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TB 2023, 22(3): 61-76 |
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Ruhani A, Askari Nodoushan A, Dakhil Abbasi G, Zarei Mahmudabadi A. Investigating the Relationship between General Health and Emotional Labor among Nurses in Public and Private Hospitals. TB 2023; 22 (3) :61-76
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3457-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3457-en.html
Yazd University , aliruhani@yazd.ac.ir
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Investigating the Relationship between General Health and Emotional Labor among Nurses in Public and Private Hospitals
Ali Ruhani(Ph.D.)1, Abbas Askari Nodoushan(Ph.D.)2, Alireza Zarei mahmoodabadi(Ph.D.s)3, Golnoosh Dakhilabbasi(M.A.)4
1.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of cooperation and social welfare , School of Social Sciences,Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Email:aliruhani@yazd.ac.ir. Tel:09356404711
2.Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
3.Ph.D.s student in Sociology of social problems of Iran, School of Social Sciences,Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
4.M.A. in Social Research, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Emotional labor is known as one of the important components of work environments in which employees must use various strategies to manage and control emotions in interaction with clients. One of the important components affecting emotional labor is the general health of employees. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between general health and emotional labor among nurses in public and private hospitals of the country.
Methods: The study data were collected through a cross-sectional survey method. The research population was 480 nurses from private and public hospitals of the whole country, who were selected by non-random sampling method. The analysis of research findings was done using SPSS 22 software using bivariate and multivariate statistical tests.
Results: The results showed that the independent research variables, including insomnia, being under pressure, feeling of discomfort and depression, happiness and optimism, had a significant effect on the dependent variable. The variable of feeling of discomfort and depression with beta 0/178 and significance level of 0/002 had the greatest effect on the emotional labor variable. The results of the regression analysis showed that the independent variables explained 17% of the variance of the dependent variable.
Conclusion: Improving and promoting the general health of nurses increases their skills in emotional labor, which helps them in forming successful human relationships and creating effective therapeutic relationships with patients. In this regard, it is suggested to take the necessary measures to maintain and improve the general health of nurses, such as regular examinations and consultations and holding numerous meetings to increase morale and work motivation and strengthen intellectual and value beliefs, using fun sports, cultural, and religious programs along with granting special financial and non-financial privileges.
Keywords: General Health, Emotional Regulation, Nurses, Emotional Labor
References
1-Abedini SH, Poorshafei H. Explaining the role of employees' job performance in the organization. National conference of new achievements of the world in education, psychology, law and cultural-social studies.2018;1:368-376. [Persian]
2- Sharififardd F, Nazari N, Asayesh H, Ghanbari Afra L, Goudarzi Rad M, Shakeri M, et al. Evaluation of psychological disorders in nurses facing patients with Covid 19 in 2020. Qom Univ Med Sci.2021; 15 (2) :76-83. [Persian]
3-Shiri A, Dehghani M, Soltani A, Farsizade H. The effect of emotional work on customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: the mediating role of employee satisfaction. Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies.2016;10(31):19-39. [Persian]
4-Chau, S. L. Examining The Emotional Labor Process: A Moderated Model Of Emotional Labor And Its Effects On Job Performance And Turnover. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). USA: Akron University; 2007.
5-Habibpour Z, Khorami markani A. Emotional Intelligence and its Application in Nursing . Nurse Midwifery J.2005; 3 (4):1-11.[Persian]
6-Zanganeh S, Moradbeygi K, Rasteh M, Raisifar Z. Investigating the Degree of Job Burnout and Its Relation with the General Health of Nurses Working in Hospitals of Abadan and Khoramshahr in 2012. J ILAM university of medical science.2012;22:217-24. [Persian]
7-Arab M, Movahed Kor E, Hosseini M. Effective Factor Analysis on Health Related Absence among Nurses of Clinical Wards in General Hospitals Affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Hospital. 2016;15(1):21-30.[Persian]
8-Habibpour Z, Akbarbeiglo M, Sakhai SH & Mokhtari L. Prevalence of burnout syndrome in women working in health facilities in Khoy city 2011. Community Health. 2012; 6(3-4): 17-24. [Persian]
9-Saberian M, Hajiaghajani S, Ghorbani R, Behnam B, Maddah S. The mental health status of employees in Semnan University of Medical Sciences (2006). Koomesh. 2007; 8 (2) :85-92. [Persian]
10-Maghsoodi S, Hesabi M, Monfared A. General health and related factors in employed nurses in Medical-Educational Centers in Rasht. Journal of Holistic Nursing Midwifery. 2015;25(1):63-72. [Persian]
11-Hosseini F, Fasihi Harandi T, Kazemi M, Rezaeian M, Hosseini R. The Relationship between Sleep Quality and General Health of Nurses in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. JRUMS. 2013;12 (10) :843-54. [Persian]
12-Lee, G., Kim, T., Shin, S. H., & Oh, I. K. The managed heart: the structural analysis of the stressor–strain relationship and customer orientation among emotional labor workers in Korean hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2012; 31(4): 1067–82.
13-Karatepe, O. M., & Choubtarash, H. The effects of perceived crowding, emotional dissonance, and emotional exhaustion on critical job outcomes: A study of ground staff in the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management,2014,33(40), 182-91.
14-Dehghankar L, Askarian Omran S, Hassandoost F, Abbas Pour S, Jourabchi Z, Rafiei H. General Health of Iranian Registered Nurses: A Cross Sectional Study. I J Novel Research in Healthcare, 2016;3(2):105-108. [Persian]
15-Taghadosi M, Bolandian Sh, Nabizade Z, General health in Iranian nurses, a systematic review. Journal of the Army School of Nursing of the Islamic Republic of Iran,2018;5(3):229-38. [Persian]
16-Alipoor F, Inanloo M. The General Health of the Intensive Care Unit Nurses of the Selected Teaching Hospitals Affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (2019). Iran Journal of Nursing (IJN),2020;33(125): 1-12. [Persian]
17-Zolghadr R, Rahimpoor R. Evaluation of General Health and Mental Health Status of Nurses in Larestan County. Journal of Health and Care,2021;23(2):145-55. [Persian]
18-Khaki S, Fallahi M, Arsalani N, Raad M, Sadeghi N, Nematifard T. Mental Health Status of Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.Iranian Journal of Systematic Review in Medical Sciences (IJSR), 2021;2(2):36-53. [Persian]
19-Poorebrahimi M, Memari A, Bamdad M, Hosseini A, Fattah L. The Relationship between the Quality of working Life and General Health of Nursing Staff of Razi Psychiatric Center in Tehran.Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing (IJRN),2019;5(4):43-9. [Persian]
20-Najafi F, Kermansaravi F, Gangozehi E. The Relationship between General Health and Quality of Work Life of Nurses Working in Zahedan Teaching Hospitals. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing (IJRN),2018;4(2):53-8. [Persian]
21-https://www.isna.ir/news/9.
22-Niazi M, Menati R, Delpisheh A, Menati S, Kassani A. The Association between General Health and Emotional Intelligence in the Nurses of Ilam Province. Sadra Medical Sciences Journal . 2017;3(3):179-90. [Persian]
23-Farsi Z ,Nayeri ND, Sajadi A. General health status and burnout of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation nurses in Tehran. Inter J Community Based Nursing and Midwifery.2013 ;1(1):52-61.[Persian]
24-Ghanbari-Afra L, Mardani Hamooleh M, Ghanbari-Afra M, Salamat A. General Health of Nurses in Special Care Units of Hos- pitals in Qom: Descriptive-cross-sectional Study. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2022; 16(1):30-9. [Persian]
25-Fernandes JdC, Portela LF, Griep RH, Rotenberg L. Working hours and health in nurses of public hospitals according to gender. Revista de saude publica. 2017;51(63):1-13.
26-Melnyk BM, Orsolini L, Tan A, Arslanian-Engoren C, Melkus GD, Dunbar-Jacob J, et al. A national study links nurses' Physical and mental health to medical errors and Perceived worksite well-ness. J OccuP Environ Med. 2018; 60(2):126-31.
27-Firoozi M, Shakouri H. Mask on the Emotions: the Role of Emotional Labor on Mental Health and Resiliency of Nurses. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing (IJPN),2019;6(6):89 95. [Persian]
28- Chen C-C, Lan Y-L, Chiou S-L, Lin Y-C. The Effect of Emotional Labor on the Physical and Mental Health of Health Professionals: Emotional Exhaustion Has a Mediating Effect. Healthcare. 2023; 11(1):104.
29-Karimi L, Leggat SG, Donohue L, Farrell G, Couper GE. Emotional rescue: the role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(1):176-86
30-Baker, O.G., Alshehri, B.D. The Relationship between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among Saudi Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nurse Media Journal of Nursing,2020; 10(3), 292-305.
31-Sudeshna Basu Mukherjee. Multidimensionality and Complexity of Role Stress: An Empirical Study of the Public and Private Sector Managers in Kolkata, Open Access Library Journal, 2015 ;2 .(8).243-61.
32-Asadi M, Nazari AM, Shakoori Z, Aaadat R. Relationship between mental health and job satisfaction of female and male teachers , Journal of Women and Family Studies,2014 ;25, 25-42. [Persian]
33-Bakhshipour B, Dousti Y, Mohammadirad A, Khosravi A. The relationship between personality characteristics and mental health with job satisfaction. Journal of Knowledge & Health 2014 ; 9 (2) :27-32. [Persian]
34-Shakerinia I. Moral turmoil, burnout and mental health in nurses Yazd city, Journal of Medical Fiqh,2012;4(12),167-91. [Persian]
35-Rahimi S. Investigating the factors of job stress and its relationship with job satisfaction in physical education staff in Fars province, Olympic Journal;2009,17(1),7-17. [Persian]
36-Abdi F, Kaviani H, Khaghanizade M, Moemeni A. The relationship between burnout and mental health among nurses, Tehran University Medical Journal;2007, 65( 6), 65-75. [Persian]
37-Samkhanian A, Eftekhari A. Assessment of stress, depression and job satisfaction among different dental specialties in Zanjan in 2019. Journal of Dental Medicine-Tehran University of Medical Sciences.2021;16-34. [Persian]
38-Dehghani F, Golbabaei F, Omidi F, Zakerian A. Investigation of the effect of unusual work shifts and sleeps deprivation on cognitive performance in workers in an automotive industry. Iran Occupational Health. 2019;16(3):26-35. [Persian]
39-Mahmoodian A, Irannejad K, Mortazavi A, Motamedi N. The Relationship between Sleep Quality and Work Ability among theEmployees of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in Year 2017. Journal of Isfahan Medical School.2019;37(527):542 -547. [Persian]
40-Hirani F. The effect of job pressure on the performance of Mashhad Workers' Refah Bank employees according to demographic variables. the fifth international conference on modern research,2016:24-36.
41-Aghaz A, Tarighian A. The mediating effect of optimism towards career advancement in the relationship between person-job fit and person-organization fit. Iranian Journal of Iranian Management Sciences.2015;10(37):79-102. [Persian]
Ali Ruhani(Ph.D.)1, Abbas Askari Nodoushan(Ph.D.)2, Alireza Zarei mahmoodabadi(Ph.D.s)3, Golnoosh Dakhilabbasi(M.A.)4
1.Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of cooperation and social welfare , School of Social Sciences,Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Email:aliruhani@yazd.ac.ir. Tel:09356404711
2.Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
3.Ph.D.s student in Sociology of social problems of Iran, School of Social Sciences,Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
4.M.A. in Social Research, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Emotional labor is known as one of the important components of work environments in which employees must use various strategies to manage and control emotions in interaction with clients. One of the important components affecting emotional labor is the general health of employees. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between general health and emotional labor among nurses in public and private hospitals of the country.
Methods: The study data were collected through a cross-sectional survey method. The research population was 480 nurses from private and public hospitals of the whole country, who were selected by non-random sampling method. The analysis of research findings was done using SPSS 22 software using bivariate and multivariate statistical tests.
Results: The results showed that the independent research variables, including insomnia, being under pressure, feeling of discomfort and depression, happiness and optimism, had a significant effect on the dependent variable. The variable of feeling of discomfort and depression with beta 0/178 and significance level of 0/002 had the greatest effect on the emotional labor variable. The results of the regression analysis showed that the independent variables explained 17% of the variance of the dependent variable.
Conclusion: Improving and promoting the general health of nurses increases their skills in emotional labor, which helps them in forming successful human relationships and creating effective therapeutic relationships with patients. In this regard, it is suggested to take the necessary measures to maintain and improve the general health of nurses, such as regular examinations and consultations and holding numerous meetings to increase morale and work motivation and strengthen intellectual and value beliefs, using fun sports, cultural, and religious programs along with granting special financial and non-financial privileges.
Keywords: General Health, Emotional Regulation, Nurses, Emotional Labor
References
1-Abedini SH, Poorshafei H. Explaining the role of employees' job performance in the organization. National conference of new achievements of the world in education, psychology, law and cultural-social studies.2018;1:368-376. [Persian]
2- Sharififardd F, Nazari N, Asayesh H, Ghanbari Afra L, Goudarzi Rad M, Shakeri M, et al. Evaluation of psychological disorders in nurses facing patients with Covid 19 in 2020. Qom Univ Med Sci.2021; 15 (2) :76-83. [Persian]
3-Shiri A, Dehghani M, Soltani A, Farsizade H. The effect of emotional work on customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: the mediating role of employee satisfaction. Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies.2016;10(31):19-39. [Persian]
4-Chau, S. L. Examining The Emotional Labor Process: A Moderated Model Of Emotional Labor And Its Effects On Job Performance And Turnover. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). USA: Akron University; 2007.
5-Habibpour Z, Khorami markani A. Emotional Intelligence and its Application in Nursing . Nurse Midwifery J.2005; 3 (4):1-11.[Persian]
6-Zanganeh S, Moradbeygi K, Rasteh M, Raisifar Z. Investigating the Degree of Job Burnout and Its Relation with the General Health of Nurses Working in Hospitals of Abadan and Khoramshahr in 2012. J ILAM university of medical science.2012;22:217-24. [Persian]
7-Arab M, Movahed Kor E, Hosseini M. Effective Factor Analysis on Health Related Absence among Nurses of Clinical Wards in General Hospitals Affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Hospital. 2016;15(1):21-30.[Persian]
8-Habibpour Z, Akbarbeiglo M, Sakhai SH & Mokhtari L. Prevalence of burnout syndrome in women working in health facilities in Khoy city 2011. Community Health. 2012; 6(3-4): 17-24. [Persian]
9-Saberian M, Hajiaghajani S, Ghorbani R, Behnam B, Maddah S. The mental health status of employees in Semnan University of Medical Sciences (2006). Koomesh. 2007; 8 (2) :85-92. [Persian]
10-Maghsoodi S, Hesabi M, Monfared A. General health and related factors in employed nurses in Medical-Educational Centers in Rasht. Journal of Holistic Nursing Midwifery. 2015;25(1):63-72. [Persian]
11-Hosseini F, Fasihi Harandi T, Kazemi M, Rezaeian M, Hosseini R. The Relationship between Sleep Quality and General Health of Nurses in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. JRUMS. 2013;12 (10) :843-54. [Persian]
12-Lee, G., Kim, T., Shin, S. H., & Oh, I. K. The managed heart: the structural analysis of the stressor–strain relationship and customer orientation among emotional labor workers in Korean hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2012; 31(4): 1067–82.
13-Karatepe, O. M., & Choubtarash, H. The effects of perceived crowding, emotional dissonance, and emotional exhaustion on critical job outcomes: A study of ground staff in the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management,2014,33(40), 182-91.
14-Dehghankar L, Askarian Omran S, Hassandoost F, Abbas Pour S, Jourabchi Z, Rafiei H. General Health of Iranian Registered Nurses: A Cross Sectional Study. I J Novel Research in Healthcare, 2016;3(2):105-108. [Persian]
15-Taghadosi M, Bolandian Sh, Nabizade Z, General health in Iranian nurses, a systematic review. Journal of the Army School of Nursing of the Islamic Republic of Iran,2018;5(3):229-38. [Persian]
16-Alipoor F, Inanloo M. The General Health of the Intensive Care Unit Nurses of the Selected Teaching Hospitals Affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (2019). Iran Journal of Nursing (IJN),2020;33(125): 1-12. [Persian]
17-Zolghadr R, Rahimpoor R. Evaluation of General Health and Mental Health Status of Nurses in Larestan County. Journal of Health and Care,2021;23(2):145-55. [Persian]
18-Khaki S, Fallahi M, Arsalani N, Raad M, Sadeghi N, Nematifard T. Mental Health Status of Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.Iranian Journal of Systematic Review in Medical Sciences (IJSR), 2021;2(2):36-53. [Persian]
19-Poorebrahimi M, Memari A, Bamdad M, Hosseini A, Fattah L. The Relationship between the Quality of working Life and General Health of Nursing Staff of Razi Psychiatric Center in Tehran.Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing (IJRN),2019;5(4):43-9. [Persian]
20-Najafi F, Kermansaravi F, Gangozehi E. The Relationship between General Health and Quality of Work Life of Nurses Working in Zahedan Teaching Hospitals. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing (IJRN),2018;4(2):53-8. [Persian]
21-https://www.isna.ir/news/9.
22-Niazi M, Menati R, Delpisheh A, Menati S, Kassani A. The Association between General Health and Emotional Intelligence in the Nurses of Ilam Province. Sadra Medical Sciences Journal . 2017;3(3):179-90. [Persian]
23-Farsi Z ,Nayeri ND, Sajadi A. General health status and burnout of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation nurses in Tehran. Inter J Community Based Nursing and Midwifery.2013 ;1(1):52-61.[Persian]
24-Ghanbari-Afra L, Mardani Hamooleh M, Ghanbari-Afra M, Salamat A. General Health of Nurses in Special Care Units of Hos- pitals in Qom: Descriptive-cross-sectional Study. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2022; 16(1):30-9. [Persian]
25-Fernandes JdC, Portela LF, Griep RH, Rotenberg L. Working hours and health in nurses of public hospitals according to gender. Revista de saude publica. 2017;51(63):1-13.
26-Melnyk BM, Orsolini L, Tan A, Arslanian-Engoren C, Melkus GD, Dunbar-Jacob J, et al. A national study links nurses' Physical and mental health to medical errors and Perceived worksite well-ness. J OccuP Environ Med. 2018; 60(2):126-31.
27-Firoozi M, Shakouri H. Mask on the Emotions: the Role of Emotional Labor on Mental Health and Resiliency of Nurses. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing (IJPN),2019;6(6):89 95. [Persian]
28- Chen C-C, Lan Y-L, Chiou S-L, Lin Y-C. The Effect of Emotional Labor on the Physical and Mental Health of Health Professionals: Emotional Exhaustion Has a Mediating Effect. Healthcare. 2023; 11(1):104.
29-Karimi L, Leggat SG, Donohue L, Farrell G, Couper GE. Emotional rescue: the role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(1):176-86
30-Baker, O.G., Alshehri, B.D. The Relationship between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among Saudi Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nurse Media Journal of Nursing,2020; 10(3), 292-305.
31-Sudeshna Basu Mukherjee. Multidimensionality and Complexity of Role Stress: An Empirical Study of the Public and Private Sector Managers in Kolkata, Open Access Library Journal, 2015 ;2 .(8).243-61.
32-Asadi M, Nazari AM, Shakoori Z, Aaadat R. Relationship between mental health and job satisfaction of female and male teachers , Journal of Women and Family Studies,2014 ;25, 25-42. [Persian]
33-Bakhshipour B, Dousti Y, Mohammadirad A, Khosravi A. The relationship between personality characteristics and mental health with job satisfaction. Journal of Knowledge & Health 2014 ; 9 (2) :27-32. [Persian]
34-Shakerinia I. Moral turmoil, burnout and mental health in nurses Yazd city, Journal of Medical Fiqh,2012;4(12),167-91. [Persian]
35-Rahimi S. Investigating the factors of job stress and its relationship with job satisfaction in physical education staff in Fars province, Olympic Journal;2009,17(1),7-17. [Persian]
36-Abdi F, Kaviani H, Khaghanizade M, Moemeni A. The relationship between burnout and mental health among nurses, Tehran University Medical Journal;2007, 65( 6), 65-75. [Persian]
37-Samkhanian A, Eftekhari A. Assessment of stress, depression and job satisfaction among different dental specialties in Zanjan in 2019. Journal of Dental Medicine-Tehran University of Medical Sciences.2021;16-34. [Persian]
38-Dehghani F, Golbabaei F, Omidi F, Zakerian A. Investigation of the effect of unusual work shifts and sleeps deprivation on cognitive performance in workers in an automotive industry. Iran Occupational Health. 2019;16(3):26-35. [Persian]
39-Mahmoodian A, Irannejad K, Mortazavi A, Motamedi N. The Relationship between Sleep Quality and Work Ability among theEmployees of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in Year 2017. Journal of Isfahan Medical School.2019;37(527):542 -547. [Persian]
40-Hirani F. The effect of job pressure on the performance of Mashhad Workers' Refah Bank employees according to demographic variables. the fifth international conference on modern research,2016:24-36.
41-Aghaz A, Tarighian A. The mediating effect of optimism towards career advancement in the relationship between person-job fit and person-organization fit. Iranian Journal of Iranian Management Sciences.2015;10(37):79-102. [Persian]
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Received: 2022/11/3 | Accepted: 2023/03/5 | Published: 2023/09/1
Received: 2022/11/3 | Accepted: 2023/03/5 | Published: 2023/09/1
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