Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2022)
TB 2022, 21(2): 85-98 |
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Research code: 7723
Ethics code: IR.SSU.REC.1399.009
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Ghelmani S Y, Soleymani Salehabadi H, Moazen H, Nazmiah H, Fallah Tafti T, Kabirzadeh A et al . Evaluation of Risk Factors Related to Life Status of Patients With
COVID-19 Hospitalized in Yazd. TB 2022; 21 (2) :85-98
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.html
Seyed yaser Ghelmani 
, Hossein Soleymani Salehabadi , Homa Moazen * , Hossein Nazmiah , Tahere Fallah Tafti , Azam Kabirzadeh , Somayeh Gholami
, Hossein Soleymani Salehabadi , Homa Moazen * , Hossein Nazmiah , Tahere Fallah Tafti , Azam Kabirzadeh , Somayeh Gholami
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , h.moazen64@yahoo.com
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Evaluation of Risk Factors Related to Life Status of Patients With
COVID-19 Hospitalized in Yazd
Seyed Yaser Ghelmani(Ph.D.)1, Hossein Soleymani Salehabadi(Ph.D.)2, Homa Moazen(M.Sc.)3, Hossein Nazmiah(Ph.D.)4, Tahere Fallah Tafti(M.Sc.)5, Azam Kabirzadeh(B.Sc.)6, Somayeh Gholami(M.Sc.)7
1.Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2.Assistant Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3. Corresponding Author: Master of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email: H.moazen64@yahoo.com Tel: 09132595708
4.Instructor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
5.Master of Biostatistics, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
6.B.Sc. of Social Work, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
7.Master of Epidemiology, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Following the epidemic crisis and the outbreak of Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in Iran and other provinces, the statistics of the patients showed that Yazd is among the top few provinces in the country in terms of the prevalence and incidence of this deadly disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the risk factors related to the life status of patients with coronavirus.
Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, demographic, clinical, and biochemical information of 932 patients who were infected with COVID-19 from May 2018 to March 2019 and were hospitalized in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd were examined. Information was recorded through patients’ records or telephone calls. Data analysis was performed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and logistic regression using SPSS-22 software.
Results: Based on the results 57.9% (N=540) of patients were male and the mean age of all patients was 53.33 (19 ± 0.15) years, and also 9.6% (N=82) of patients died. The risk of death for patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 75 times higher than that of patients who were hospitalized in general wards. Also, the risk of death for patients with a history of cancer was 12 times higher than other patients. The risk factors associated with mortality were identified by multivariate logistic regression model, which included increasing age, having shortness of breath, history of cancer, hospitalization in the ICU, increased white blood cell count, and sodium deficiency.
Conclusion: In order to reduce the mortality of patients with COVID-19, it is necessary for physicians to prioritize the treatment of elderly patients with underlying diseases, such as cancer and shortness of breath in order to improve their clinical condition.
Keywords: COVID-19, Risk Factors, Mortality, Odds Ratio, Logistic Regression
References
1-Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, et al. A novel coronavirus emerging in China—key questions for impact assessment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):692-4.
2-World Health O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 51. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020; 3:11.
3-Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine. 2020.
4-World Health O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 43. Geneva: World Health Organization.2020 ;3:3.
5-Khafaie MA, Rahim F. Cross-country comparison of case fatality rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2020;11(2):74.
6-Xu X-W, Wu X-X, Jiang X-G, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj. 2020;368.
7-Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2): 15-25.
8-Diaz JH. Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19. J Travel Med. 2020;27(3).
9-Abolfathi A, Mehrabi F, Lotfi Sheikhani A, Mirzaei GR, Moslemi A, Sohrabi R. Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Symptoms, and Radiological Features in Patients With COVID-19 in Iran. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care. 2020;6(3):163-74.
10-Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
11-Jaafarabadi M, Bagheri M, Shariat M, Raeisie K, Ranjbar A, Ghafoori F, et al. The evaluation of clinical symptoms and underlying factors in infected patients with Covid-19. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 2020;78(10):668-77.
12-Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1021-8.
13-Yang L, Jin J, Luo W, Gan Y, Chen B, Li W. Risk factors for predicting mortality of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0243124.
14-Sheikhi F, Mirkazehi Z, Azarkish F, Kalkali S, Seidabadi M, Mirbaloochzehi A. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19 in Iranshahr Hospitals, Southeastern Iran in 2020. Journal of Marine Medicine. 2021;3(1):46-52.
15-Talebi S, Nematshahi M, Tajabadi A, Khosrogerdi A. Comparison of Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Deceased and Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Sabzevar, Iran. Journal of Military Medicine. 2020;22(6):509-16.
16-Shi L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Duan G, Yang H. Dyspnea rather than fever is a risk factor for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(4):647-79.
17-Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 silent hypoxemia is baffling to physicians. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020;202(3):356-60.
18-Coen M, Allali G, Adler DE, Serratrice J. Hypoxemia in COVID-19; Comment on:" The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients". Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(10):1705-6.
19- Bajaj V, Gadi N, Spihlman AP, et al. Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections? Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;11(1793).
20-Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020;201(11):1430-4.
21-Zhang J, Wang X, Jia X, Li J, Hu K, Chen G, et al. Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2020;26(6):767-72.
22-Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2020;1:8.
23-Frontera JA, Valdes E, Huang J, Lewis A, Lord AS, Zhou T, et al. Prevalence and Impact of Hyponatremia in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in New York City. Critical care medicine. 2020;48(12):1211-7.
24-Lippi G, South AM, Henry BM. Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2020;57(3):262-5.
25-Sarvazad H, Cahngaripour SH, Eskandari Roozbahani N, Izadi B. Evaluation of electrolyte status of sodium, potassium and magnesium, and fasting blood sugar at the initial admission of individuals with COVID-19 without underlying disease in Golestan Hospital, Kermanshah. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;38:100807.
26-Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(15):762-8.
27- Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(7):802-10.
28- Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. 2020;75(7):1730-41.
29- Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
30-Fan BE. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection: a reply. American journal of hematology. 2020.
31-Abdo-Cuza A, Castellanos-Gutiérrez R, Treto-Ramirez J, Arencibia-Larin S, Gómez-Pariente T, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, et al. Safety and efficacy of intranasal recombinant human interferon alfa 2b as prophylaxis for COVID-19 in patients on a hemodialysis program. Journal of Renal Endocrinology. 2020;7(1):e05-e.
32-Khaled SA, Hafez AA. Aplastic anemia and COVID-19: how to break the vicious circuit? American Journal of Blood Research. 2020;10(4):60.
33-Radisic MV, Piro MA, Mori I, Rotryng F, Santamarina JF. SARS‐CoV‐2 and dengue virus co‐infection. A case report. Hemoglobin. 2020;16(16.8):15-5.
34-Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. A review of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020.
COVID-19 Hospitalized in Yazd
Seyed Yaser Ghelmani(Ph.D.)1, Hossein Soleymani Salehabadi(Ph.D.)2, Homa Moazen(M.Sc.)3, Hossein Nazmiah(Ph.D.)4, Tahere Fallah Tafti(M.Sc.)5, Azam Kabirzadeh(B.Sc.)6, Somayeh Gholami(M.Sc.)7
1.Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2.Assistant Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3. Corresponding Author: Master of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email: H.moazen64@yahoo.com Tel: 09132595708
4.Instructor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
5.Master of Biostatistics, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
6.B.Sc. of Social Work, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
7.Master of Epidemiology, Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Following the epidemic crisis and the outbreak of Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in Iran and other provinces, the statistics of the patients showed that Yazd is among the top few provinces in the country in terms of the prevalence and incidence of this deadly disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the risk factors related to the life status of patients with coronavirus.
Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, demographic, clinical, and biochemical information of 932 patients who were infected with COVID-19 from May 2018 to March 2019 and were hospitalized in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd were examined. Information was recorded through patients’ records or telephone calls. Data analysis was performed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and logistic regression using SPSS-22 software.
Results: Based on the results 57.9% (N=540) of patients were male and the mean age of all patients was 53.33 (19 ± 0.15) years, and also 9.6% (N=82) of patients died. The risk of death for patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 75 times higher than that of patients who were hospitalized in general wards. Also, the risk of death for patients with a history of cancer was 12 times higher than other patients. The risk factors associated with mortality were identified by multivariate logistic regression model, which included increasing age, having shortness of breath, history of cancer, hospitalization in the ICU, increased white blood cell count, and sodium deficiency.
Conclusion: In order to reduce the mortality of patients with COVID-19, it is necessary for physicians to prioritize the treatment of elderly patients with underlying diseases, such as cancer and shortness of breath in order to improve their clinical condition.
Keywords: COVID-19, Risk Factors, Mortality, Odds Ratio, Logistic Regression
References
1-Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, et al. A novel coronavirus emerging in China—key questions for impact assessment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):692-4.
2-World Health O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 51. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020; 3:11.
3-Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine. 2020.
4-World Health O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 43. Geneva: World Health Organization.2020 ;3:3.
5-Khafaie MA, Rahim F. Cross-country comparison of case fatality rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2020;11(2):74.
6-Xu X-W, Wu X-X, Jiang X-G, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj. 2020;368.
7-Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2): 15-25.
8-Diaz JH. Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19. J Travel Med. 2020;27(3).
9-Abolfathi A, Mehrabi F, Lotfi Sheikhani A, Mirzaei GR, Moslemi A, Sohrabi R. Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Symptoms, and Radiological Features in Patients With COVID-19 in Iran. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care. 2020;6(3):163-74.
10-Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
11-Jaafarabadi M, Bagheri M, Shariat M, Raeisie K, Ranjbar A, Ghafoori F, et al. The evaluation of clinical symptoms and underlying factors in infected patients with Covid-19. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 2020;78(10):668-77.
12-Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1021-8.
13-Yang L, Jin J, Luo W, Gan Y, Chen B, Li W. Risk factors for predicting mortality of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0243124.
14-Sheikhi F, Mirkazehi Z, Azarkish F, Kalkali S, Seidabadi M, Mirbaloochzehi A. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19 in Iranshahr Hospitals, Southeastern Iran in 2020. Journal of Marine Medicine. 2021;3(1):46-52.
15-Talebi S, Nematshahi M, Tajabadi A, Khosrogerdi A. Comparison of Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Deceased and Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Sabzevar, Iran. Journal of Military Medicine. 2020;22(6):509-16.
16-Shi L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Duan G, Yang H. Dyspnea rather than fever is a risk factor for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(4):647-79.
17-Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 silent hypoxemia is baffling to physicians. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020;202(3):356-60.
18-Coen M, Allali G, Adler DE, Serratrice J. Hypoxemia in COVID-19; Comment on:" The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients". Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(10):1705-6.
19- Bajaj V, Gadi N, Spihlman AP, et al. Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections? Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;11(1793).
20-Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020;201(11):1430-4.
21-Zhang J, Wang X, Jia X, Li J, Hu K, Chen G, et al. Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2020;26(6):767-72.
22-Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2020;1:8.
23-Frontera JA, Valdes E, Huang J, Lewis A, Lord AS, Zhou T, et al. Prevalence and Impact of Hyponatremia in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in New York City. Critical care medicine. 2020;48(12):1211-7.
24-Lippi G, South AM, Henry BM. Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2020;57(3):262-5.
25-Sarvazad H, Cahngaripour SH, Eskandari Roozbahani N, Izadi B. Evaluation of electrolyte status of sodium, potassium and magnesium, and fasting blood sugar at the initial admission of individuals with COVID-19 without underlying disease in Golestan Hospital, Kermanshah. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;38:100807.
26-Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(15):762-8.
27- Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(7):802-10.
28- Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. 2020;75(7):1730-41.
29- Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
30-Fan BE. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection: a reply. American journal of hematology. 2020.
31-Abdo-Cuza A, Castellanos-Gutiérrez R, Treto-Ramirez J, Arencibia-Larin S, Gómez-Pariente T, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, et al. Safety and efficacy of intranasal recombinant human interferon alfa 2b as prophylaxis for COVID-19 in patients on a hemodialysis program. Journal of Renal Endocrinology. 2020;7(1):e05-e.
32-Khaled SA, Hafez AA. Aplastic anemia and COVID-19: how to break the vicious circuit? American Journal of Blood Research. 2020;10(4):60.
33-Radisic MV, Piro MA, Mori I, Rotryng F, Santamarina JF. SARS‐CoV‐2 and dengue virus co‐infection. A case report. Hemoglobin. 2020;16(16.8):15-5.
34-Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. A review of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020.
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Received: 2022/02/16 | Accepted: 2022/08/1 | Published: 2022/08/1
Received: 2022/02/16 | Accepted: 2022/08/1 | Published: 2022/08/1
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