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TB 2022, 20(6): 73-84 |
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Ethics code: IR.MUI.RESEARCH.REC.1399.305
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Pirzadeh A, Naghdi A. Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Performance in the Field of Exclusive Breastfeeding and its Related Factors in Infants Less than 6 Months of Age in Ashkzar City of Yazd Province. TB 2022; 20 (6) :73-84
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3237-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3237-en.html
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , naghdi@gmial.com
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Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Performance in the Field of Exclusive Breastfeeding and its Related Factors in Infants Less than 6 Months of Age in Ashkzar City of Yazd Province
Asiyeh Pirzadeh(P.hD.)1, Afsaneh Naghdi (M.Sc.)2
1.Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2. Corresponding Author : M.Sc. Student , of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Email: afsanah.naghdi@gmial.com Tel:09131576973
Asiyeh Pirzadeh(P.hD.)1, Afsaneh Naghdi (M.Sc.)2
1.Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2. Corresponding Author : M.Sc. Student , of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Email: afsanah.naghdi@gmial.com Tel:09131576973
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the importance of breastfeeding and its benefits for infants and the need for necessary education for successful breastfeeding, the present study aimed to determine the knowledge, self-efficacy, and performance of mothers in the field of exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors in infants less than 6 months of age in Ashkzar, Yazd.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 300 mothers with infants less than 6 months of age using a researcher-made questionnaire with face-to-face interviews and telephone calls. The indicators related to exclusive breastfeeding were calculated using SPSS 20 software. The relationships between independent and dependent variables were analyzed and the most important factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding were determined.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of mothers was 43.28 ± 6.59. Mean and deviation of knowledge, self-efficacy, and performance scores of mothers in the field of exclusive breastfeeding were 18.82, 16.72, and 16.11, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the mean score of exclusive breastfeeding with the number of fetus, using a bottle, using a pacifier, and birth weight.
Conclusion: Due to the modifiable nature of most factors related to breast milk, it is possible to increase the exclusive breastfeeding of infants by education and using modern methods of appropriate counseling by health workers.
Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, Infants, Ashkezar
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest
References
1-Islami Z, Razieh F, Golestan M, Shajaree A. Relationship between Delivery Type and Successful Breastfeeding. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2008;18(1):47-52.[Persian]
2-Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence report/technology assessment 2007;153:1-186.
3-Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesitya systematic review. International journal of obesity.2004;28(10):1247-56.
4-Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG. Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence. The American journal of clinical nutrition.2006;84(5):1043-54.
5-Bhandari N ,Bahl R, Mazumdar S, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Effect of community-based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet.2003;361(9367):1418-23
6-Kramer MS, Kakuma R.World Health Organization. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review.2001;554: 63-77
7-Chien PF, Howie PW. Breast milk and the risk of opportunistic infection in infancy in industrialized and non-industrialized settings. Advances in nutritional research. 2001. 69-104
8-Kwan ML, Buffler PA, Abrams B, Kiley VA. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Public health reports.2004;119(6):521.
9-Bachrach VRG, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2003;157(3):237-43.
10-Imani M, Mohamadi M, Rakhshani F. Prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Zahedan. Faiz.2003;26(7):26-33. [Persian]
11-Abedzadeh M, Saberi F, Sadat Z.Quality of nutrition and factors related to it in 4/5 month old babies of Kashan. Faiz.2005;3: 59-64. [Persian]
12-Richard J, Schanler R. The use of human milk for premature infants. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48(1):207–19.
13-Aniebue PN, Aniebue UU, Adimora GN. Knowledge and Beliefs About Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Rural Nigerian Men in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Breastfeed Med. 2010;5(4):169–71.
14- Kalantari N, Roudsari AH. Breastfeeding Promotion in Iran : Opportunities and Challenges. 2013;4(4):2000–1.
15-Demirtas B. Strategies to support breastfeeding: a review. Int Nurs Rev .2012;59(4):474–81.
16-Noel‐Weiss J, Rupp A, Cragg B, Bassett V, Woodend AK. Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine Effects of Prenatal Breastfeeding Workshop on Maternal Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy and Breastfeeding Duration. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2006;35(5):616–24.
17-Nursan C, Dilek K, Sevin A. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Mothers and the Affecting Factors. Aquichan. 2014;14(3):327–35.
18-Dennis CLE. Identifying predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate postpartum period. Res Nurs Health.2006;29(4):256–68.
19-Nafissi N, Khayamzadeh M, Zeinali Z, Pazooki D, Hosseini M, Akbari ME. Epidemiology and histopathology of breast cancer in Iran versus other Middle Eastern countries. Middle East Journal of Cancer.2018;9(3):243-51.
20-Manzouri L, Nematollahi SH, Aghdak P, Arbab P, Mansouri A. Indicators of healthy reproduction program in Isfahan province in 2012. Armaghane danesh. 2015;20(1):78-88. [Persian]
21-Martin S, Mukuria A, Maero P. Engaging men to increase support for optimal infant feeding in Western Kenya. In5th Breastfeeding and Feminism Symposium, Greensboro, NC 2010 Mar.
22-Hanafi MI, Shalaby SAH, Falatah N, El-Ammari H. Impact of health education on knowledge of, attitude to and practice of breastfeeding among women attending primary health care centres in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: controlled pre–post study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci.2014;9(3):187–93.
23-Bahri N, Bagheri S, Erfani M, Rahmani R, Tolidehi H. The comparison of workshop-training and booklet-offering on knowledge, health beliefs and behavior of breastfeeding after delivery. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2012;15(32):14–22.
24-Palda VA, Guise J-M, Wathen CN. Interventions to promote breast-feeding: applying the evidence in clinical practice. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;170(6):976–8.
25-Rafizadeh R, Zahra H, Mahmood K, Fereshteh Z, Marzieh A. Factors affecting breast-feeding practice among :a sample of Iranian women: a structural equation modeling approach.Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 45:147.
26-Visser JA. Understanding local government cooperation in urban regions: Toward a cultural model of interlocal relations. The American Review of Public Administration.2002;32(1):40-65.
27-Mosaffa H. Survey of the knowledge and attitude of mothers during one year after delivery about breast-feeding.Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.2004; 13(51): 23-31.
28-Cherkzi A,Miraeiz Z,Razaghnejad A,Shahnazi H,Hasanzadeh A,Badeleh MT.Breastfeeding status at the end of two years and Factors affecting by the structure of the BASNEF in Esfahan City. Journal of Health Systems Research.2010;6(2).[Persian]
29-Alaie N, Faghihzadeh S. Relationship of Mother Factors with Mothers’ Attitude about Breast Feeding. Daneshvar Medicine.2008;15(74):31-40.[Persian]
30-Bertini G, Perugi S, Dani C, Pezzati M, Tronchin M, Rubaltelli FF. Maternal education and the incidence and duration of breast feeding: a prospective study J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.2003; 37(4):447-52.
31-Sweet L, Darbyshire P. Fathers and breast feeding very-low-birthweight preterm babies Midwifery.2009; 25(5):540-53.
32-Gill SL, Reifsnider E, Lucke JF. Effects of support on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. West J Nurs Res.2007;29(6):708-23
33-Griffiths LJ, Tate AR, Dezateux C. The contribution of parental and community ethnicity to breastfeeding practices: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study Int J Epidemiol.2005; 34(6): 1378-86.
34-Veghari GH , Rahmati R. Breastfeeding Status and Some of its Related Factors in the Golestan Province. 2011;24(9):8-18.
35-Hosseini SM, Masoudi R, Mamori GA. The effect of relaxation training on breastfeeding selfefficacy of mothers with preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. JCNM.2014; 3(2): 37-45. [Persian]
36-Kiani MA, Khakshour A, Vakili R, Saeedi M. Maternal knowledge and practice in Mashhad City about Breast-feeding in first 6-month of Infant's life. Journal of north Khorasan University of medical sciences.2013;5(1):199-208.
37-Bastani F, Rahmatnejad L e, Jahdi F, Haghani H. Breastfeeding Self Efficacy and Perceived Stress in Primiparous Mothers. IJN.2008; 21(54): 9-24.
38-McQueen K, Sieswerda LE, Montelpare W, Dennis CL. Prevalence and factors affecting breastfeeding among Aboriginal women in Northwestern Ontario. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2015;44(1):51-68.
39-Islami Z, Razieh F, Golestan M, Shajaree A. Relationship between delivery type and successful breastfeeding. Iranian J Pediatr.2008;18(1):47-52.
40-Ekhtiari A, Emami P. Comparison of success rates in breastfeeding after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ.2008;18(1):51-4.
41-Cakmak H, Kuguoglu S. Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: an observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(7):1128-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.04.018 PMID: 16839557.
42-Evans KC, Evans RG, Royal R, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(5):380-2.
Introduction: Considering the importance of breastfeeding and its benefits for infants and the need for necessary education for successful breastfeeding, the present study aimed to determine the knowledge, self-efficacy, and performance of mothers in the field of exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors in infants less than 6 months of age in Ashkzar, Yazd.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 300 mothers with infants less than 6 months of age using a researcher-made questionnaire with face-to-face interviews and telephone calls. The indicators related to exclusive breastfeeding were calculated using SPSS 20 software. The relationships between independent and dependent variables were analyzed and the most important factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding were determined.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of mothers was 43.28 ± 6.59. Mean and deviation of knowledge, self-efficacy, and performance scores of mothers in the field of exclusive breastfeeding were 18.82, 16.72, and 16.11, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the mean score of exclusive breastfeeding with the number of fetus, using a bottle, using a pacifier, and birth weight.
Conclusion: Due to the modifiable nature of most factors related to breast milk, it is possible to increase the exclusive breastfeeding of infants by education and using modern methods of appropriate counseling by health workers.
Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, Infants, Ashkezar
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest
References
1-Islami Z, Razieh F, Golestan M, Shajaree A. Relationship between Delivery Type and Successful Breastfeeding. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2008;18(1):47-52.[Persian]
2-Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence report/technology assessment 2007;153:1-186.
3-Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesitya systematic review. International journal of obesity.2004;28(10):1247-56.
4-Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG. Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence. The American journal of clinical nutrition.2006;84(5):1043-54.
5-Bhandari N ,Bahl R, Mazumdar S, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Effect of community-based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet.2003;361(9367):1418-23
6-Kramer MS, Kakuma R.World Health Organization. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review.2001;554: 63-77
7-Chien PF, Howie PW. Breast milk and the risk of opportunistic infection in infancy in industrialized and non-industrialized settings. Advances in nutritional research. 2001. 69-104
8-Kwan ML, Buffler PA, Abrams B, Kiley VA. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Public health reports.2004;119(6):521.
9-Bachrach VRG, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2003;157(3):237-43.
10-Imani M, Mohamadi M, Rakhshani F. Prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Zahedan. Faiz.2003;26(7):26-33. [Persian]
11-Abedzadeh M, Saberi F, Sadat Z.Quality of nutrition and factors related to it in 4/5 month old babies of Kashan. Faiz.2005;3: 59-64. [Persian]
12-Richard J, Schanler R. The use of human milk for premature infants. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48(1):207–19.
13-Aniebue PN, Aniebue UU, Adimora GN. Knowledge and Beliefs About Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Rural Nigerian Men in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Breastfeed Med. 2010;5(4):169–71.
14- Kalantari N, Roudsari AH. Breastfeeding Promotion in Iran : Opportunities and Challenges. 2013;4(4):2000–1.
15-Demirtas B. Strategies to support breastfeeding: a review. Int Nurs Rev .2012;59(4):474–81.
16-Noel‐Weiss J, Rupp A, Cragg B, Bassett V, Woodend AK. Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine Effects of Prenatal Breastfeeding Workshop on Maternal Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy and Breastfeeding Duration. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2006;35(5):616–24.
17-Nursan C, Dilek K, Sevin A. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Mothers and the Affecting Factors. Aquichan. 2014;14(3):327–35.
18-Dennis CLE. Identifying predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate postpartum period. Res Nurs Health.2006;29(4):256–68.
19-Nafissi N, Khayamzadeh M, Zeinali Z, Pazooki D, Hosseini M, Akbari ME. Epidemiology and histopathology of breast cancer in Iran versus other Middle Eastern countries. Middle East Journal of Cancer.2018;9(3):243-51.
20-Manzouri L, Nematollahi SH, Aghdak P, Arbab P, Mansouri A. Indicators of healthy reproduction program in Isfahan province in 2012. Armaghane danesh. 2015;20(1):78-88. [Persian]
21-Martin S, Mukuria A, Maero P. Engaging men to increase support for optimal infant feeding in Western Kenya. In5th Breastfeeding and Feminism Symposium, Greensboro, NC 2010 Mar.
22-Hanafi MI, Shalaby SAH, Falatah N, El-Ammari H. Impact of health education on knowledge of, attitude to and practice of breastfeeding among women attending primary health care centres in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: controlled pre–post study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci.2014;9(3):187–93.
23-Bahri N, Bagheri S, Erfani M, Rahmani R, Tolidehi H. The comparison of workshop-training and booklet-offering on knowledge, health beliefs and behavior of breastfeeding after delivery. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2012;15(32):14–22.
24-Palda VA, Guise J-M, Wathen CN. Interventions to promote breast-feeding: applying the evidence in clinical practice. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;170(6):976–8.
25-Rafizadeh R, Zahra H, Mahmood K, Fereshteh Z, Marzieh A. Factors affecting breast-feeding practice among :a sample of Iranian women: a structural equation modeling approach.Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 45:147.
26-Visser JA. Understanding local government cooperation in urban regions: Toward a cultural model of interlocal relations. The American Review of Public Administration.2002;32(1):40-65.
27-Mosaffa H. Survey of the knowledge and attitude of mothers during one year after delivery about breast-feeding.Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.2004; 13(51): 23-31.
28-Cherkzi A,Miraeiz Z,Razaghnejad A,Shahnazi H,Hasanzadeh A,Badeleh MT.Breastfeeding status at the end of two years and Factors affecting by the structure of the BASNEF in Esfahan City. Journal of Health Systems Research.2010;6(2).[Persian]
29-Alaie N, Faghihzadeh S. Relationship of Mother Factors with Mothers’ Attitude about Breast Feeding. Daneshvar Medicine.2008;15(74):31-40.[Persian]
30-Bertini G, Perugi S, Dani C, Pezzati M, Tronchin M, Rubaltelli FF. Maternal education and the incidence and duration of breast feeding: a prospective study J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.2003; 37(4):447-52.
31-Sweet L, Darbyshire P. Fathers and breast feeding very-low-birthweight preterm babies Midwifery.2009; 25(5):540-53.
32-Gill SL, Reifsnider E, Lucke JF. Effects of support on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. West J Nurs Res.2007;29(6):708-23
33-Griffiths LJ, Tate AR, Dezateux C. The contribution of parental and community ethnicity to breastfeeding practices: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study Int J Epidemiol.2005; 34(6): 1378-86.
34-Veghari GH , Rahmati R. Breastfeeding Status and Some of its Related Factors in the Golestan Province. 2011;24(9):8-18.
35-Hosseini SM, Masoudi R, Mamori GA. The effect of relaxation training on breastfeeding selfefficacy of mothers with preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. JCNM.2014; 3(2): 37-45. [Persian]
36-Kiani MA, Khakshour A, Vakili R, Saeedi M. Maternal knowledge and practice in Mashhad City about Breast-feeding in first 6-month of Infant's life. Journal of north Khorasan University of medical sciences.2013;5(1):199-208.
37-Bastani F, Rahmatnejad L e, Jahdi F, Haghani H. Breastfeeding Self Efficacy and Perceived Stress in Primiparous Mothers. IJN.2008; 21(54): 9-24.
38-McQueen K, Sieswerda LE, Montelpare W, Dennis CL. Prevalence and factors affecting breastfeeding among Aboriginal women in Northwestern Ontario. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2015;44(1):51-68.
39-Islami Z, Razieh F, Golestan M, Shajaree A. Relationship between delivery type and successful breastfeeding. Iranian J Pediatr.2008;18(1):47-52.
40-Ekhtiari A, Emami P. Comparison of success rates in breastfeeding after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ.2008;18(1):51-4.
41-Cakmak H, Kuguoglu S. Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: an observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(7):1128-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.04.018 PMID: 16839557.
42-Evans KC, Evans RG, Royal R, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(5):380-2.
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Received: 2021/07/30 | Accepted: 2022/01/30 | Published: 2022/01/30
Received: 2021/07/30 | Accepted: 2022/01/30 | Published: 2022/01/30
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