1 1728-5127 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 320 Special Investigation of Corrosion Potential and Precipitation Tendency of Drinking Water in the Kerman Distribution System Malakootian M Fatehizadeh A Meydani E 1 2 2013 11 3 1 10 06 02 2013   Background : Occurrence of corrosion and deposition in drinking water in distribution system can leads to economic and health damages. The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion and precipitation potential of drinking water in Kerman distribution system.   Methods : This cross-sectional study was performed from September to November of 2011. For determining the chemical quality of Kerman drinking water, 40 samples with 2-4 L were taken in glass container and then were analyzed. The physical and chemical quality of samples was determined and the potential of corrosion and precipitation of waters were analyzed in terms of four corrosion indicesie. Langelier Index (LI), Ryznar Index (RI), Pockorius Index (POI) and Aggressiveness Index (LS). The test methods were adopted from “standard methods for water and wastewater examination” and the obtained data were analyzed with description parameters.   Results : Based on the results, chemical quality of water in Kerman Distribution system was under the Iranian national standard and WHO guideline. The results showed that the LI index for >90% was above zero and RI index indicated that >82% of samples was below 7. According to POI and LS index, the deposition rate was 60 and 90%, respectively. By survey of LI, RI, POI and Ls indexes, it was found that Kerman distribution system water has scaling (precipitation) potential.   Conclusion : The chemical quality of Kerman distribution system water is imbalance thus resulting in the scale formation in water distribution system and other equipments. In addition, to stop economical loss the planning for water quality stabilization is necessary.         
321 Special The Study of Domestic Violence in Marrid Women Addmitted to Yazd Legal Medicine Organization and Welfare Organization Mohseni Tabrizi AR Kaldi AR Javadianzadeh M 1 2 2013 11 3 11 24 06 02 2013   Background : Violence against women in families is a tormenting reality . This violence makes woman's living impossible and exerts many influences upon the children and adults as witness. In the families that children have experienced their mother's breathing, girls tend to tolerate spouse abuse and boys tend to beat their wives at adulthood.   The results of national plan's study regarding violence against women in 28 provinces conducted since 1996 to 80 indicates that there is an increase in of 23 present domestic violence in Yazd. The purpose of this research is to look for the main factors for domestic violence against women in Yazd.   Methods : This research is based on measurement the statistical population in the research are all the married women that by virtue of spouse abuse had referred to welfare and legal medicine center in Yazd province during the last 3 months in 1389. The sample included 142 women. The gathering data tool was questionnaire , inferential statistics and descriptive statistic.   Results : The findings indicate that age, belief in patriarchy and state of husband's life in childhood, and experiencing violence all have meaningful relation with violence against women.   Conclusion : The most important and appeal result is the cultural – training factor in relation with spouse abuse phenomenon so that the men who are witness in beating of their mothers tend to violate against women and the women who believe in patriarch at opinions and accept it , are under more harsh effects. 322 Special Study of Smoking Predictors Based on Prototype/Willingness Model omong High School Students in Maragheh Morowatisharifabad MA Fadaeevash N Allahverdipour H FallahzadehH H 1 2 2013 11 3 25 35 06 02 2013   Background: Regarding the young population in Iran and prevalence of smoking among them and the importance of determining predictors of smoking consumption in adaption and implementation of preventive behaviors programs, the study was conducted with the aim of determining predictors of smoking based on Prototype/Willingness Model among high school students in Maragheh city in west Azarbyjan.   Methods: In this analytical study carried out as cross-sectional, total number of 240 high school students were entered in the study with a two stage random sampling from 4 selected high schools of Maragheh city. Data were collected with a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and constructs of Prototype/Willingness Model and were completed with self report. Data were then analyzed with SPSS software using regression and correlation coefficient tests.   Results: Subjects earned 77.3, 91.4, 80.7, 33.4 and 41.4 percents from maximum scores of intention to not smoking, subjective norms, attitude, willingness and prototype respectively. There were statistically significant differences in mean scores of willingness to smoke, negative attitude to smoking and positive images to smoking by smoking status. There was a negative significant correlation between intention to not smoking and positive images to smoking and it had a positive significant correlation with social norms. Results also showed that willingness increases the chance of smoking experience more than intention (odd ratio=1.73 vs. 1.10).   Conclusion: Living conditions and social environment may causes some positive/negative images to smoking and those images could produce willingness to smoking experience, so special interventions aiming imagination and willingness to smoking are recommended.        323 Special Survey of Economical and Environmental Potential From Source Separation Plan of Municipal Solid Wastes in Zone 5 of Tehran Amouei AE Mohammadi AA Ghaneian MT Amouei Ojaki ME 1 2 2013 11 3 36 44 06 02 2013   Background: Region 5 of Tehran is a very large and important zone due to population, size, geographical position and number of areas. This region is appropriate for performing separation of solid wastes plan. This study investigated economical and environmental potential of municipal solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran.   Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2011. Data were collected from interview with the manager of solid wastes recycle in this region and studying documents and library searching. Data were then analyzed by SPSS 16.   Results: Paper and cardboard recycled contain 32.1% of total solid wastes recycled per month (1361 tons). Also, recycled percentage of waste bread, plastics and pet, metals, glass, and textiles were 13.7%, 16. 5%, 6.2%, and 4.3% respectively. Recycled papers (16332 tons per year) cause to save 3266400000 Rials due to selling of paper, 2345490000 Rials due to prevention of tree-cutting and 8201547648, 9933840 and 928998000 Rials from decreasing of energy and water using and reduction of collection and transportation costs of solid wastes respectively.   Conclusion : Considering these results, source separation and recycle plan of solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran is critical and can be resolve many economical and environmental problems.    324 Special Impact of Educational Intervention on Seat Belt Use among Drivers Based on Health Belief Model Hatamzadeh N Nazari M Ghahramani L 1 2 2013 11 3 45 55 06 02 2013   Background: Traffic accidents have the highest mortality rate in Iran and one of the main causes of deaths (63%) in traffic accidents is unused seat belt. There are Strong evidences about the effectiveness of using safety belts in reducing the severity of traffic accidents consequences. Providing theoretical based training programs, is the main focus in health education. In this study, the effectiveness of a health belief model based educational program on using seat belt by drivers has been investigated.   Methods: In the quasi-experimental study, among health care workers in Ahwaz,153 drivers who owned cars were participated. The participants were divided in two groups, personnel of East Health Center (80 cases) and West Health Center (73 cases). They were randomly selected for intervention and control groups respectively and followed up for two months. After the diagnostic evaluation, educational programs about the use of safety belts were conducted and then post test was done. In both pre- and post test, data were collected via a researcher designed self administered questionnaire based on HBM, which its validity assessed by experts panel and for assessing its reliability Cranach alpha coefficients were calculated in a pilot study. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods using SPSS-17.   Results: Background and demographic variables of both groups were similar and it is found that before interventions, two groups have no statistically significant differences in their model constructs scores. But after the training program, scores for health belief model constructs and behavior among intervention group unlike the control group, significantly increased (P< 0.05). A significant relationship between using educational program and the cues to action constructs were observed in both groups.   Discussion: The results indicate promote health belief model and behavior of structures in the use of safety belts after completing the training program is among the intervention group and the requirement to provide training based on health belief model indicate.        325 Special The Effects of Pre-marriage Education and Consultation on Knowledge and Attitude of Couples Regarding to Reproductive Health Ramazani AA Faraji A Fatemi M Solooki M 1 2 2013 11 3 56 65 06 02 2013   Background: Couples need to attain appropriate and exact information about various aspects of reproductive health in initiation of joint life. The aim of this study was to determine of effect of pre-marriage education and consultation on knowledge and attitude of couples regarding reproductive health.   Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 250 couples participating in pre-marriage counseling classes in Zabol's Health Counseling Center in 2010. The sampling was performed by simple non-randomized method. The instrument for data collecting was a questionnaire consisting of 3 sections: demographic information, knowledge questions and attitude questions. This education plan was conducted by health professionals presented in the from of lecture regarding reproductive health. Then data were then analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistics such as pair T-Test, one-way variance analysis, independent T-Test and X2.   Results: Mean age of the participants was 21.78+3.89 years. Mean score of the participants' knowledge before presenting education was 5.85+ 2.44 which increased to 8.92+ 2.87 after education (p< 0.05). Mean score of attitude before education was 10.25+1.75 which increased to 11.12+1.71 after education (p< 0.05).The results also showed that the difference of mean of knowledge and attitude before and after intervention with variables such as sex job, and educational level was statistically significant(p< 0.05).   Conclusion: Although pre-marriage education and consulting plan affects on knowledge and attitude of couples but this plan needs to be revised basically and the most important principle in quality promotion of this plans is selection of a comprehensive educational content based on educational need assessment and prime difficulties of couples in pre-marriage and dedication of more time for these classes.   326 Special Comparative Investigation of 2-Chlorophenol and 4-Chrorophenol Removal Using Granulated Activated Carbon and Rice Husk Ash Gholizadeh AM Kermani M Gholami M FarzadkiaM M 1 2 2013 11 3 66 78 06 02 2013   Background : Industrial wastewaters contain organic pollutant such as dyes, halogenated hydrocarbon, phenolic compounds and so on Rice husk is a cheap material which is new available in our country. The aim of this study is removal efficiency comparing rice husk ash performance with commercial granulated activated carbon in removal of 2-CP and 4-CP from aqueous solutions.   Methods : Experiments were carried out in dual laboratory-bench scale to evaluate the effect of f actors including adsorbent dosage, pH, equilibration time and phenolic compound concentration regarding the effect of selected pollutant adsorption for removing this phenolic compound and comparing these methods. Spectrophotometeric measurements were carried on in wave lengths of 274 and 280 nm for 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol respectively. The adsorption parameters were determined using both of isotherm and kinetic models.   Results: The Results showed that the activated carbon efficiency for selected compounds was rather more than rice husk ash. However rice huck ash (RHA) efficiency for these compounds was comparable with activated carbon. It was shown that a rapid equilibration could be achieved at pHs as low as 5 and 7 for RHA and GAC, respectively. The adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing the initial phenolic concentration and decreased with decreasing the adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherm studies clearly indicated that the adsorption process is on surface of RHA and fits into the Freundlich model. Also GAC adsorption isotherm for 2-Chorophenol fit into the Langmuir isotherm and for 4-chlorophenol fit into Freundlich model. The applicability of Ritchie, pseudo first order and pseudo secound order kinetic model was also been investigated. It was indicated that both methods were correlated with pesoudo secound order kinethic model.   Conclusion : Activated carbon and RHA exhibit reasonable adsorption capacity for the phenolic compounds and as to the results, RHA was found to be a useful agricultural waste product for the removal of some phenolic compounds.    328 Special The Evaluation of Efficiency of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Humic Acid Adsorption in Acidic Conditions From Aqueous Solution Ehrampoush MH Mahvi AH Fallahzadeh H Moussavi SP 1 2 2013 11 3 79 90 06 02 2013   Background : The presence of humic acid in water resources is the most health problems of many communities. In recent years, various methods have been focused on for decreasing or removing humic acid that is in water resources and is one of the Trihalomethanes (THMs) precursors. The aim of this study is investigation the use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent at humic acid adsorption process in acidic conditions from aqueous solution.   Methods : This experimental study was done in batch system to investigate the effects of Variations such as contact time, humic acid concentration and dose of nanotubes in removal of humic acid. In this study, humic acid concentration was determined during various steps of research using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 254 nm.   Results : The Results of this study showed that maximum surface adsorption of humic acid onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes was 31.37 mg/gr and maximum adsorption had occurred at acidic pH (pH = 4). This study also had determined that appropriate time for receiving maximum adsorption of humic acid and equalization state is 3 hours. By increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.04 to 0.08 gr per 100 ml, removal efficiency of humic acid solution with 20 mg/l initial concentration increased from 93.5 to 96.8 %. By decreasing humic acidinitial concentration from 30 to 5 mg/l, removal efficiency increased from 91.5 to 96.9 % at pH=4 after 3 hours.   Conclusion : This adsorbent could be effective for removal of humic acid due to small size, large surface area, crystal shape and exclusive network arrangement and consequently very high reactivity and noticeable performance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent in removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution.        329 Special Kaldnes(k1) Moving bed Biofilm Reactors Performance for Organic and Nitrogen Compounds Removal From Wastewater with Iimited Dissolved Oxygen Zafarzadeh Bina Nikaeen MovahedianAttar Hajian Nejad 1 2 2013 11 3 91 102 06 02 2013   Background: Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is one of the new hybrids biological systems that are used in treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic and nitrogen pollutant. In this study, the continuously operated laboratory scale Kaldnes(k1) moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) was investigated.   Methods: In this system, two series as Anoxic reactor (R1) and aerobic (R2) have a size 3.5 and 10 liters, respectively. This system was operated at temperature 28.5 oC , pH=7-8, DO= 1-1.5 mg/l and internal recycle ratio in continuously. All tests based on the standard methods were performed. The Anoxic and Aerobic reactors were filled to 40 and 50 %( v/v) to attach and retain biomass with k1 biofilm carriers, respectively. Statistical analysis software was SPSS and EXCEL.   Results: During operation, the average dissolved oxygen in the aerobic reactor was 1-1.5 mg/l. The average removal efficiency of soluble organic carbon (SCOD) was obtained over 95% at different load organic matter (300-2000 mg/l) in the anoxic reactor. The average removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) occurred in the range of 80-99.4% at different load nitrogen (25-250 mg/l) and maximum removal efficiency based on biofilm surface area occurred close 92% at loading rate of 0.127-0.181 mg-N/m2.day. The results show that nitrification rate was increased to increase loading rate of nitrogen compounds but the rate of nitrification was decreased at high loading rate. Probably this was due to an excessive accumulation of nitrite ion in the aerobic reactor.   Conclusions: This investigation showed that the process of removal organic and nitrogen compounds in the MBBRs system under pre-denitrification without recycle sludge and external carbon source has an acceptable performance for treatment of wastewater with high load organic carbon and organic nitrogen compounds.           330 Special Identification of Hazardous and Risk Assessment of Tunneling Process Using JSA Method in the Dam & Power plant site Barkhordari A Shirazi J Halvani GH 1 2 2013 11 3 103 112 06 02 2013   Background: There is no doubt that one of the effective factors in implementation of projects that have potential hazard can cause irreversible losses. Therefore recognizing potential hazards is of paramount importance.   Method: The present descriptive-analysis study was conducted at Rudbar Lorestan Dam constructional projects. For recognizing potential hazard in tunneling activities, job safety analysis (JSA) was performed according to OSHA 3071 method and for observing this purpose, the risk assessment matrix was carried out on the basis of MIL-STD-882E standard. Combination of severity and probability of each risk makes it possible to determine the risk level and the priority of control measures, qualitatively rating from 1-24.   Results: Generally, a total of 232 risk factors were identified in different activities. As results show, %15.9 of recognized risks were serious, %17.3 almost serious, %38.4 medium and %28.4 were in low level. Therefore more than one-third hazards are assessed as unacceptable. Work at heights without using proper lifting, lack of equipment of tunneling treatmentolagy, delay in unstable rock mass support can be enumerated as the causative factors.   Conclusion: A llocating a percentage of the budget of every construction project to provide safety and rescue equipment as well as experienced safety experts can significantly reduce the risk level.   For assessment criteria, MIL-STD-882E standard was used and four indices were presented for decision making: serious, almost serious, medium, and low. 331 Special Comparison of the Effect of Green and Sour Tea on Blood Glucose and Lipids Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ahadi z Mozaffari–Khosravi H Afkhami Ardekani M Jalali-Khanabadi BA Fallahzadeh H 1 2 2013 11 3 113 124 06 02 2013  Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease its incidence of which in increasing for machine life development in most parts of the world. Dyslipidemia is one of the common disorders in this malady causing development and progression of short and long term complications. One of the usual approaches for controlling and preventing the complications of DM is using herbal products such as green and sour tea. The aim of this study was compare the effect of these teas on glucose and lipid profile in type 2 DM with overweight and obesity. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 type 2 diabetic patients in Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2011. The diabetic patients were randomly divided into green(GG) and sour tea(SG) groups. Two groups used tea for 4 weeks, three times a day, 150 ml two hours after each main meals. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipids and lipoproteins were measured at the beginning and the end of the intervention. Results: Ninety four patients completed the study. The mean of FBG, lipids and demographic variables did not significantly differ between two groups at the beginning and the end of intervention. Only the mean for HDL-C significantly increased at the end of intervention in both groups, so that in SG the mean from 37.1 ± 8.4 at the beginning reached 41.8 ± 8.8 mg/dl at the end of intervention (16.6% increase) and in GG the related figures were 38.7 ± 9.1 and 43 ± 13 mg/dl (14% increase) respectively.  Conclusion: This study revealed that both sour tea and green tea consumption caused significantly increase of HDL-C in both groups. Regarding this effect and another useful reported effects by similar studies, consumption of these can be recommended for dyslipidemic patients especially in patients with diabetes.   332 Special Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of People toward Skin Cancer in Yazd Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS Zeynolabedini M Noorbala M Fallahzadeh H 1 2 2013 11 3 125 137 06 02 2013   Background : Skin cancers including non-melanoma (NMSC) and melanoma are the most frequent skin cancers in the world. Skin cancer is the most common type of skin cancer in Iran too. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of Yazd people concerning skin cancer and sun protection.   Methods : A questionnaire was used to 360 participants aged 18- 55 years.   Results: Of the 358 participants who completed the questionnaire,44% were male and 56% female. Mean of knowledge score was 12.7 ± 5.04, mean of attitude score was 28.94 ± 2.95, and mean of performance was 8.37 ± 1.75. This study showed that knowledge was significantly associated with age, gender, education, and job (P< 0.05).Attitude toward skin cancer was significantly associated with education and job (P< 0.05), and performance was significantly associated with education (P< 0.05). Also there was a significant relationship between knowledge of skin cancer with attitude and performance , and between attitude with performance.   The mass media was the main source of information about skin cancer for participants.   Conclusion: This study highlights the role of knowledge on attitude and performance and the role of attitudes on performance as well as people’s level of knowledge, attitude and performance as they are influenced by several factors including gender, age, education and job. These factors should be kept in mind when designing intervention programs concerning skin cancer and take steps to protect against it.