability study. Journal of Elementary Education online. 2008; 8(2):379-390
22-Ipek N. The levels of anxiety and hopelessness of primary education children with speech disorders and of their parents. Journal of Elementary Education Online. 2010; 9(1): 23-30.
23-Zimmerman B. Orphans living situation in Malawi: A comparison of orphanages and foster homes. Journal of Review of policy Research. 2005; 22(6): 881-899
24-Williams K. Childhood disappointment and the recession holidays. Journal of Child Study Center. 2008; 7(4): 154-160.
25-Kelson J, Rollin A, Ridout B & etal. Internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety treatment: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research. 2019; 21(1):e12530.
26-Pielech M, Vowles KE, Wicksell R. Acceptance and commitment therapy for pediatric chronic pain: theory and application. Children. 2017; 4(2): 10.
27-Critchley D, McCracken L, Wileman V, Holmes MG, Norton S, Godfrey E. Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (PACT) for people with chronic low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2019; 105(1): 34 -5.
28-Kanzler KE, Robinson PJ, McGeary DD, Mintz J, Kilpela LS, Finley EP, McGeary C, Lopez EJ, Velligan D, Munante M, Tsevat J. Addressing chronic pain with Focused Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in integrated primary care: findings from a mixed methods pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Primary Care. 2022; 23(1): 77 -91
29-Batool SA, Bilal M. Understanding child labour: the debate of children’s mental and physical health in Pakistan. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS). 2022; 3(1): 217-29.
30-Lappalainen R, Lappalainen P, Puolakanaho A, Hirvonen R, Eklund K, Ahonen T, Muotka J, Kiuru N. The Youth Compass-the effectiveness of an online acceptance and commitment therapy program to promote adolescent mental health: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of contextual behavioral science. 2021; 20:1-2.
31-Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-191
32-Kazdin AE, Rodgers A, Colbus D. The hopelessness scale for children: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1986; 54: 241-245.
33-Sanatnegar S., Hassanabadi H.R., Asgharinekah M. The effectiveness of group story therapy on reducing hopelessness and loneliness of female children in family-like community centers. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2013; 6(4): 7-23. [Persian]
34-Coopersmith S. The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.1967.
35-Matson J.L, Rotatori A.F, Helsel W.J. Development of a rating scale to measure social skills in children: The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY). Behavior Research and Therapy. 1983; 21: 335-340.
36-Spence S H. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1997; 106(2): 280.
37-Mousavi R, Moradi A, Farzad V, Mahdavi S. Psychometric properties of the Spence children's anxiety scale with an Iranian sample. Int J of Psycholy 2007; 1(1): 17–26. [Persian]
38-Bosaknejad. The effectiveness of family stress management training on the Mothers of preschool anxious children. Sci Med J Jundishapour 2012; 11(4): 26–35. [Persian]
39-Hayes SC, Strosahl KD. A Practical Guide to Acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Springer Science and Business Media Inc; 2010.
40-Heydari M, Masafi S, Jafari M, Saadat SH, Shahyad S. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety and depression of Razi Psychiatric Center staff. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 2018; 6(2): 410. [Persian]
41-Shirazi Chaleshtari Q, Ghasemi Pirblouti M, Sharifi T, Beigi Herchgani M. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on negative emotional regulation (anxiety, stress, depression) of high school male students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017. [Persian]
42-Jafari H. Comparison of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment training and emotion regulation on social anxiety and resilience of female students with first grade social anxiety disorder. Master Thesis in Psychology, Lorestan University. 2016. [Persian]
43-Mojdehi M, Etemadi A, Falsafinejad M. [Study of therapeutic interventions and effectiveness of ACT in reduction of general anxiety disordered patients symptoms]. Q J Cult Couns Psychother; 2012. 2(7): 12-23. [Persian]
44-Hayes SC. Stability and change in cognitive behavior therapy: considering the implication of ACT and RFT. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 2005; 23(2): 131-51.
45-Ibrahim A, Abdalla SM & et al. Child labor and health: a systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child’s health in low-and middle-income countries. Journal of public health. 2019; 41(1): 18-26.
46-Sedigh Rad Gh, Asgari P, Hedari A & et al. The Effects of Acceptance-Commitment Therapy on Behavior Impulsivity, Alexithymia and Disappointment in Depressed Patients. Psychological Achievements, 2021; 28(2): 12-26. [Persian]
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2023/08/6 | Accepted: 2023/12/3 | Published: 2024/01/16
Received: 2023/08/6 | Accepted: 2023/12/3 | Published: 2024/01/16
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