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TB 2022, 21(3): 97-107 |
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Razavi Nematollahi V, Ashabsohof M, Tajrobehkar M, Zeinaddiny meimand Z. Evaluation of the Effect of Cognitive Bias Modification and Mental Imagery on Visual and Verbal Memory. TB 2022; 21 (3) :97-107
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2991-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2991-en.html
Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kerman Branch , Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. , Vidarazavi2010@yahoo.com
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Evaluation of the Effect of Cognitive Bias Modification and Mental Imagery on Visual and Verbal Memory
Vidasadat Razavi Nematollahi(Ph.D.)1,Maryam Ashab Sohof(Ph.D.)2, Mahshid Tajrobehkar(Ph.D.)3, Zahra Zeinaddiny meimand(Ph.D.)4
1.Corresponding Author : Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kerman Branch , Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.Email:vidarazavi2010@yahoo.com Tel: 09131957929
2.PhD , Student of Educational Psychology, Kerman Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
3.Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
4.Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification and mental imagery on visual and verbal memory of female high school students in Yazd city.
Methods: The present experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest pre-posttest design along with a control group. Four high schools from district 2 education of Yazd were selected by cluster sampling method and 15 students from each high school were randomly selected and placed into three experimental and a control group. Initially, all subjects were tested by Wechsler memory scale. The subjects were exposed to eight different educational sessions. The experimental groups included (Experimental group 1: Cognitive bias modification training group), (Experimental group 2: Mental imagery training group), and (Experimental groups 3: Cognitive bias modification and Mental imaging training). The control group had no intervention. After completing the experimental group training, the 4 groups were tested by the Wechsler memory scale.
Results: cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery training significantly affected visual memory (P = 0.001, F = 24.264) and this effect was 57%, while the effect of cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery had a significant effect on verbal memory (P = 0.053, F = 2.7226) and had an effect of 13%. It is therefore confirmed that cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery enhance learners' visual and verbal memory performance.
Conclusion: Such interventions can have a significant contribution in learning, school efficiency, and medical clinical treatments.
Keywords: Learning, Cognitive Bias Modification, Mental Imagery, Visual Memory, Verbal Memory
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1-Gheshlaghi M. learning Psychology. Third edition . Esfahan: Mani. 1999.[Persian]
2-Nezamabadi Ashoori F, Kormi Nouri R. Short- Term & Long-Term Memory in Deep and Surface Dyslexia Among Elementary School Children in Tehran. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2002; 4(1) :17-24. [Persian]
3-Rafiey H. Hildgard Psychology. Arjomand Publication. Fifth Edition. 2004;(1). [Persian]
4- Parsa M. Psychology of learning on the basis of theories. publication of sokhan. 2007.[Persian]
5- Ahmari M. Fadardi A. Yazdi A. Saber H. Effects of a modern cognitive bias modification program on attentional biases and social anxiety symptoms in socially-anxious students. Journal of Basic Principles of Mental Health .2016; (1)18:35-41. [Persian]
6-Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review Clinical Psychology. 2005;(1): 167–95.
7- Dalir M, Alipour A, Zare H, Farzad V.Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive bias adjustment modification and its combination with cognitive-behavioral group therapy in decreasing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, beliefs and behaviors, Journal of Psychological Achievements (Educational Sciences and Psychology).Shahid Chamran University . 2011; ( 22):1. [Persian]
8-Koster EHW, Fox E, MacLeod C. Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2009; 118: 1–4.
9- Sadaty S. Subjective Illustration in the Blind. 2008. Islamic Education.. August and August .2008 ; 80 (81):10-21. [Persian]
10-SharifiDaramadi P.The ability of the blind and hearing children to recognize and visualize the cognitive-emotional characteristics of teachers through their voices. Research in the field of exceptional children.2001; (1)1 . [Persian]
11-Gharache Daghi M.Psychology of Psychosocial Psychology, Mind Control Science, Shabahang Publications, Seventh Edition.2015. [Persian]
12- Rakhshan F. Learning disorder s.1993. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing .Tehran. [Persian]
13-Karimian H . A Look at Memory and Forgetting in Psychology. 2007; 119. [Persian]
14- Bozorgmanesh A. The Effect of Visual Arts Education on Increasing the Visual and Verbal Memory Performance of Elementary School Students in Eva Foundation Elementary School Tehran.2003. Tarbiat Moalem University of Tehran. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Master's thesis. [Persian]
15-Sligte IG, Scholte HS , Lamme VA. F.Activity predicts the strength of visual short-term memory representations. Journal of society for neuroscience. 2009; 15:271-85.
16-Garmabi M.Moallely G.Teaching Abilities, Mind and Memory Theory in Hearing-impaired Children. Exceptional Education. 2014;13( 2): 115. [Persian]
17-Delavar A. Statistical Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences (Educational Sciences), Payam Noor University Press .1998.[Persian]
18- MacKinnon DP. Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. London: Routledge.2008.
19- Ramsay JO. Functional data analysis.2006. Hoboken, New Jersey :Wiley Online Library; 2006.
20- Bruner JS. Oliver Greenfield. Studies in Cognitive Growth A Collaboration at the Centre for Cognitive Studies. Published by John Wiley and Sons.1966.
21-Piaget J, Inhelder B. Mental Imagery in the Child: A Study of the Development of Imaginal Representation . British Journal of Educational Studies.1917; 19(3):343-4.
22-Dean AL.The development if mental Imagery. Child development. 1999;7:105-44.
23- Ahmadzadeh A, Pourmohammad Galoo P , Hashemi T , Machinchi Abbasi N. The effect of context on encoding and verbal information recall Type of presentation, Contemporary Psychology.2012;( 7): 77-3. [Persian]
24-Salimi M, Saadipour I, Delavar A, Maleki H . Comparison of training effects in Imagery Strategies of Mental imagery of Think-aloud of written representation and motor representation of the performance of elementary students in solving verbal math problems. Research in Curriculum (Knowledge and Research in Educational Sciences-Curriculum. 2014; 11( 14): 12-22. [Persian]
25-Dorataj F, Delavar A .The Impact of Process and Product Mental Simulation on Improving Students' Academic Performance and Academic Performance, Journal of Modern Educational Thoughts.2005 ;(1): 2-3. [Persian]
26-Yousefzadeh Jafar Abadi L ,Sohrabi M. The effect of positive and negative mental imagery on volleyball service acquisition and retention. Ministry of Science, Research and Technology - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad - Faculty of Physical Education Sport Sciences, MSc Thesis.2013. [Persian]
27-Kharestani M, Esmaeili Abdar M, Ghotbi Varzaneh A. Comparison of the effect of cognitive and general cognitive imaging on the performance of 7-10 year old footballers, Motor Sport Development and Learning,Seventh .2015;7( 2): 225-51. [Persian]
28-Ghorban A, Ghotbi Varzaneh A, Parhizkar kohne Ogaz j. Comparison of the effect of mental imagery and physical training on acquisition and retention of dart throwing skills, Motor Behavior in Autumn .2013;( 13):125- 38. [Persian]
29-Narimani M, Ghasempour A, Abolghasemi A . The Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Memory, Information Processing, Response Inhibition, and Recognition of Emotional Facial Expression in Patients with Schizophrenia, Clinical Psychological Research and Counseling.2012;2 (2) :2-57. [Persian]
30-Eshrat Far A, Nokani M Effectiveness of Guided Visualization and Mental Imagery in Decreasing the Symptoms of Depression and Increasing Hopefulness among Hemodialysis Patients. 2013;7( 27 ) : 81-8. [Persian]
31-Sayyad M, Hosseini A, Fallahpour M . The effect of mental training on balance in people with stroke Comments, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, M.Sc. 2009.[Persian]
32-Weissy A . The Purpose of this Study Was Examination of Effectiveness of Logotherapy by Group Method on Increase of Life Expectancy and Health of Female Teenager Major Thalassemia Patients of Ahwaz City , Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, 2009;40:107-92.
33- Saeedi Sh, Arakhchi M, Daneshfar H .Educational Psychology ,Rasa. [Persian]
34-Khajvand N.The Influence of Mental Imagery on the Elementary School Students in Tehran Region, MA Thesis, Allameh Tabataba'i University. 1996. [Persian]
35-Naderi N, Ashayeri H, Yasemi M, Rasoulian M.Evaluation of information processing and some neurocsychological functions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder,Fifth Iranian congress of research in psychiatry and psychology,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.1993;57-58. [Persian]
36-Najjarzadegan M, Nejati V, Amiri N . The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Working Memory on the Improvement of Behavioral Syndrome (Attention Deficit and Impulsivity) in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Journal of Neuroscience Psychology. 2015; 52-45. [Persian]
37-Torkan H, Kalantari B, Neshat Doost H, Maroufi M . The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Interpretation Adjustment Program (CBM-I) on Reducing Negative Interpretation Bias and Symptoms of Social Anxiety in Social Anxiety People University of Mashhad - Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences .2012.PHD Thesis. [Persian]
38-Dalir M, Alipour A, Zare H, Farzad V.The effect of cognitive bias modulation therapy on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of its efficacy and cognitive behavioral group therapy, Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies, 2015;21:1-25. [Persian]
39- Jordan Lizabeth L,Tyner Callie E, Heaton Shelley. Cognitive Predictors of Verbal Memory in a Mixed Clinical Pediatric Sample, Behave Sci(Basel). 2013; 3(3): 522–35.
40- Moazzez R, Pourkakroodi M, Moazzez R,et al . Comparison of Visual-Spatial Memory in Patients with MS and Healthy Group, Urmia Medical Journal, Twenty-fifth Year No.2014; (2) 1: 435-44. [Persian]
41-Hayati Z,Salimi L. The Impact of Visual Memory Strength on Reducing the severity of Writing Learning Disorders in Elementary Students, 6th Iranian Educational and Psychological Research Conference, Iranian Social and Cultural Harm, Tehran, Association for Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Basic techniques. 2018.[Persian]
42-Dehghani Z,Tavakoli GM, Makarian F. Memory Assessment of Patients with Breast Cancer Before and After Chemotherapy, Iranian Journal of Breast Disease, Tenth Years. 2016;4: 93- 61. [Persian]
Vidasadat Razavi Nematollahi(Ph.D.)1,Maryam Ashab Sohof(Ph.D.)2, Mahshid Tajrobehkar(Ph.D.)3, Zahra Zeinaddiny meimand(Ph.D.)4
1.Corresponding Author : Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kerman Branch , Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.Email:vidarazavi2010@yahoo.com Tel: 09131957929
2.PhD , Student of Educational Psychology, Kerman Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
3.Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
4.Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification and mental imagery on visual and verbal memory of female high school students in Yazd city.
Methods: The present experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest pre-posttest design along with a control group. Four high schools from district 2 education of Yazd were selected by cluster sampling method and 15 students from each high school were randomly selected and placed into three experimental and a control group. Initially, all subjects were tested by Wechsler memory scale. The subjects were exposed to eight different educational sessions. The experimental groups included (Experimental group 1: Cognitive bias modification training group), (Experimental group 2: Mental imagery training group), and (Experimental groups 3: Cognitive bias modification and Mental imaging training). The control group had no intervention. After completing the experimental group training, the 4 groups were tested by the Wechsler memory scale.
Results: cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery training significantly affected visual memory (P = 0.001, F = 24.264) and this effect was 57%, while the effect of cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery had a significant effect on verbal memory (P = 0.053, F = 2.7226) and had an effect of 13%. It is therefore confirmed that cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery enhance learners' visual and verbal memory performance.
Conclusion: Such interventions can have a significant contribution in learning, school efficiency, and medical clinical treatments.
Keywords: Learning, Cognitive Bias Modification, Mental Imagery, Visual Memory, Verbal Memory
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1-Gheshlaghi M. learning Psychology. Third edition . Esfahan: Mani. 1999.[Persian]
2-Nezamabadi Ashoori F, Kormi Nouri R. Short- Term & Long-Term Memory in Deep and Surface Dyslexia Among Elementary School Children in Tehran. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2002; 4(1) :17-24. [Persian]
3-Rafiey H. Hildgard Psychology. Arjomand Publication. Fifth Edition. 2004;(1). [Persian]
4- Parsa M. Psychology of learning on the basis of theories. publication of sokhan. 2007.[Persian]
5- Ahmari M. Fadardi A. Yazdi A. Saber H. Effects of a modern cognitive bias modification program on attentional biases and social anxiety symptoms in socially-anxious students. Journal of Basic Principles of Mental Health .2016; (1)18:35-41. [Persian]
6-Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review Clinical Psychology. 2005;(1): 167–95.
7- Dalir M, Alipour A, Zare H, Farzad V.Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive bias adjustment modification and its combination with cognitive-behavioral group therapy in decreasing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, beliefs and behaviors, Journal of Psychological Achievements (Educational Sciences and Psychology).Shahid Chamran University . 2011; ( 22):1. [Persian]
8-Koster EHW, Fox E, MacLeod C. Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2009; 118: 1–4.
9- Sadaty S. Subjective Illustration in the Blind. 2008. Islamic Education.. August and August .2008 ; 80 (81):10-21. [Persian]
10-SharifiDaramadi P.The ability of the blind and hearing children to recognize and visualize the cognitive-emotional characteristics of teachers through their voices. Research in the field of exceptional children.2001; (1)1 . [Persian]
11-Gharache Daghi M.Psychology of Psychosocial Psychology, Mind Control Science, Shabahang Publications, Seventh Edition.2015. [Persian]
12- Rakhshan F. Learning disorder s.1993. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing .Tehran. [Persian]
13-Karimian H . A Look at Memory and Forgetting in Psychology. 2007; 119. [Persian]
14- Bozorgmanesh A. The Effect of Visual Arts Education on Increasing the Visual and Verbal Memory Performance of Elementary School Students in Eva Foundation Elementary School Tehran.2003. Tarbiat Moalem University of Tehran. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Master's thesis. [Persian]
15-Sligte IG, Scholte HS , Lamme VA. F.Activity predicts the strength of visual short-term memory representations. Journal of society for neuroscience. 2009; 15:271-85.
16-Garmabi M.Moallely G.Teaching Abilities, Mind and Memory Theory in Hearing-impaired Children. Exceptional Education. 2014;13( 2): 115. [Persian]
17-Delavar A. Statistical Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences (Educational Sciences), Payam Noor University Press .1998.[Persian]
18- MacKinnon DP. Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. London: Routledge.2008.
19- Ramsay JO. Functional data analysis.2006. Hoboken, New Jersey :Wiley Online Library; 2006.
20- Bruner JS. Oliver Greenfield. Studies in Cognitive Growth A Collaboration at the Centre for Cognitive Studies. Published by John Wiley and Sons.1966.
21-Piaget J, Inhelder B. Mental Imagery in the Child: A Study of the Development of Imaginal Representation . British Journal of Educational Studies.1917; 19(3):343-4.
22-Dean AL.The development if mental Imagery. Child development. 1999;7:105-44.
23- Ahmadzadeh A, Pourmohammad Galoo P , Hashemi T , Machinchi Abbasi N. The effect of context on encoding and verbal information recall Type of presentation, Contemporary Psychology.2012;( 7): 77-3. [Persian]
24-Salimi M, Saadipour I, Delavar A, Maleki H . Comparison of training effects in Imagery Strategies of Mental imagery of Think-aloud of written representation and motor representation of the performance of elementary students in solving verbal math problems. Research in Curriculum (Knowledge and Research in Educational Sciences-Curriculum. 2014; 11( 14): 12-22. [Persian]
25-Dorataj F, Delavar A .The Impact of Process and Product Mental Simulation on Improving Students' Academic Performance and Academic Performance, Journal of Modern Educational Thoughts.2005 ;(1): 2-3. [Persian]
26-Yousefzadeh Jafar Abadi L ,Sohrabi M. The effect of positive and negative mental imagery on volleyball service acquisition and retention. Ministry of Science, Research and Technology - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad - Faculty of Physical Education Sport Sciences, MSc Thesis.2013. [Persian]
27-Kharestani M, Esmaeili Abdar M, Ghotbi Varzaneh A. Comparison of the effect of cognitive and general cognitive imaging on the performance of 7-10 year old footballers, Motor Sport Development and Learning,Seventh .2015;7( 2): 225-51. [Persian]
28-Ghorban A, Ghotbi Varzaneh A, Parhizkar kohne Ogaz j. Comparison of the effect of mental imagery and physical training on acquisition and retention of dart throwing skills, Motor Behavior in Autumn .2013;( 13):125- 38. [Persian]
29-Narimani M, Ghasempour A, Abolghasemi A . The Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Memory, Information Processing, Response Inhibition, and Recognition of Emotional Facial Expression in Patients with Schizophrenia, Clinical Psychological Research and Counseling.2012;2 (2) :2-57. [Persian]
30-Eshrat Far A, Nokani M Effectiveness of Guided Visualization and Mental Imagery in Decreasing the Symptoms of Depression and Increasing Hopefulness among Hemodialysis Patients. 2013;7( 27 ) : 81-8. [Persian]
31-Sayyad M, Hosseini A, Fallahpour M . The effect of mental training on balance in people with stroke Comments, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, M.Sc. 2009.[Persian]
32-Weissy A . The Purpose of this Study Was Examination of Effectiveness of Logotherapy by Group Method on Increase of Life Expectancy and Health of Female Teenager Major Thalassemia Patients of Ahwaz City , Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, 2009;40:107-92.
33- Saeedi Sh, Arakhchi M, Daneshfar H .Educational Psychology ,Rasa. [Persian]
34-Khajvand N.The Influence of Mental Imagery on the Elementary School Students in Tehran Region, MA Thesis, Allameh Tabataba'i University. 1996. [Persian]
35-Naderi N, Ashayeri H, Yasemi M, Rasoulian M.Evaluation of information processing and some neurocsychological functions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder,Fifth Iranian congress of research in psychiatry and psychology,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.1993;57-58. [Persian]
36-Najjarzadegan M, Nejati V, Amiri N . The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Working Memory on the Improvement of Behavioral Syndrome (Attention Deficit and Impulsivity) in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Journal of Neuroscience Psychology. 2015; 52-45. [Persian]
37-Torkan H, Kalantari B, Neshat Doost H, Maroufi M . The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Interpretation Adjustment Program (CBM-I) on Reducing Negative Interpretation Bias and Symptoms of Social Anxiety in Social Anxiety People University of Mashhad - Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences .2012.PHD Thesis. [Persian]
38-Dalir M, Alipour A, Zare H, Farzad V.The effect of cognitive bias modulation therapy on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of its efficacy and cognitive behavioral group therapy, Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies, 2015;21:1-25. [Persian]
39- Jordan Lizabeth L,Tyner Callie E, Heaton Shelley. Cognitive Predictors of Verbal Memory in a Mixed Clinical Pediatric Sample, Behave Sci(Basel). 2013; 3(3): 522–35.
40- Moazzez R, Pourkakroodi M, Moazzez R,et al . Comparison of Visual-Spatial Memory in Patients with MS and Healthy Group, Urmia Medical Journal, Twenty-fifth Year No.2014; (2) 1: 435-44. [Persian]
41-Hayati Z,Salimi L. The Impact of Visual Memory Strength on Reducing the severity of Writing Learning Disorders in Elementary Students, 6th Iranian Educational and Psychological Research Conference, Iranian Social and Cultural Harm, Tehran, Association for Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Basic techniques. 2018.[Persian]
42-Dehghani Z,Tavakoli GM, Makarian F. Memory Assessment of Patients with Breast Cancer Before and After Chemotherapy, Iranian Journal of Breast Disease, Tenth Years. 2016;4: 93- 61. [Persian]
Type of Study: Research |
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Received: 2019/12/17 | Accepted: 2020/02/18 | Published: 2022/09/1
Received: 2019/12/17 | Accepted: 2020/02/18 | Published: 2022/09/1
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