Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2022)
TB 2022, 21(3): 12-29 |
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Baghaeipour L, Sajjadian I, Golparvar M. Investigating the Self-Worth Correlations of Depressed Women: The Mediating Role of Acceptance, Body Appreciation, and Psychological Capital. TB 2022; 21 (3) :12-29
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3332-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3332-en.html
Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. , i.sajjadian@khuisf.ac.ir
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Investigating the Self-Worth Correlations of Depressed Women: The Mediating Role of Acceptance, Body Appreciation, and Psychological Capital
Leila Baghaipour (Ph.D.S)1, Ilnaz Sajjadian (Ph.D.)2, Mohsen Golparvar (Ph.D.)3
1.P.hD. student in General Psychology, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Proffesor, Clinical Psychology Department, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Email: i.sajjadian@khuisf.ac.ir Tel: 09132107905
3.Associate Professor, Psychology and Educational Sciences Department, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Introduction: Self-worth is a component that affects mental and physical health. This study aims to identify the variables that are correlated with self-esteem and investigate the mediating role of acceptance, body appreciation, and psychological capital in the obtained model.
Methods: This research is a correlational type based on structural equations. The statistical sample included 400 depressed women aged 18 to 50 years in Yazd in winter 2019 and spring 2020, who was selected by the convenience sampling method. To collect data, questionnaires on self-worth, psychological capital, self-awareness, self-compassion, acceptance, cognitive regulation, and body appreciation were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Amos software .
Results: The direct effects of all paths except positive cognitive regulation on self-worth, negative cognitive regulation on self-worth, self-awareness on self-worth, and also on self-acceptance, were significant (p<0.05). The indirect effects of positive and negative cognitive regulation, self-awareness, and psychosocial capital with the mediation of self-compassion were significant (p<0.05). Also, the indirect effects of positive and negative cognitive regulation, self-awareness, and psychosocial capital with the mediation of self-acceptance were significant (p<0.05)
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, increasing self-worth through the correlations of this variable (self-compassion, self-awareness and cognitive regulation, acceptance, psychological capital, and body appreciation) can help improve the mental health of depressed women.
Keywords: Self-Worth, Depression, Psychological Capital, Acceptance, Body Appreciation
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
1- Gorgy S, Aghaei A, Golparvar M. Development of an educational package to deal with job stress and compare its effectiveness with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety and depression of employees. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology. 2021; 22 (1): 103-20.
2- Gaefari s, Kordtamini B, Kahrazani F. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on reducing depression and mental rumination in women with cancer. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 28 (3): 210-19.
3- Young K, Singh G. Biological mechanisms of cancer induced depression. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 299.
4- Heidari F, Helali H, Baradaranbnazir M. Prevalence and determinants of depressive disorder during pregnancy and postpartum. Journal of Health Image.2021; 12 (2): 170-77.
5- Barlow DH. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. New York: Guilford publications.2014.
6- Noferesti A, Roshan R, Fata L, Hasanabadi HR, Pasandide A, Shaeri MR. The effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy on happiness and biopsychology of people with depressive symptoms: a single-subject study with several baseline. Positive Psychology Research Journal.2015; 1 (1): 18-1.
7-Crocker J. From egosystem to ecosystem: Implications for learning, relationships, and well-being. Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego. 2008; 63-72.
8-Crocker J, Luhtanen RK, Cooper ML , Bouvrette S. Contingencies of selfworth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 85: 894-908.
9-Zaki MA. Testing and validation of self-esteem questionnaire among male and female high school students in Isfahan. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 2012; 2 (7): 63-85.
10-Rashid T , Seligman ME. Positive psychotherapy in current psychotherapies (10th Ed). By R. J. Corsini & D. Wedding, Belmont, CA: Cengage. 2013.
11- Seligman ME, Rashid T & Parks AC. Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist. 2006; 61 (8): 774-8.
12- Khangani M. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on Life Satisfaction, Optimism and Positive Emotions in Students. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 2017; 7 (27): 137-59
13- Lyubomirsky S, Dickerhoof R, Boehm JK. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: Two experimental longitudinal interventions to boost well-being. Emotion. 2011; 11(2): 391-402.
14-Avey JB, Reichard RJ, Luthans F, Mhatre KH. Metaanalysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human resource development quarterly. 2011; 22(2):127-52.
15-Creed PA, Machin MA, Hicks RE. Improving mental health status and coping abilities for long term unemployed youth using cognitive behaviour therapy based training interventions. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1999; 20(6):963-78.
16-Abyar A. Predicting marital adjustment based on self-compassion, mindfulness and emotion regulation in working couples in Ferdows, Master Thesis in General Psychology. 2021.
17-Mansorsafaeiyan Z. Predicting mental health in female-headed households based on resilience and self-compassion mediated by emotion regulation, Master Thesis in Positive Psychology. 2020.
18-Abadikoshkmehdi N. The effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on self-care and psychological capital of female-headed households, Master Thesis in Family Counseling. 2019.
19- Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Relationships betweencognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life events. JournalYouth Adolescent. 2003; 10(32): 401-408.
20-Gross JJ. Emotion regulation. In: Feldman Barrett Lss, Salovey P, editors. The Wisdom inFeeling: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence. New York: Guilford Press. 2002.
21- Bender J, O'Connor an M, Evans A D. Mirror, mirror on the wall: Increasing young children’s honesty through inducing selfawareness. Journal of experimental
Child psychology. 2018; 167: 414-22.
22-Topuz C, Arasan Z. Selfawareness group counseling model for prospective counselors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 143: 638-42.
23-Kirkpatrick A, Rusch L. Addressing Self-Efficacy and Self- Awareness in Undergraduate Nursing Students Through End-of-Life Simulation . 2016:21.
24-Sungur G. The Effect of Online Self-Esteem and Awareness Training Program on University Students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 197: 476-81.
25-Alise A, Maclaren K. bita. Rational Behavior Therapy - Emotion, translated by Mehrdad Firooz Bakht, Tehran: Rasa Publishing. 2006.
26- Safara M, Khanbabaei M, Khanbabaei M. The effectiveness of spiritual counseling based on spirituality on positive relationships with others and self-acceptance in girls after parental divorce: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Religion and Health. 2020; 6 (2): 49-61.
27-Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image.2003; 1(1):99-111.
28-Grogan S. Body image and health contemporary perspectives. J Health Psychol. 2006; 11(4):523-30.
29-Kachoei M, Shahmoradi S. Relationship between body mass and body appreciation and symptoms of eating disorders: The moderating role of self-efficacy in female students. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism.2020; 19 (2): 103-13.
30-Chamberlain JM, Haaga, DA. Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 2001; 19: 163-76.
31- Kalantari F, Davodi I, Basaknejad S, Mehrabi honarmand M, Karandish M. The Effectiveness of Rational-Emotional-Behavioral Therapy on Behavioral Mass Index, Weight Self-Test and Behavior Image in Overweight Adolescent Girls. Journal of Psychological Achievements. 2015; 22 (2): 75-98.
32-Neff KD, Dahm KA. Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation Springer. 2015; 121-37.
33-Shahbazi M, Rajabi GH, Maghmi A, Gelodari A. Confirmatory factor structure of the Persian version of the revised Compassion Rating Scale - Self in a group of prisoners. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 2015; 6 (19): 31-46.
34-Besharat MA, Bazazian S. Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of Emotional Regulation Cognitive Questionnaire in a Sample of Iranian Society. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery.2014; 84: 61-70.
35-Mc G, Elizabeth A, "An Examination of the Stability of Positive Psychological Capital Using Frequency-Based Measurement." PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/999.
36- Golparvar M, Gaefari M, Gavadian Z. Predicting psychological capital through the components of spirituality in nurses. Quarterly Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2013; 1 (3): 35-44.
37- Newstorm JW, Keith D. Organizational Behavior. Eleventh Edition, McGraw- Hill. 2002.
38- Latifian M, Seif D. The effect of self-awareness on students' interpersonal relationship disorders, social sciences and humanities. Shiraz University. Special Issue of Educational Sciences. 2007; 26(3): 137-50.
39-Avalos LC, Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow N. The Body AppreciationScale: Development and psychometric evaluation..2005;2:285–97. http://dx.doi.org /10. 1016/j. bodyim.2005; 6:2.
40-Tylka TL,Wood-Barcalow N. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometricevaluation. Body Image. 2015; 12: 53-67.
41-Gilbert P, Procter SJ. Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self criticism: Overview and pilotstudy of a group therapy approach. 2006; 13(6):379-353.
42-Bakhtiari A. Comparison of emotional schema and mindfulness in women with major depressive disorder, postpartum depression and normal women, Master Thesis in Clinical Psychology. 2015.
43- Liu C, Zhao Y, Tian X, Zou G, Li P. Negative life events and school adjustment among Chinese nursing students: The mediating role of psychological capital. Nurse education today.2015; 35(6):754-9.
44- Mansorigalilian H. Predicting quality of life based on psychological toughness, psychological capital and self-compassion mediated by psychological empowerment of female-headed households in Tehrans 5th district, Master Thesis in General Psychology. 2020.
45- Mashayekhinia N. The effectiveness of self-compassion training on emotional regulation and intimacy of couples in Marivan, Master Thesis in Family Counseling. 2018.
46-Tortella-Feliu M, Balle M, Sese A. Relationships between negative affectivity, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescents as examined through structural equation modeling. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2010; 7(24): 686-69.
47-Diedrich A, Grant M, Hofmann SG, et al. Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour research therapy. 2014; 58: 43-51.
48-Luthans F, Youssef-Morgan CM. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017; 4:339-66.
49- Sadeghian A, Fakhri MK, Hasanzade R. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Education on Self-Esteem and Psychological Capital of Divorced Children. Journal of Social Health. 2019; 6 (3): 294-304.
50-Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review.2011; 31(6): 1041–56.
51-Thompson RW, Arnkoff DB, Glass CR. Conceptualizing mindfulness and acceptance as
Components of psychological resilience to trauma. Trauma Violence Abuse.2011; 12 (4):
220-35.
52-McKee A, Johnston F, Massimilian R. Mindfulness, Hope and Compassion: A Leader's Road Map to Renewal Ivey Business Journal. 2016; 70(5): 1- 5.
Leila Baghaipour (Ph.D.S)1, Ilnaz Sajjadian (Ph.D.)2, Mohsen Golparvar (Ph.D.)3
1.P.hD. student in General Psychology, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2.Corresponding Author: Associate Proffesor, Clinical Psychology Department, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Email: i.sajjadian@khuisf.ac.ir Tel: 09132107905
3.Associate Professor, Psychology and Educational Sciences Department, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Introduction: Self-worth is a component that affects mental and physical health. This study aims to identify the variables that are correlated with self-esteem and investigate the mediating role of acceptance, body appreciation, and psychological capital in the obtained model.
Methods: This research is a correlational type based on structural equations. The statistical sample included 400 depressed women aged 18 to 50 years in Yazd in winter 2019 and spring 2020, who was selected by the convenience sampling method. To collect data, questionnaires on self-worth, psychological capital, self-awareness, self-compassion, acceptance, cognitive regulation, and body appreciation were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Amos software .
Results: The direct effects of all paths except positive cognitive regulation on self-worth, negative cognitive regulation on self-worth, self-awareness on self-worth, and also on self-acceptance, were significant (p<0.05). The indirect effects of positive and negative cognitive regulation, self-awareness, and psychosocial capital with the mediation of self-compassion were significant (p<0.05). Also, the indirect effects of positive and negative cognitive regulation, self-awareness, and psychosocial capital with the mediation of self-acceptance were significant (p<0.05)
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, increasing self-worth through the correlations of this variable (self-compassion, self-awareness and cognitive regulation, acceptance, psychological capital, and body appreciation) can help improve the mental health of depressed women.
Keywords: Self-Worth, Depression, Psychological Capital, Acceptance, Body Appreciation
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
1- Gorgy S, Aghaei A, Golparvar M. Development of an educational package to deal with job stress and compare its effectiveness with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety and depression of employees. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology. 2021; 22 (1): 103-20.
2- Gaefari s, Kordtamini B, Kahrazani F. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on reducing depression and mental rumination in women with cancer. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 28 (3): 210-19.
3- Young K, Singh G. Biological mechanisms of cancer induced depression. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 299.
4- Heidari F, Helali H, Baradaranbnazir M. Prevalence and determinants of depressive disorder during pregnancy and postpartum. Journal of Health Image.2021; 12 (2): 170-77.
5- Barlow DH. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. New York: Guilford publications.2014.
6- Noferesti A, Roshan R, Fata L, Hasanabadi HR, Pasandide A, Shaeri MR. The effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy on happiness and biopsychology of people with depressive symptoms: a single-subject study with several baseline. Positive Psychology Research Journal.2015; 1 (1): 18-1.
7-Crocker J. From egosystem to ecosystem: Implications for learning, relationships, and well-being. Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego. 2008; 63-72.
8-Crocker J, Luhtanen RK, Cooper ML , Bouvrette S. Contingencies of selfworth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 85: 894-908.
9-Zaki MA. Testing and validation of self-esteem questionnaire among male and female high school students in Isfahan. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 2012; 2 (7): 63-85.
10-Rashid T , Seligman ME. Positive psychotherapy in current psychotherapies (10th Ed). By R. J. Corsini & D. Wedding, Belmont, CA: Cengage. 2013.
11- Seligman ME, Rashid T & Parks AC. Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist. 2006; 61 (8): 774-8.
12- Khangani M. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on Life Satisfaction, Optimism and Positive Emotions in Students. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 2017; 7 (27): 137-59
13- Lyubomirsky S, Dickerhoof R, Boehm JK. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: Two experimental longitudinal interventions to boost well-being. Emotion. 2011; 11(2): 391-402.
14-Avey JB, Reichard RJ, Luthans F, Mhatre KH. Metaanalysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human resource development quarterly. 2011; 22(2):127-52.
15-Creed PA, Machin MA, Hicks RE. Improving mental health status and coping abilities for long term unemployed youth using cognitive behaviour therapy based training interventions. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1999; 20(6):963-78.
16-Abyar A. Predicting marital adjustment based on self-compassion, mindfulness and emotion regulation in working couples in Ferdows, Master Thesis in General Psychology. 2021.
17-Mansorsafaeiyan Z. Predicting mental health in female-headed households based on resilience and self-compassion mediated by emotion regulation, Master Thesis in Positive Psychology. 2020.
18-Abadikoshkmehdi N. The effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on self-care and psychological capital of female-headed households, Master Thesis in Family Counseling. 2019.
19- Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Relationships betweencognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life events. JournalYouth Adolescent. 2003; 10(32): 401-408.
20-Gross JJ. Emotion regulation. In: Feldman Barrett Lss, Salovey P, editors. The Wisdom inFeeling: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence. New York: Guilford Press. 2002.
21- Bender J, O'Connor an M, Evans A D. Mirror, mirror on the wall: Increasing young children’s honesty through inducing selfawareness. Journal of experimental
Child psychology. 2018; 167: 414-22.
22-Topuz C, Arasan Z. Selfawareness group counseling model for prospective counselors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 143: 638-42.
23-Kirkpatrick A, Rusch L. Addressing Self-Efficacy and Self- Awareness in Undergraduate Nursing Students Through End-of-Life Simulation . 2016:21.
24-Sungur G. The Effect of Online Self-Esteem and Awareness Training Program on University Students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 197: 476-81.
25-Alise A, Maclaren K. bita. Rational Behavior Therapy - Emotion, translated by Mehrdad Firooz Bakht, Tehran: Rasa Publishing. 2006.
26- Safara M, Khanbabaei M, Khanbabaei M. The effectiveness of spiritual counseling based on spirituality on positive relationships with others and self-acceptance in girls after parental divorce: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Religion and Health. 2020; 6 (2): 49-61.
27-Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image.2003; 1(1):99-111.
28-Grogan S. Body image and health contemporary perspectives. J Health Psychol. 2006; 11(4):523-30.
29-Kachoei M, Shahmoradi S. Relationship between body mass and body appreciation and symptoms of eating disorders: The moderating role of self-efficacy in female students. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism.2020; 19 (2): 103-13.
30-Chamberlain JM, Haaga, DA. Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 2001; 19: 163-76.
31- Kalantari F, Davodi I, Basaknejad S, Mehrabi honarmand M, Karandish M. The Effectiveness of Rational-Emotional-Behavioral Therapy on Behavioral Mass Index, Weight Self-Test and Behavior Image in Overweight Adolescent Girls. Journal of Psychological Achievements. 2015; 22 (2): 75-98.
32-Neff KD, Dahm KA. Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation Springer. 2015; 121-37.
33-Shahbazi M, Rajabi GH, Maghmi A, Gelodari A. Confirmatory factor structure of the Persian version of the revised Compassion Rating Scale - Self in a group of prisoners. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 2015; 6 (19): 31-46.
34-Besharat MA, Bazazian S. Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of Emotional Regulation Cognitive Questionnaire in a Sample of Iranian Society. Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery.2014; 84: 61-70.
35-Mc G, Elizabeth A, "An Examination of the Stability of Positive Psychological Capital Using Frequency-Based Measurement." PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/999.
36- Golparvar M, Gaefari M, Gavadian Z. Predicting psychological capital through the components of spirituality in nurses. Quarterly Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2013; 1 (3): 35-44.
37- Newstorm JW, Keith D. Organizational Behavior. Eleventh Edition, McGraw- Hill. 2002.
38- Latifian M, Seif D. The effect of self-awareness on students' interpersonal relationship disorders, social sciences and humanities. Shiraz University. Special Issue of Educational Sciences. 2007; 26(3): 137-50.
39-Avalos LC, Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow N. The Body AppreciationScale: Development and psychometric evaluation..2005;2:285–97. http://dx.doi.org /10. 1016/j. bodyim.2005; 6:2.
40-Tylka TL,Wood-Barcalow N. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometricevaluation. Body Image. 2015; 12: 53-67.
41-Gilbert P, Procter SJ. Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self criticism: Overview and pilotstudy of a group therapy approach. 2006; 13(6):379-353.
42-Bakhtiari A. Comparison of emotional schema and mindfulness in women with major depressive disorder, postpartum depression and normal women, Master Thesis in Clinical Psychology. 2015.
43- Liu C, Zhao Y, Tian X, Zou G, Li P. Negative life events and school adjustment among Chinese nursing students: The mediating role of psychological capital. Nurse education today.2015; 35(6):754-9.
44- Mansorigalilian H. Predicting quality of life based on psychological toughness, psychological capital and self-compassion mediated by psychological empowerment of female-headed households in Tehrans 5th district, Master Thesis in General Psychology. 2020.
45- Mashayekhinia N. The effectiveness of self-compassion training on emotional regulation and intimacy of couples in Marivan, Master Thesis in Family Counseling. 2018.
46-Tortella-Feliu M, Balle M, Sese A. Relationships between negative affectivity, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescents as examined through structural equation modeling. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2010; 7(24): 686-69.
47-Diedrich A, Grant M, Hofmann SG, et al. Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour research therapy. 2014; 58: 43-51.
48-Luthans F, Youssef-Morgan CM. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017; 4:339-66.
49- Sadeghian A, Fakhri MK, Hasanzade R. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Education on Self-Esteem and Psychological Capital of Divorced Children. Journal of Social Health. 2019; 6 (3): 294-304.
50-Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review.2011; 31(6): 1041–56.
51-Thompson RW, Arnkoff DB, Glass CR. Conceptualizing mindfulness and acceptance as
Components of psychological resilience to trauma. Trauma Violence Abuse.2011; 12 (4):
220-35.
52-McKee A, Johnston F, Massimilian R. Mindfulness, Hope and Compassion: A Leader's Road Map to Renewal Ivey Business Journal. 2016; 70(5): 1- 5.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2022/04/14 | Accepted: 2022/09/1 | Published: 2022/09/1
Received: 2022/04/14 | Accepted: 2022/09/1 | Published: 2022/09/1
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