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Ethics code: IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1398.132
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Salaree M, Ehrampoush M H, Teimouri F, Sadeh M, Madadizadeh F, Eslami G, et al . Investigation of the Bacterial Bioaerosols in the Air of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Jahanabad Industrial Town of Meybod. TB 2022; 20 (6) :15-32
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3264-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3264-en.html
Mohammad Salaree 
, Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush , Fahimeh Teimouri , Maryam Sadeh , Farzan Madadizadeh , Gilda Eslami , Zahra Sltanianzadeh , Ali Asghar Ebrahimi *
, Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush , Fahimeh Teimouri , Maryam Sadeh , Farzan Madadizadeh , Gilda Eslami , Zahra Sltanianzadeh , Ali Asghar Ebrahimi *
Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. , ebrahimi20007@gmail.com
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Investigation of the Bacterial Bioaerosols in the Air of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Jahanabad Industrial Town of Meybod
Mohammad Salaree (M.Sc.)1, Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush (Ph.D.)2, Fahimeh Teimouri (Ph.D.)3, Maryam Sadeh (Ph.D.)4, Farzan Madadizadeh (Ph.D.)5, Gilda Eslami (Ph.D.)6, Zahra Sotanianzadeh (Ph.D.)7, Ali Asghar Ebrahimi (Ph.D.)8
1.M.Sc. Student of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2.Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3.Assistant Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4.Assistant Professor, Department of laboratory sciences, School of Paramedicins, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
5.Assistant Professor, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
6.Associate Professor, Research Center for Molecular Identification of Food Hazards, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
7.M.Sc. Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi Universityof Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
8.Corresponding Author:Associate Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Email: ebrahimi20007[at]ssu.ac.ir Tel:09132679641
Abstract
Introduction: In recent decades, with the emergence of new industrial activities and an increase in waste production, industries require the existence of treatment equipment and sanitation. The equipment sometimes spreads infectious microorganisms into the air. These industries include waste recycling industries and wastewater treatment plants. Bioaerosols are produced at different stages of the wastewater treatment process, especially in processes, such as mobile mechanisms and aeration. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial bioaerosols in the air of the wastewater treatment plant in Jahanabad industrial town of Meybod.
Methods: In this study, air sampling was performed from different units of the treatment plant and indoor air. The plates were placed in an incubator for 24-48 hours at a temperature of 35-37 °C. Then the number of bacterial colonies grown on the culture media was counted and recorded as CFU/m3.
Results: The results showed that the mean population of bacterial aerosols was higher in summer than in spring. Moreover, the highest bacterial population was observed in spring in indoor air with mean value of 187.58±13.41 CFU/m3 and in summer in an equalization unit with mean value of 202.89±12.11 CFU/m3.
Conclusion: The study indicated that the number of bacterial bioaerosols increases in warm seasons. Also, the equalization unit has a high ability to produce bacterial bioaerosols. Moreover, increasing the distance from the source of contamination causes a significant reduction in the number of bacterial bioaerosols.
Keywords: Bioaerosol, Industrial Wastewater, Bacteria, Active Sampling
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest
References
1-Dehghani A, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Naddafi K, Alimohammadi MA. Comparative study
for potential of microbial pollution in the ambient air of Milad hospital,blood transfusion organization and Tehrans shahrake gharb wastewater treatment plant, The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2014:12(3): 183-92.
2-Kermani M ,BahramiAsl F , Farzadkia M, Nadafi K, Zeinalzadeh D , Dehghani A.Concentration and Distribution of Airborne Fungi in the Ambient Air of Milad Hospital, Blood Transfusion Organization, and Shahrake Ghods WastewaterTreatment Plant in Tehran, Iran, Journal of Health Research in Community.2015:1(3): 57-68
3-O’Gorman CM, Fuller HT. Prevalence of culturable airborne spores of selected allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(18):4355-68.
4-Jahangiri M, Neghab M, Kahdemain V,et al. Investigating Density and Type of Bioaerosols in a PetrochemicalWastewater Treatment Plant: Mahshar - Iran, 2013, Iran. J. Health & Environ. 2013:6(1) :113-22
5-Fathi S, Hajizadeh Y, Nikaeen M, Gorbani M. Assessment of microbial aerosol emissions in an urban wastewater treatment plant operated with activated sludge process. Aerobiologia. 2017;33(4):507-15.
6-Sanchez-Monedero M, Aguilar M, Fenoll R, Roig A. Effect of the aeration system on the levels of airborne microorganisms generated at wastewater treatment plants. Water Research. 2008;42(14):3739-44.
7-Carducci A, Tozzi E, Rubulotta E, Casini B, Cantiani L, Rovini E, et al. Assessing airborne biological hazard from urban wastewater treatment. Water Research. 2000;34(4):1173-8.
8-Niazi S, Hassanvand MS, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Nabavi S, et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination (bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015;22(20):16014-21.
9-Fracchia L, Pietronave S, Rinaldi M, Martinotti MG. Site-related airborne biological hazard and seasonal variations in two wastewater treatment plants. Water Research. 2006;40(10):1985-94.
10-Pascual L, Perez-Luz S, Yáñez MA, Santamaría A, Gibert K, Salgot M, et al. Bioaerosol emission from wastewater treatment plants. Aerobiologia. 2003;19(3):261-70.
11-Malakootian M, Radhakrishna N, Mazandarany MP, Hossaini H. Bacterial-aerosol emission from wastewater treatment plant. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2013;51(22-24):4478-88.
12-Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The lancet oncology. 2013;14(9):813-22.
13-Burkowska A, Kalwasińska A, Walczak M. Airborne mesophilic bacteria at the Ciechocinek health resort. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2012;21(2):307-12.
14-Korzeniewska E. Emission of bacteria and fungi in the air from wastewater treatment plants–a review. Front biosci (Schol ed). 2011;3:393-407.
15-Kowalski M,Wolany J, Pastuszka J, Płaza G, Wlazło A, Ulfig K, et al. Characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in some Polish wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.2017;14(10):2181-92.
16-Ding W, Li L, Han Y, Liu J, Liu J. Site-related and seasonal variation of bioaerosol emission in an indoor wastewater treatment station:level, characteristics of particle size, and microbial structure. Aerobiologia. 2016;32(2):211-24.
17-Grisoli P, Rodolfi M, Villani S, Grignani E, Cottica D, Berri A, et al. Assessment of airborne microorganism contamination in an industrial area characterized by an open composting facility and a wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Research. 2009;109(2):135-42.
18-Karra S, Katsivela E. Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site. Water research. 2007;41(6):1355-65.
19-Stellacci P, Liberti L, Notarnicola M, Haas CN. Hygienic sustainability of site location of wastewater treatment plants: A case study. I. Estimating odour emission impact. Desalination. 2010;253(1-3):51-6.
20-Pourhassan B, Golbabaei F, Pourmand MR, et al.Examining performance of the conventional and photocatalytic HEPA filters on removal of the airborne microorganisms, Journal of Health and Safety at Work .2018;8(3): 251-65.
21-Hameed AA, Khoder M, Yuosra S, Osman A, Ghanem S. Diurnal distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere of Helwan area, Egypt. Science of the Total Environment. 2009;407(24):6217-22.
22-Naddafi K, Rezaei S, Nabizadeh R, Yonesian M, Jabbari H.Density of Airborne Bacteria in a Childrenís Hospital in Tehran, Iran. J. Health & Environ. 2009;1(2):75-80.
23-Albatanony M, El-Shafie M. Work-related health effects among wastewater treatment plants workers. Int J Occup Environ Med (The IJOEM). 2011;2(4).
24-Mirzaee SA, Nikaeen M, Hajizadeh Y, Nabavi BF, Hassanzadeh A. Detection of Legionella spp. by a nested-PCR assay in air samples of a wastewater treatment plant and downwind distances in Isfahan. Advanced biomedical research. 2015;4.
25-Filipkowska Z, Janczukowicz W, Krzemieniewski M, Pesta J. Microbiological air pollution in the surroundings of the wastewater treatment plant with activated-sludge tanks aerated by horizontal rotors. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2000;9(4):273-80.
26-Bunger J, Schappler-Scheele B, Hilgers R, Hallier E. A 5-year follow-up study on respiratory disorders and lung function in workers exposed to organic dust from composting plants. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2007;80(4):306-12.
27-Filipkowska Z, Janczukowicz W, Krzemieniewski M, Pesta J. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant with Activated Sludge Tanks Aerated by Celpox Devices as a Source of Microbiological Pollution of the Atmosphere. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.2002;11(6).
28-Haas D, Unteregger M, Habib J, Galler H, Marth E, Reinthaler FF. Exposure to bioaerosol from sewage systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2010;207(1):49-56.
29-Breza-Boruta B, Paluszak Z.Influence of Water Treatment Plant on Microbiological Composition of Air Bioaerosol. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2007;16(5).
30-Ranalli G, Principi P, Sorlini C. Bacterial aerosol emission from wastewater treatment plants: Culture methods and bio-molecular tools. Aerobiologia. 2000;16(1):39-46.
31-Kruczalak K, Olanczuk-Neyman K. Microorganisms in the Air Over Wastewater Treamtment Plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2004;13(5).
32-Laitinen S, Kangas J, Kotimaa M, Liesivuori J, Martikainen PJ, Nevalainen A, et al. Workers' exposure to airborne bacteria and endotoxins at industrial wastewater treatment plants. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1994;55(11):1055-60.
33-Vítezova M,Vítez T, Mlejnkova H, Losak T. Microbial contamination of the air at the wastewater treatment plant. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 2012;60(3):233-40.
34-Korzeniewska E, Filipkowska Z, Gotkowska-Płachta A, Janczukowicz W, Dixon B, Czułowska M. Determination of emitted airborne microorganisms from a BIO-PAK wastewater treatment plant. Water research.2009;43(11):2841-51.
35-Brandi G, Sisti M, Amagliani G. Evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000;88(5):845-52.
36-Kim KY, Kim HT, Kim D, Nakajima J, Higuchi T. Distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff-manufacturing factories. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009;169(1-3):1054-60.
37-Fernando NL, Fedorak PM. Changes at an activated sludge sewage treatment plant alter the numbers of airborne aerobic microorganisms. Water Research. 2005;39(19):4597-608.
38-Michałkiewicz M, Pruss A, Dymaczewski Z, Jez-Walkowiak J, Kwasna S. Microbiological Air Monitoring around Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2011;20(5).
39-Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W, Dokładna W. Microflora of Air in the Sewage Treatment Plant of Kapuściska in Bydgoszcz. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2011;20(5).
40-Rezaei S, Naddafi K, Jabbari H,Yonesian M, et al. Raygan Shirazi Nejad A, Relationship between the Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Indoor and Ambient Air of the Tehran Children Hospital in.2013;6(1): 103-12
41-Nielsen BH, Nielsen EM, Breum NO. Seasonal variation in bioaerosol exposure during biowaste collection and measurements of leaked percolate. Waste management & research. 2000;18(1):64-72.
42-Xu P, Zhang C, Mou X, Wang XC. Bioaerosol in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant: concentration, size distribution, and health risk assessment. Water Science and Technology. 2020;82(8):1547-59.
43-Mirhoseini SH, Nikaeen M,Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A, Assessment of bioaerosol concentration in the indoor environments, Journal of Health System Research,2014 10(2),376-85
44-Brooks JP, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Bioaerosol Emission, Fate, and Transport from Municipal and Animal Wastes. Biological Aerosols Generated from the Land Application of Biosolids, Microbial RIsk Assessment. 2004;1050:19.
45-Li L,Gao M, Liu J. Distribution characterization of microbial aerosols emitted from a wastewater treatment plant using the Orbal oxidation ditch process. Process Biochemistry. 2011;46(4):910-5.
46-Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Koivunen J. Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants. Water research. 2009;43(9):2558-66.
Mohammad Salaree (M.Sc.)1, Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush (Ph.D.)2, Fahimeh Teimouri (Ph.D.)3, Maryam Sadeh (Ph.D.)4, Farzan Madadizadeh (Ph.D.)5, Gilda Eslami (Ph.D.)6, Zahra Sotanianzadeh (Ph.D.)7, Ali Asghar Ebrahimi (Ph.D.)8
1.M.Sc. Student of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2.Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3.Assistant Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4.Assistant Professor, Department of laboratory sciences, School of Paramedicins, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
5.Assistant Professor, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
6.Associate Professor, Research Center for Molecular Identification of Food Hazards, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
7.M.Sc. Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi Universityof Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
8.Corresponding Author:Associate Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Email: ebrahimi20007[at]ssu.ac.ir Tel:09132679641
Abstract
Introduction: In recent decades, with the emergence of new industrial activities and an increase in waste production, industries require the existence of treatment equipment and sanitation. The equipment sometimes spreads infectious microorganisms into the air. These industries include waste recycling industries and wastewater treatment plants. Bioaerosols are produced at different stages of the wastewater treatment process, especially in processes, such as mobile mechanisms and aeration. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial bioaerosols in the air of the wastewater treatment plant in Jahanabad industrial town of Meybod.
Methods: In this study, air sampling was performed from different units of the treatment plant and indoor air. The plates were placed in an incubator for 24-48 hours at a temperature of 35-37 °C. Then the number of bacterial colonies grown on the culture media was counted and recorded as CFU/m3.
Results: The results showed that the mean population of bacterial aerosols was higher in summer than in spring. Moreover, the highest bacterial population was observed in spring in indoor air with mean value of 187.58±13.41 CFU/m3 and in summer in an equalization unit with mean value of 202.89±12.11 CFU/m3.
Conclusion: The study indicated that the number of bacterial bioaerosols increases in warm seasons. Also, the equalization unit has a high ability to produce bacterial bioaerosols. Moreover, increasing the distance from the source of contamination causes a significant reduction in the number of bacterial bioaerosols.
Keywords: Bioaerosol, Industrial Wastewater, Bacteria, Active Sampling
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest
References
1-Dehghani A, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Naddafi K, Alimohammadi MA. Comparative study
for potential of microbial pollution in the ambient air of Milad hospital,blood transfusion organization and Tehrans shahrake gharb wastewater treatment plant, The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2014:12(3): 183-92.
2-Kermani M ,BahramiAsl F , Farzadkia M, Nadafi K, Zeinalzadeh D , Dehghani A.Concentration and Distribution of Airborne Fungi in the Ambient Air of Milad Hospital, Blood Transfusion Organization, and Shahrake Ghods WastewaterTreatment Plant in Tehran, Iran, Journal of Health Research in Community.2015:1(3): 57-68
3-O’Gorman CM, Fuller HT. Prevalence of culturable airborne spores of selected allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(18):4355-68.
4-Jahangiri M, Neghab M, Kahdemain V,et al. Investigating Density and Type of Bioaerosols in a PetrochemicalWastewater Treatment Plant: Mahshar - Iran, 2013, Iran. J. Health & Environ. 2013:6(1) :113-22
5-Fathi S, Hajizadeh Y, Nikaeen M, Gorbani M. Assessment of microbial aerosol emissions in an urban wastewater treatment plant operated with activated sludge process. Aerobiologia. 2017;33(4):507-15.
6-Sanchez-Monedero M, Aguilar M, Fenoll R, Roig A. Effect of the aeration system on the levels of airborne microorganisms generated at wastewater treatment plants. Water Research. 2008;42(14):3739-44.
7-Carducci A, Tozzi E, Rubulotta E, Casini B, Cantiani L, Rovini E, et al. Assessing airborne biological hazard from urban wastewater treatment. Water Research. 2000;34(4):1173-8.
8-Niazi S, Hassanvand MS, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Nabavi S, et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination (bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015;22(20):16014-21.
9-Fracchia L, Pietronave S, Rinaldi M, Martinotti MG. Site-related airborne biological hazard and seasonal variations in two wastewater treatment plants. Water Research. 2006;40(10):1985-94.
10-Pascual L, Perez-Luz S, Yáñez MA, Santamaría A, Gibert K, Salgot M, et al. Bioaerosol emission from wastewater treatment plants. Aerobiologia. 2003;19(3):261-70.
11-Malakootian M, Radhakrishna N, Mazandarany MP, Hossaini H. Bacterial-aerosol emission from wastewater treatment plant. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2013;51(22-24):4478-88.
12-Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The lancet oncology. 2013;14(9):813-22.
13-Burkowska A, Kalwasińska A, Walczak M. Airborne mesophilic bacteria at the Ciechocinek health resort. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2012;21(2):307-12.
14-Korzeniewska E. Emission of bacteria and fungi in the air from wastewater treatment plants–a review. Front biosci (Schol ed). 2011;3:393-407.
15-Kowalski M,Wolany J, Pastuszka J, Płaza G, Wlazło A, Ulfig K, et al. Characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in some Polish wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.2017;14(10):2181-92.
16-Ding W, Li L, Han Y, Liu J, Liu J. Site-related and seasonal variation of bioaerosol emission in an indoor wastewater treatment station:level, characteristics of particle size, and microbial structure. Aerobiologia. 2016;32(2):211-24.
17-Grisoli P, Rodolfi M, Villani S, Grignani E, Cottica D, Berri A, et al. Assessment of airborne microorganism contamination in an industrial area characterized by an open composting facility and a wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Research. 2009;109(2):135-42.
18-Karra S, Katsivela E. Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site. Water research. 2007;41(6):1355-65.
19-Stellacci P, Liberti L, Notarnicola M, Haas CN. Hygienic sustainability of site location of wastewater treatment plants: A case study. I. Estimating odour emission impact. Desalination. 2010;253(1-3):51-6.
20-Pourhassan B, Golbabaei F, Pourmand MR, et al.Examining performance of the conventional and photocatalytic HEPA filters on removal of the airborne microorganisms, Journal of Health and Safety at Work .2018;8(3): 251-65.
21-Hameed AA, Khoder M, Yuosra S, Osman A, Ghanem S. Diurnal distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere of Helwan area, Egypt. Science of the Total Environment. 2009;407(24):6217-22.
22-Naddafi K, Rezaei S, Nabizadeh R, Yonesian M, Jabbari H.Density of Airborne Bacteria in a Childrenís Hospital in Tehran, Iran. J. Health & Environ. 2009;1(2):75-80.
23-Albatanony M, El-Shafie M. Work-related health effects among wastewater treatment plants workers. Int J Occup Environ Med (The IJOEM). 2011;2(4).
24-Mirzaee SA, Nikaeen M, Hajizadeh Y, Nabavi BF, Hassanzadeh A. Detection of Legionella spp. by a nested-PCR assay in air samples of a wastewater treatment plant and downwind distances in Isfahan. Advanced biomedical research. 2015;4.
25-Filipkowska Z, Janczukowicz W, Krzemieniewski M, Pesta J. Microbiological air pollution in the surroundings of the wastewater treatment plant with activated-sludge tanks aerated by horizontal rotors. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2000;9(4):273-80.
26-Bunger J, Schappler-Scheele B, Hilgers R, Hallier E. A 5-year follow-up study on respiratory disorders and lung function in workers exposed to organic dust from composting plants. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2007;80(4):306-12.
27-Filipkowska Z, Janczukowicz W, Krzemieniewski M, Pesta J. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant with Activated Sludge Tanks Aerated by Celpox Devices as a Source of Microbiological Pollution of the Atmosphere. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.2002;11(6).
28-Haas D, Unteregger M, Habib J, Galler H, Marth E, Reinthaler FF. Exposure to bioaerosol from sewage systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2010;207(1):49-56.
29-Breza-Boruta B, Paluszak Z.Influence of Water Treatment Plant on Microbiological Composition of Air Bioaerosol. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2007;16(5).
30-Ranalli G, Principi P, Sorlini C. Bacterial aerosol emission from wastewater treatment plants: Culture methods and bio-molecular tools. Aerobiologia. 2000;16(1):39-46.
31-Kruczalak K, Olanczuk-Neyman K. Microorganisms in the Air Over Wastewater Treamtment Plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2004;13(5).
32-Laitinen S, Kangas J, Kotimaa M, Liesivuori J, Martikainen PJ, Nevalainen A, et al. Workers' exposure to airborne bacteria and endotoxins at industrial wastewater treatment plants. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1994;55(11):1055-60.
33-Vítezova M,Vítez T, Mlejnkova H, Losak T. Microbial contamination of the air at the wastewater treatment plant. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 2012;60(3):233-40.
34-Korzeniewska E, Filipkowska Z, Gotkowska-Płachta A, Janczukowicz W, Dixon B, Czułowska M. Determination of emitted airborne microorganisms from a BIO-PAK wastewater treatment plant. Water research.2009;43(11):2841-51.
35-Brandi G, Sisti M, Amagliani G. Evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000;88(5):845-52.
36-Kim KY, Kim HT, Kim D, Nakajima J, Higuchi T. Distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff-manufacturing factories. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009;169(1-3):1054-60.
37-Fernando NL, Fedorak PM. Changes at an activated sludge sewage treatment plant alter the numbers of airborne aerobic microorganisms. Water Research. 2005;39(19):4597-608.
38-Michałkiewicz M, Pruss A, Dymaczewski Z, Jez-Walkowiak J, Kwasna S. Microbiological Air Monitoring around Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2011;20(5).
39-Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W, Dokładna W. Microflora of Air in the Sewage Treatment Plant of Kapuściska in Bydgoszcz. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2011;20(5).
40-Rezaei S, Naddafi K, Jabbari H,Yonesian M, et al. Raygan Shirazi Nejad A, Relationship between the Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Indoor and Ambient Air of the Tehran Children Hospital in.2013;6(1): 103-12
41-Nielsen BH, Nielsen EM, Breum NO. Seasonal variation in bioaerosol exposure during biowaste collection and measurements of leaked percolate. Waste management & research. 2000;18(1):64-72.
42-Xu P, Zhang C, Mou X, Wang XC. Bioaerosol in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant: concentration, size distribution, and health risk assessment. Water Science and Technology. 2020;82(8):1547-59.
43-Mirhoseini SH, Nikaeen M,Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A, Assessment of bioaerosol concentration in the indoor environments, Journal of Health System Research,2014 10(2),376-85
44-Brooks JP, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Bioaerosol Emission, Fate, and Transport from Municipal and Animal Wastes. Biological Aerosols Generated from the Land Application of Biosolids, Microbial RIsk Assessment. 2004;1050:19.
45-Li L,Gao M, Liu J. Distribution characterization of microbial aerosols emitted from a wastewater treatment plant using the Orbal oxidation ditch process. Process Biochemistry. 2011;46(4):910-5.
46-Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Koivunen J. Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants. Water research. 2009;43(9):2558-66.
Type of Study: Research |
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Received: 2021/09/20 | Accepted: 2021/11/2 | Published: 2022/01/30
Received: 2021/09/20 | Accepted: 2021/11/2 | Published: 2022/01/30
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