@article{ author = {Ehrampoush, MH and Alidadi, H and Ghaneian, MT and Najafpor, AA and Dehghan, AA and Mohebrad, B}, title = {The Efficiency of Inactive Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Biomass on Removing Arsenic from Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={Introduction:Arsenic is a common toxic element that is mainly transported in the environment by water. Arsenic in drinking water is of major concern to many of the water utilities in the world. Therefore, the objective of this study was selected biosorption of arsenic by inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae as low-cost biological adsorbent from aqueous solution. Methods:This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale and was performed on 243 synthetic samples in a batch system. In this study the effect of parameters such as contact time (5,15,30,60,120,min and 24 h), pH (5,7,9), fluoride concentration (100, 250, 500, 750,1000 µg/l) and absorbent dosages (0.5,1,2/5,5g/l) was evaluated. Finally biosorption kinetic and equilibrium isotherms of adsorbent was investigated. Results: The removal efficiency of inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 89.49% at pH 5, adsorbent dose of 1g/L and initial metal concentration of 100 mg/L. Maximum uptake was observed after the Contact time of 60 minutes. In addition absorption isotherm followed pseudo-second order model with a maximum R2 = 0.999. Conclusion:The results of study showed that biosorption efficiency decreases with increase in pH of solution. Optimum pH of biosorption was 5. The Removal efficiency of arsenic enhanced with increase in mass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae up to 1 g/L, but The Removal efficiency decreased with increase in initial concentration of arsenic. Maximum absorption was observed in 15 minutes.}, Keywords = {Biosorption kinetics, Arsenic,Aqueous solutions,Inactive saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biosorption.}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1589-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1589-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of Gamma Rays in the Building Stones in Kerman (2013)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:Some of the building stones have radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium and since people spend averagely 80 % of their time within the buildings, it increases the possibility of sunshine exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosimetry of building stones in Kerman in 2013 to determine the radioactivity of them. Methods: From the salestones of Kerman, a list of building stones was prepared. A total of 275 samples from variety of rocks were measured by pen dosimeter models MKS on both the gamma dose rate EDR (Equivalent Dose Rate) according to Microsievert/h and the dose of gamma- ED (Equivalent Dose) according to millisievert. Results: The highest rate of EDR was found in granitic rocks related to the red granite imported from China at a rate of 0.22, the marble stones, pink of Anarak rate of 0.077, on calcareous rocks, Yellow of Makoo rate of 0.03 and the Chinese Stones, Cream of Abbas Abad rate of 0.039 microsievert per hour respectively. The ED content of all samples was determined zero. Conclusion: Although the amount of radiation of the majority of the stones tested was less than the amount recommended, it is advised that in cases that there are similar stones with the lower dose in the country, their import be prevented. Meantime, the national standards compatible with the authorized recommendations for radioactivity be planned for different kinds of stones to be used in the buildings. Keywords: Dosimetry, Building stones, Kerman, Gamma}, Keywords = {Dosimetry, Building stones, Kerman, Gamma}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-21}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1604-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1604-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mofidi, M and Shokoohmand, M and Saeedabadi, MS and Ebadi, Z}, title = {Evaluation of Carcass Quality for Coliforms, Salmonella and Psychrophiles on Evisceration and Chiller lines in Yazd Province Industrial Poultry Slaughterhouses}, abstract ={Introduction: Even if a small number of poultry carcasses contaminate with pathogenic food bacteria, the chance of spreading the infection in the chillers of poultry slaughterhouse, resulting in contamination of other carcasses also have been observed. In this study, Coliform bacteria, Salmonella and the Psychrophiles in the two different poultry slaughterhouse of Yazd province have been investigated. Methods: Sampling from each line (slaughter and chiller) in two stages (before and after removal from the line) three times (the beginning, middle and the end of the slaughtering) was carried out. Five Chicken carcasses were randomly selected, numbered and sampled both before entering the line and after exiting the line while rinsed using peptone Water. A total of 120 samples were sent to the laboratory for culturing and microbial counting. Results: Significant differences were detected between chiller and slaughter line. The population of coliforms in the slaughter line was significantly more than the chillers (p<0.01). In the case of salmonella the only difference was in the amount of bacteria between two slaughterhouse being significantly lower in slaughter house two (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results showed no significant differences among different treatments in respect to psychrophile bacteria. In general, it can be said that secondary contamination in the slaughter line along with gradual increase in temperature of the chiller can increase bacterial load of both coliforms and salmonella but it will not affect the amount of psychrophile bacteria. Due to some differences between the studied slaughterhouses, microbial load of coliform and salmonella can be acheived by improving the management and installation of appropriate aquipments in the evisceration line.}, Keywords = {Coliform, Salmonella, Psychophile,Carcass Cooling, Poultry Slaughterhouse}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {22-29}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1591-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1591-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Estimate the Average Waiting time to Receive Service in the Outpatient Department: A Case Study on Shahid Rahnemoon and Afshar Clinics in Yazd, Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The amount of waiting time is an indicator of level of access to hospital services and can be measured as one of the indicators of the effectiveness of hospital performance. This study aimed to determine the average waiting time in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics. Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross – sectional study was conducted with a simple size of 264 patients in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics in 1389. A check list was used to collect data and SPSS statistical software was used for analyzing the data. Results: The results showed that waiting time in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics were different. The average of waiting time for patients referred to Shahid Rahnamoon clinic was 7 minutes in the reception area, 1.8 minutes at the payment box, and 63.5 minutes in the waiting room. And the average waiting time for patients referred to Afshar clinic was 19 minutes in the reception area, 1.7 minutes at the payment box, and 38 minutes in waiting room. Conclusion: It seems that using the telephone voting system in clinics, determining special working programs for doctors, increasing the working hours of doctors, and increasing the number of physicians in clinics can reduce the waiting time. Keywords: Waiting time, Patient, Clinic}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-39}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1592-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1592-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {RahimzadehBarzoki, H and Beirami, S and Mansourian, M and Bay, A and Qorbani, M and Shafieyan, Z and Rezapoor, A and EbadiFardAzar, F and Norimotlagh, Z and Shafieyan, N}, title = {Determination of Peroxide Value of Edible Oils Used in Confectionary, Restaurants and Sandwich Shops in Gorgan in 2011}, abstract ={Introduction: High-rate frying with oil is a cause of hydrolyzation, oxidation and polymerization of oil, thus making free radicals in the human body. These free radicals can lead to cancer, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, aging and others. The aim of this study was to survey the peroxide value of edible oils used in confectionary, restaurants and sandwich shops in Gorgan in 2011. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all confectionaries (n=43) Restaurants (n=15) and Sandwich Shops (n=66) in Gorgan in 2011. Samples were collected in the hours that oil was very hot. Samples were collected based on national standard procedure, number 493. After the transfer of samples to the chemistry laboratory of environmental health engineering department, the number of peroxide was determined based on national standard procedure, number 4179. Results: Out of 24 samples of the confectioneries, (56%) were consumable and 19 samples (44%) were inedible (p=0.015). Out of 15 restaurants and central kitchen, 6 cases (40%) were consumable and 9 cases (60%) were inedible. (p=0.021), and from 66 samples of sandwiches, 12 (18%) were consumable and 54 samples (82%) were inedible (p=0.000). The differences between the samples of consumable and inedible in three group was significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: The findings show that Peroxide value in sandwich and fast food shops, restaurants, and confectionary shop are higher than the standard, so its seems that having educational plan for staff about nutrition and the correct methods of frying food is necessary.}, Keywords = {Peroxide, oil, Fast food, Restaurants, Confectionary}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {40-47}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1595-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1595-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Frequency of Intestinal Parasites in the Patients Referred to the Central and Shahid Sadoughi Laboratories of Yazd (2011-2012)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:Today despite all the advances made in all scientific fields specially in medicine and health sciences, still parasitic diseases are considered as a major health-economic problem in most countries especially in the developing countries thereby inducing some troubles for these countries including a large loss of human resources, high cost, and spending much time for eradicating and controlling parasites. Methods:Sampling method was conducted through the convenience design of sensus including all the visitors to Central Laboratory and Shahid Sadoghi Hospital laboratory. Most of the fecal samples were taken with a direct method (physiologic serum and lugol) and were examined by light microscopy. Results:Out of the total of 33096 fecal samples examined, 17481 were relating to men (52%) and 15615 to women (48%) out of all samples, 624 cases (1.8%) were positive and among the positive cases 380 were pertinent to men (60.8%) and 244 to women (39.2%). There was a significant relationship between contamination and sex. Most contamination rate was related to Giardia (43.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (40.1%) respectively. Conclusion:The findings of this study indicate that in Yazd with the hot and dry weather, due to the prevalence of intestinal parasites, health level is low and compared to the past years has a significant reduction but as in other parts of the country the highest contamination outbreak is related to the younger groups and Giardia and Blastosystis hominis. Keywords:Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Worm, Yazd}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {48-57}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1593-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1593-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Vakili, M and Adinefar, A and Pirdehghan, A}, title = {Observance Rate of the Rights of Patients by Providers Care and its Necessity from View of Patients in Shahid Sadooghi Hospital in Yazd 2012}, abstract ={Introduction:Efficient health system needs active participation and good relationship between health care providers and health care recipient. The fundamental reason for the importance attached to patient’s rights and the corresponding increase in legislation is that respecting patient’s rights is an essential part of providing good health care. Existence of patient rights prism doesn't mean its observance. The purpose of this study is to determine the observance rate of patient’s rights and its necessity from patient`s point whom hospitalized in Shahid Sadooghi hospital of Yazd. Methods:This study has been done as a cross sectional descriptive survey in three months (December 2012, junuary and febriary2013) in Shahid Sadughi hospital of Yazd city. The study group that selected randomly consisted of 200 patients who hospitalized in study period. Data were collected during face to face interviews using a standard questionnaire. This questionnaire was based on patient right prism and its validity and reliability has been obtained in previous studies. Data analyzed by SPSS18. Results:Results showed that observance rate of patient’s rights and its necessity from patient`s point was 63.2% and 76.85% respectively with a significant relationship (R=0.49, P=0.000). There was a significantly relationship between patient`s education, their residency and age of them with observance and necessity of their rights. Urban residency, high education and more age was related to better opinion. Also there is significantly relationship between observance of patient`s rights and its necessity at all and in subscales with their satisfaction of hospital (P=0.000). Conclusion:According to observance rate of patients' rights and its necessity for patient satisfaction and their health promotion. A strategy for increasing of observance is increasing in patients’ awareness of patient’s rights prism}, Keywords = {patient’s rights prism, observance of patient’s rights, necessity of patient`s rights, Hospital.}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {58-69}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1603-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1603-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Results of Drug addiction Test and its Correlation With the Demographic Specifications Among People Referred to Yazd Addiction Diagnostic Laboratory Centre}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Addiction changes people from positive, active and healthy beings to consuming and negative patients. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the prevalence of the abuse of epioid substances among people referring to Yazd Addiction Diagnosis Laboratory using Rapid Test and Chromatography. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all people who attended Yazd Addiction Diagnosis Laboratory for any reason, that is, marriage, employment or obtaining job license between 1386 and 1388, were examined. Totally, 2790 individuals were selected randomly. First, their demographic information was entered in the questionnaire. Then, urine samples were collected at the presence of a laboratory technician and tested using Ennissan Strip Rapid Test if the result was positive, the rest of the sample was tested with Chromatography. Results: Totally, 2790 individuals were surveyed in this study. The mean age of the participants was 25.9±7.2 years. About 62.9% were male and the rest were female. In addition, the reason for taking the test was marriage in 73.2%, employment in 15.5%, obtaining job license in 3.3% and other reasons for others. The prevalence of the abuse of opioid substances was 5.3% (95% CI 4.5% - 6.1%). Conclusions: Many test takers are aware of the fact that the result of the drug test becomes negative after three days of withdrawal, which might be the reason for the low prevalence of addiction in this study. However, prenuptial testing for addiction is quite prudent and necessary. Moreover, calculation of OR showed a male to female ratio of 15 to 1 for opioid abuse which was significant. Higher age, lower education level, labor work and working freelance, smoking and history of addiction in family were other risk factors for opioid substance abuse. Keywords: Addiction test, Addiction prevalence rate, Rapid test, Yazd}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-79}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {80-92}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1596-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1596-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Bahram, ME and Pourvaghar, MJ and Sadeh, MR}, title = {Effect of 12 weeks of Chosen Pilates Exercise on the Quality of Iife of Healthy Nonathletic People}, abstract ={Introduction:One of the most important stages of life is the elderly time when noticing the need of the olds is a social necessity. The main objective of this study is considering the effect of 12 weeks of chosen Pilates exercise on the quality of life in healthy nonathletic people. Method:This Quasi-experimental study was conducted on 40 old nonathletic men who were randomly chosen from a group of old people referring to Ardehal Health Centre in Kashan in 2012. Having randomly chosen, they were divided into two equal groups of inference (age: 65.13±3.2, weight: 70.40 ± 6.91, height: 165±7.91) and control (age: 64.86±2.53, weight: 61.13 ± 4.940, height: 163±4.73). The quality of life of the subjects from different respects was tested through Quality of Life Questionnaire. Then, the subjects in the experimental group did the Pilates exercise whereas the subjects in the other group did not. To distribute the data naturally, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed and to see the efficacy of the exercise, covariance analysis and the t-test were administered using the significance level at P≤0.05. Results:There was a significant difference in the quality of life and the following results emerged (P≥0.05): physical health (P=0.0001, F=146.929), mental health (P=0.0001, F=186.508), social contacts (P=0.0001, F=335.657), environmental health (P=0.0001, F=287.57) and the quality of life (P=0.0001, F=69.317). However, no significant differences was found in the control group (P≥0.05). Conclusion:Totally, the results showed that 12 weeks of Pilates Exercises leads to better quality of life and related variables in nonathletic men. This can be regarded as a nonaggressive way to improve the quality of life of the older people.}, Keywords = {Pilates exercises, Quality of life, The old}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {93-103}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1597-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1597-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {ModdaresMoghaddam, AA and Hatami, J}, title = {Comparison of Social Adjustment in Blind Children and Normal in Primary School in Mashhad}, abstract ={Introduction:Socialization is a process of mutual communication between the individual and society. For this reason it is regarded as a complex flow that has various dimensions. Acquiring social skills, communicating with other people and social adjustments are in these dimensions .The family, school and media have a significant role and responsibility in learning compatibility with the environment. This study aimed to compare the social adjustment of viewing and blind children in elementary schools in Mashhad. Methods:This is a descriptive, analytical study in which 270 blind and viewing students of primary schools in Mashhad participated in the academic years 2012-13. The blind students were chosen by census and viewing students through a stratified random sampling from normal schools. For data collection, a standard questionnaire that was social adjustment questionnaire was used. It was made in 1974 in America by Lambert, Wind Miller, Cole & Figueroa, which was translated in 1992 by Dr. Shahny Yeylagh, to be used for children of 7 to 13 years. It was conducted on 1500 boy and girl students of the first to fifth grade in elementary schools of Ahvaz. This test consists of 11 subscales, 38 sub-categories and 260 items. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test was used. (P <0.05). Results:The mean scores of social adjustment of students showed no statistically significant difference between the viewing and the blind (p=0.8). Also the mean of social adjustment in blind girls and boys was not statistically significant (p=0.1), but the incompatibility was found in more boys than the girls. Conclusion: Regarding the results, social incompatibility was higher in the blind girl students than the viewing girl students. Also this incompatibility was higher in the boys than the girls thereby requiring scientific and coherent planning for them.}, Keywords = {Social adjustment, Normal children, Blind children, Schools}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {104-114}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1598-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1598-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Comparison of Depression and Anxiety in Employed Women With Housewives Women In Shiraz City in 2012}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:In recent decades, increasing the employment rate of women in society has made them vulnerable to the effects of multiple stressors such as depression at work. Given the important role of women in society and the family, this study performed a comparison of depression, anxiety and stress among employed women and housewives in Shiraz city. Methods:This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using DASS21 questionnaire. Cluster sampling was used. A total of 233 women were selected out of whom 107 were employed women and 126 housewives. Data were collected and the results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Results:In this study, median of anxiety score and depression score in employed women turned out to be 10 and 9 respectively but 10 and 10 in the housewives this difference, however, was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The median of stress score in housewives and employed women stood 13 and 11 respectively. The difference between housewives and working women was statistically significant. Conclusion:Results of the study showed the amount of stress in housewives higher than that of the employed women thereby requiring special attention to be paid to reduce stress and mental illness in housewives. Keyword:Depression, Anxiety, Employed women, Housewives,Shiraz}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {115-123}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1599-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1599-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {JafariMansoorian, H and Mahvi, AH and Bazrafshan, E and JonidiJafari, A}, title = {Efficiency of the Electrocoagulation Process with Alternating and Direct Current for Eliminating Lead from Battery Industry Wastewater by Using Metal Iron and Stainless Steel Electrodes}, abstract ={Introduction:Lead and zinc are among the most poisonous unnecessary heavy metals available in the environment and are among the first grade poisonous pollutants. In this study the efficiency of electrocoagulation process using alternating and direct current and iron and stainless steel rods for elimination of lead and zinc from battery industrial wastewater has been investigated. Methods:Wastewater samples were taken from the battery building industry. In the electrochemical cell, metal iron and stainless steel rod electrodes were used and were connected together serially and unipolarly to the feeding source. Results:By using alternating current, the elimination of lead and zinc was done successfully with iron electrodes and in the density of 6 mA/cm2 which were 96.7% and 95.2% and with stainless steel electrodes in density of 8 mA/cm2 which were 93.8% and 93.3% respectively. By using direct current, the optimum elimination of lead and zinc with iron electrodes leveled at 97.2% and 95.5% and in density of 6mA/cm2 and with stainless steel electrodes was equal to 93.2% and 92.5% in density of 8mA/cm2 respectively. Conclusion:The results from this research are in line with the results from other studies. According to the results, this process can be applied as a suitable method for a wide use of electrolyte reactors in industrial scale and for eliminating lead and zinc from aqueous environments.}, Keywords = {Lead removal, Eectrocoagulation, Direct Current, Alternating Current, Leads and Zinc, Battery Wastewater,Iron and Stainless Steel Electrode}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {124-144}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1600-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1600-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Beliefs of Health Sector Personnel in Taft District about Hepatitis B: An Application of Health Belief Model}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:The prevalence of hepatitis B as the second most common cause of acute hepatitis is about two and a half million people in Iran. Personnel of medical groups and individuals who work with blood and body fluids of patients have more than normal population risk of being infected. Therefore, prevention is important in this group. One of the models of behavior change in health education is health belief model that focuses on changing beliefs, these changes will ultimately lead to changes in behavior. The aim of this study was to determining Beliefs of Health Sector Personnel in Taft District about Hepatitis B based on health belief model. Methods:This study was a cross sectional study among 351 Health Sector Personnel Taft city in census method. Questionnaire made thirty-three valid and reliable questions (&alpha;=0.83) based on the structure of health belief model was in two parts. Including demographic with six questions and questions related to health belief model structures, including knowledge seven question, four items perceived susceptibility, five items perceived severity, three items perceived benefits, four items perceived barriers and four questions about cues to action. then complete the questionnaire in self report data were analyzed by SPSS-18 by use of descriptive and analytical such as Pearson correlation, ANOVA, T- test in &alpha;=0.05. Results:Mean age of participants 35.03±8.13. Mean score in each of the structures were, knowledge 11.73±2.67 (range score 0-14), perceived susceptibility 15.41±3.1 (range score 4-20), perceived severity 15.17±2.84 (range score 5-25), perceived benefits of 12.59±3.49 (range score 3-15), perceived barriers 10.68±2.6 (range score 4-20) and cues to action 2.66±1.35 (score range 0-4). There were correlation between the susceptibility and knowledge (r=0.498**, P<0.001). There were a Significant relationship between level of education and knowledge mean score (P<0.001), perceived susceptibility (P<0.001), perceived benefits (P=0.02), cues to action (P=0.036). Also there were significant relationships among the work place participants and knowledge (P=0.028), perceived intensity (P=0.001), perceived benefits (P<0.001) and cues to action (P<0.001). Conclusion:Opinions of the participants were at acceptable levels but attention to the several precarious conditions of these people and the importance and necessity of continuing education about prevention to transmission of disease therefore is recommended continuing education about learning related subjects and how to deal with patients and their care. Keywords:Hepatitis B, Health Belief Model, Health Sector Personnel.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {145-156}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1602-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1602-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mirhoseni, A}, title = {Preventing and Improving Psychological Disorders Through Holy Quran and Tradition}, abstract ={Considering the depression that some people in the society suffer from and also mood lability that deprives people from the joys of life, any solution for its prevention and treatment is considered to be important. Although drug therapies and consultaions are helpful, religious educations should also be considered in this regard. Some effective issues including having self-confidence, appreciating one's own capabilities, seeking help from and having trust in God, making a proper evaluation of this and the other world,caring about other people and not keeping ill will towards them, avoiding loneliness and unemployment, travelling, doing recreational activities, and reading books are discussed in this paper.}, Keywords = {depression, prevention and treatment, peace}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {157-167}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1601-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1601-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Malakotian, M and KHazaei, A and Loloei, M}, title = {Investigation of Fe3O4 Nano‌particles Modified with Orange Peel Efficiency in Removal of Lead and Copper ions from Aqueous Environments}, abstract ={Introduction: Heavy metals with their entry into the food chain and water resources are considered as a serious threat to human health. This study aimed to survey Fe3O4 nano‌particles modified with orange peel efficiency in removal of lead and copper ions from aqueous environments. Methods: This experimental research was implemented during the year 2012 and Fe3O4 nano‌particles were used as adsorbent which were modified with orange peel. Experiments were implemented under batch process by adsorbent (300 mg/L) with changing effective factors such as contact time (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250 minutes), pH (3-12), temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 ° C) and concentration of lead and copper ions (10, 20 mg/L). Kinetic adsorption and thermodynamic parameters were investigated according to the conditions of the theory. Results: The maximum adsorption capacity of lead and copper ions on the adsorbent under optimum condition (contact time = 40 min, pH = 6 and temperature = 50 ° C) was obtained which turned out to be 70.06 and 71.21 mg/g respectively. Adsorption of lead and copper ions was according to pseudo-second-order kinetics and with relation to coefficients equal to 0.91 and 0.99 respectively and being fit with Langmuir adsorption model. Positive values of enthalpy (∆Ho) indicated the endothermic nature of the process and negative values of free energy (∆Go) thus indicating the spontaneity of the process. Conclusion: Adsorption of lead and copper ions on the adsorbent under optimum condition turned out to be 98%. The results showed that Fe3O4 nano‌particles modified with orange peel can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead and copper ions from contaminated water resources. Keywords: Copper, Lead, Fe3O4 Nano‌particles, Orange Peel, Adsorption}, Keywords = {Copper, Lead, Fe3O4 Nano‌particles, Orange Peel, Adsorption}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1013-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1013-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mazloomima, SS and kamalikhah, T and RahmatiNajarkolaei, F and Karimi, M}, title = {Assessment of determinant factors of dental flossing based on transtheoretical model in pakdasht high school students in 2012}, abstract ={Introduction: Some inter-proximal areas of teeth are not available to brushing thus dental flossing for eliminating plaque is needed. The aim of this study was to assess the determining factors based on trans-theoretical model (TTM) among high school students. Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross- sectional study was conducted during April and May 2012. 653 high schools students of Pakdasht in Iran were selected through multi-stages cluster-sampling method and participated in this study. A Researcher-designed questionnaire, including demographic information, stage of change, self efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers parts for collecting data was used.Data were collected based on TTM framework. Content validity of the questionnaire was determined using Lawsche's formula and CVI=0.97 and its reliability was specified through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). Data were then analyzed by SPSS software V15. Logistic Regression, spearman Correlation, ANOVA and nonparametric tests were used as the statistical methods. Results:The majority of students 73% (n=477) in dental flossing were in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages of change. Self efficacy and perceived benefits scores were lower in primary stage of change and perceived barriers were higher at the primary stage (p<0.000). Moreover, it was found that increase in perceived self efficacy enhances chance of dental flossing and maintaining this behavior more than six month, and increase in perceived barriers of people declines this chance (p<0.000). Conclusion:The findings showed a high percentage of students were in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages in dental flossing behaviorthus probably will expose with inter-dental decays in the future. Self efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers are determinant factors of dental flossing which should be considered in educational programs. Keywords: Dental floss, Educational model, Students}, Keywords = {Dental floss, Educational model, Students}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {12-24}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1014-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1014-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Najarzadeh, A and Esteghamati, AR and Fallahzadeh, H and Saeedi, E}, title = {Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Anthropometric Parameters in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome}, abstract ={Introduction: Obesity has become epidemic worldwide and is now a great public and clinical health challenge. Metabolic syndrome is one of the disorders associated with obesity. Accumulating evidence shows inverse correlation of serum 25(OH)D3 with obesity and anthropometric parameters. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods:We utilized randomized controlled double – blind intervention, administering 300,000 IU vitamin D in divided doses of 6 50,000 IU pearls per day to the treatment group and 6 pearls of placebo to control group in the first week of intervention. Participants were 88 men and women aged 30 to 65 which had metabolic syndrome according to NCEP-ATP III definition and had referred to diabetes clinic of Emam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. 25(OH)D3 levels and anthropometric parameters including weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were measured at the beginning and 3 months later. Results: There was a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D3 levels from 20 ng/ml to 33 ng/ml at the end of the study in vitamin D supplemented group (P-value < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in waist circumference in the vitamin D supplemented group at the end of the study (P-value = 0.005). There was no significant difference in weight, BMI and waist to hip ratio in the groups at the end of the study. Conclusion: Improving vitamin D status decreases waist circumference but does not affect other anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome.}, Keywords = {Vitamin D supplementation, Anthropometric parameters, Metabolic Syndrome}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {25-36}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1016-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1016-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Golbaz, S and JonidiJafari, A and RezaeiKalantary, R}, title = {The Evaluation of Fenton Process Efficiency to Remove Phenol from Synthetic Wastewater}, abstract ={Introduction: Phenol is one of the aromatic hydrocarbons that exist in wastewater of various industries such as manufacturing chemicals, oil refinery and petrochemical industries. Because of its high toxicity and undesirable effect on organisms, its concentration control is essential in nature. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Fenton oxidation process for the removal of phenol from synthetic wastewater. Methods: This is an experimental study.At the laboratory scale and in a batch system, the effect of pH, the optimal values of Fe 2+ and H2O2, exposure time and different concentrations of phenol on the removal efficiency of phenol was studied. In the samples, Phenol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with UV-Visible detector. Results: The results indicated that phenol with initial concentration of1.6 mM/Lin optimal conditions of pH =3, Fe2+=0.09 mM/L and H2O2=5.9mM/L (Fe2+/ H2O2= 0.015) was removed about 97% after 15 minutes. Increasing initial concentrations of phenol from1.6to3.7 mM / L caused a decrease in removal efficiency from 97 to 75%. The optimum ratio of Fe2+/ H2O2/Phenol was 0. 01. Conclusion: This method can be used as a suitable alternative option for the removal of phenol to meet environmental standards.}, Keywords = {Advance oxidation, Fenton, Phenol, Industrial wastewater}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {37-48}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1605-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1605-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Kopal, R and Abedi, Z and Ghazi, S and MohammdFam, E}, title = {Introducing an Model to Estimating financial burden of occupational accidents on the Social Security Organization in Yazd province}, abstract ={Introduction: Occupational accidents impose a lot of costs on the national economy of the country. Estimation of these costs contributes to decision-making for cost control. This study aims to estimate economic damages to the Social Security Organization caused by occupational accidents in Yazd, 2008-2009 Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the total 990 occupational accidents registered in 1387 and 2008 in Yazd were investigated to determine costs of insurance and medical care. The data were collected through interview as well as the information from the Head Office and Department for Clinical Affairs of Social Security in Yazd. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS 15 using Kruskal-Wallis and Correlation tests. Results: According to the results of this study, the total costs of insurance and medical care for the 990 occupational accidents were calculated to be 54 billion Rials, while the total premium received from the accident victims has been 9.37 billion Rials in the two years. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that the type of occupation and workshop are significantly related to the insurance and medical costs. Therefore, the Social Security Organization should invest on improvement of occupations and workshops safety. Keywords: Safety, Occupational accident, Insurance, cost}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {49-57}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1017-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1017-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Baghianimoghadam, MH and Sharifi, E and Mozafari-Khosravie, H and Falahzade, H and Karimei-Zarch, M}, title = {The study of Knowledge, Attitude and practice of Pregnant Moders abut consumption of milk and dairy products in Yazd}, abstract ={Introduction: Milk and dairy products for their quality and quantity of nutrients are the most basic nutritional substances for pregnant and lactating mothers and can best meet the needs of mothers and their fetuses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers about milk and dairy products in the city of Yazd Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study involving 254 pregnant women which was conducted in Yazd. Our data were collected by a researcher- made questionnaire based on demographic variables and questions about knowledge, attitude and practice. The data were analyzed by SPSS18, using descriptive and inferential tests . Results: Mean of maternal age was 26.8 ± 4.98 years, and 50.8% of them were in their first pregnancy. The knowledge of 39.8% of the mothers about using the dairy was appropriate and the attitude of 13.8% of women in this area was good.Only practice of 6.3% of mothers in milk and dairy consumption was based on recommended values. There was no significant difference between milk consumption among pregnancy and non pregnancy condition of the participants. In addition, a significant relationship was found between the levels of their education and awareness. According to the findings, there was no significant correlation between their knowledge and attitude. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that mothers' level of knowledge and attitude is moderate on milk and dairy products and pregnant women's consumption of them is less than the recommended minimum .Therefore, to improve the health of mothers and their children who make future of each society it is urgent to include promoting nutritional awareness of mothers especially on consumption of milk and dairy products.}, Keywords = {Dairy, Pregnant mothers, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice.}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {58-71}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1018-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1018-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Massoudinejad, MR and SharifiMaleksari, H and Yazdanbakhsh, AR and Mahdipour, F}, title = {Decolorization of the Real Textile Effluent by Electrocoagulation Process using Monopolar Iron Electrodes}, abstract ={Introduction: Color is one of the indices of water pollution. Discharge of colored effluent can damage to receiving water resources. One of the proposed methods for treating dyeing wastewater is electrocoagulation process. In this study, decolorization of the real textile effluent by electrocoagulation process using monopolar iron electrodes was studied. Methods: This study was run experimentally in the electrochemical batch reactor with a useful volume of 0.5 L. Reactor was equipped with 4 iron plate electrodes that were connected to direct current (DC) power in monopolar mode. The 400mL of wastewater into the reactor in each stage of test and effects of operation parameters such as current density (5.02-26.04 mA), reaction time (20-60 min) and the pH of wastewater (pH=4-9) were studied in color and COD removal efficiency. Results:The results showed that the color and COD removal efficiency increases with increasing of the current density, reaction time and pH. Optimum operation conditions were observed in current density (15.62 mA/cm2), retention time (60 minutes) and pH=9. In this condition, color & COD removals and the electrical energy consumption were 92%, 89% and 26.25kWhm-3 respectively. Conclusion:This study showed that electrocoagulation process with iron electrodes in decolorization of textile wastewater is an effective and efficient method.}, Keywords = {Decolorization,Textile wastewater, Electrocoagulation,Iron}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {72-84}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1019-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1019-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and Pirouzeh, R and Hemayati, R and Askarshahi, M}, title = {Preventive Behavior of Recurrent Kidney Stones and Its Relationship with its Knowledge and Receiving it}, abstract ={Introducatn: Kidney stone is the most common chronic kidney condition after hypertension. kidney stone recurrence is common worldwide and it is estimated that almost 50% of stone formers will have a recurrence within 10 years. Patients' knowledge on kidney stones and its recurrence prevention is an important factor in preventive behaviors of kidney stone recurrence. This study aimed to determinine the preventive behaviors of kidney stone recurrence on it and its relation to knowledge on it and also knowledge on it receiving resources. Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was performed as cross-sectional. The sample size consisted of 210 persons who had referred to 3 care centers in Yazd. Data Collection instrument was a questionnaire that had two parts: the first part was demographic information and the second part was scales for preventive behavior of kidney stones recurrence, knowledge aassessment and cues to action which were completed with interview. Data were analyzed with T-test, ANOVA, χ2 and correlation coefficient test thnough spss 16. Results: Mean score of recurrence preventive behaviors was 38.75 ± 7.85 from 70 the Mean score on knowledge was 9.49±7.85 from 25 and Mean score of cues to action was 2.67±1.78 from 8. The lowest reported recurrence preventive behavior was consulting with a registered dietitian or specialist about consumption of fruits and vegetables. The lowest reported knowledge was about dairy consumption in individuals with a history of kidney stone (21.4%), and the highest reported cues to action was other kidney stone patients (54.3%). Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation between preventive behaviors, knowledge and cues to action (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the low rate of knowledge and performance of the subjects as well as the high age of patients suffering from kidney stones and lack of enough education in this group, health staff can be the most important source of knowledge for these people about preventive behaviors of kidney stones recurrence.}, Keywords = {Kidney stones, Knowledge, Preventive behaviors}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {85-98}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1020-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1020-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Jenaabadi, H and Sabegi, F}, title = {Relationship between attachment to God and meaningful life parents of mentally retarded children in Zahedan city}, abstract ={Introduction: Birth of a mentally-retarded child affectes the quality of life of parents, and accepting the facts, patience, and tolerance when dealing with problems depend greatly on the parents’ worldview. In this regard, the present study was planned to assess the relationship between appeal to God and meaningful life of parents of mentally retarded children in Zahedan city. Methods: This is a descriptive - correlational study and its population were parents of mentally-retarded children who had referred to Zahedan welfare organization between Septembers to November 2012 out of whom 125 parents were selected by targeted sampling method. The study instruments included measures of appeal style to God (Larson and Ghobari، 2009) and meaningful life scale (Battista & Almond, 1973). The scores were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS17. Results: parent’s appeal to God and meaningful life were relatively desirable. There was a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life. Multiple regression results showed that from subscales of appeal to God, maintaining proximity to God, God as a secure base, and positive own perception can explain and predict the meaningful life of these parents. Conclusion: Given a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life, it is suggested including spirituality therapy sessions and teaching religious coping methods to reduce stress and thus make meaningful life in these parents by welfare, education of exceptional children, and radio and television organizations.}, Keywords = {Attachment to God, Meaningful life, Parent of children with Mental retardation}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-112}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1024-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1024-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The determination of young couples educational needs in Yazd}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:one of the essential needs of young couples is to have knowledge in the field of health reproduction that will have significant impact on health improvement and family bonds.recognization of young couples are lead more attention of policy maker towards issues which is contained low level of knowledge for the young couples. Presenting the required training to young couples will help to have better undersanding of their thoughts and feelings and make decisions more corrective and appropriate for themselves about reproductive health issues. Methods: this is a descriptive study. The statistical population is volentier couples who have reffering to the premartial counseling centers that they had been married since last year to express their training needs based on experince of the life. The samples are included 240 couples and data instrument was the questionnaires that directly were interviewed and data were analyzed by use of SPSS software. Results:less educated, rurals, home worker and laborershas more training need than the others and there is a significant difference. (p = 0.000). but training need is not related to the marriageable age, gender and there was no significant difference(p > 0.50). The young couples are explained the lessamount of training needs in case of form and function of the reproductive system, method of contraception from prognancy, preparation needs before sextual, simultanios and how they can have sexual relation and how they have sexual and intercourse intercourse and statidfy. While the need of training based on healthy issue during menstruation and time of intercourse, how to become pregnant, sexually transmitted, high risk prognancies, congenital diseases, common cancerns, sexual dysfunction are more and more mentioned. Conclusion :Training needs of couples should be more considered. For the rurals and less educated groupit should be perform supplementory classes after the marriage. Based on the achieved requierments , topics, programs and appropriate training facilities with them should be consider. Keywords:Young couples, Knowledge, Educational needs}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {113-127}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1606-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1606-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Jafari, AA and Fallah-tafti, A and Zratkar-davani, S and Jafari, H}, title = {Comparison the Effectiveness of Lawsonia Inermis Extract, Sodium Hypochlorite and Nystatin in controlling of Candida Biofilm on Contaminated Resin Acryl plates}, abstract ={Introduction: Denture stomatitis is known as common complications in denture users, caused by adherence and colonization of Candida albicans on denture surfaces. Decontamination of dental prostheses using common chemical disinfectants brings about allergic disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Lawsonia inermis extracts and Sodium hypochlorite for disinfection of resin acryl plaques, which experimentally contaminated with C. albican. Methods: In present experimental study 100 square shape, 10×10×1 mm acrylic resin plates were inoculated in C. albicans suspension. The average number of Candida cells which adhered to 12 randomly selected acryl resin plates was firstly determined and 88 remaining plates were divided in 4 groups that were immersed for 8 hours in 500mg/100cc lawsonia inermis extracts 2% Sodium Hypochlorite as test groups, and 100000 IU Nystatin and distilled water as positive and negative control groups respectively. The Candida removing ability of 2 disinfectants and the control groups was assessed by comparing the number of colony forming units per 1 ml of the plates washing solution cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates before and after the removing protocol. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: There was seen a statistically significant differences in average viable C. albicans cells isolated from acryl resin plates before and after disinfection with lawsonia inermis extract, Sodium hypochlorite and Nystatin (P=0.0001). Sodium hypochlorite reduced 100% of attached Candida on the rein acryl plates Lawsonia inermis extract more than 80% and only less than 25% by distilled water. Conclusions: According to present results, it seems that lawsonia inermis extracts, which is inexpensive and without any side effects, it can be suggested for controlling of Candida biofilm and prevention of denture stomatitis.}, Keywords = {Denture stomatitis, Candida albicans, Acryl Resin, lawsonia inermis, Sodium hypochlorite }, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {128-139}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1026-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1026-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {NooriHekmat, S and Dehnavieh, R and Mohammadi, N and Poorhosseini, S and Rezai, F and Mehralhasani, SH and SalmaniNodoushan, A}, title = {Determining the Optimum Number of Nursing Staff Is Needed in Kerman Shafa Hospital Emergency Department}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The nursing workforce shortage or its inappropriate distribution is one of the major problems in hospitals. This study aimed to determine the optimum number of nurse staff in the emergency department of a teaching hospital. Method: This is a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The study population included patients' medical records admitted to the emergency department. Using cluster sampling, August was selected as a cluster. Sample size was determined using the sample size formula, and 384 records were randomly selected from August. A check list of nursing services timing was data collection tool. To develop the checklist, patients' medical records were reviewed to identify emergency department nursing services and 19 nursing services were listed. Data were then analyzed using linear programming techniques and Lingo12.0 software. Results: The average entry of patients, nursing services provided, and the percentage of patients who had received each service, were used as the model inputs. Model limitations included time constraints, supply constraints, and non-negative variable constraints. The software's output showed that the optimal number of nurses in the morning shift was14, in the evening shift 12, and in the night shift was 15. So a total of 42 nurses is the optimal number and it was detected that this emergency unit was faced with a shortage of 19 nurses particularly in night shift. Conclusion: The results indicated that the emergency department of the studied hospital is facing with nurse shortage, particularly at night shift. Solutions to fit the number of nurses with patients in this emergency department can be classified in two areas of demand and supply of emergency services at different hours of day. Since only the early hours of the night shift is faced with large numbers of patients, the rational allocation of overtime to the evening shift nursing staff can be helpful. Furthermore, the hospital can correctly implement the triage nursing so that patient with high priority will serve at the best time.}, Keywords = {Linear programming, Optimization, Planning nursing force, Emergency Department, LINGO 12.0 software}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {140-155}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1027-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1027-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Sekhavati, E and MohammadiZadeh, M and MohammadFam, E and FaghihiZarandi, A}, title = {Prioritizing methods of control and reduce noise pollution in Larestan cement Factory using analytical hierarchy process (AHP)}, abstract ={Introduction: exposure to noise pollution leaves Different effects on human. Goal in this Paper is the prioritizing methods of control and reduce noise pollution in Larestan cement Factory using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Methods: For screening criteria and methods used in AHP technique, Delphi method was used. After polling of 15 experts, 8 criteria and 9 methods was selected from their consensus. Then, in order to prioritizing methods of reduce and control noise pollution, carried out Paired comparison of the methods and criteria, by experts using Analytical Hierarchy Process. Results: result of paired comparison of criteria show that initial investment cost was the most important criteria with the relative weight of 0.247, satisfaction from using of method, Account for the least important with the relative weight of 0.035. A paired comparison of methods according to the target of selecting control methods show that Personal exposure to noise Control method with the weight of 0.224 .was the first priority, and Insulation of building’s Method with the weight of 0.067 was the last priority. Conclusion: Because of personal exposure to noise control method obtained as the best method of controlling noise pollution in this Factory, ACGIH instruction about the time of noise exposure in the workplace suggested to directors.}, Keywords = {Analytical Hierarchy Process, Prioritizing, Noise pollution, Cement Factory}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {156-167}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1028-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1028-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ghaneian, MT and Ehrampoush, MH and Safdari, M and Emamjomeh, M and Askarishahi, M}, title = {Performance of Olive pit Ash\'s In Nitrate Removal from the Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={introduction: Nitrate ion in drinking water has been found to have a significant effect against health human. Nitrate is an acute toxic it can be reduced to nitrite in the stomach when it can lead to have blue baby diseases in infants. This research is directed towards to elucidate the nitrate removal efficiency by kernel ashes of olive in water supply. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in a batch laboratory scale. The batch flow experiments for nitrate removal were undertaken to investigate the effects of the different parameters such as: initial concentrations of nitrate solution (50, 100, 150 mg/l), initial pH (3,5,7,9), detention time (15,30,60,120,180 min), and weight of adsorbent( .04, .06. .08 gr). Nitrate concentrations were measured by standard method using a spectrophotometer at two wavelengths 220 and 275 nm. Results: The Results obtained showed that the removal efficiency increases when the time and adsorbent dose is increased. By decreasing of pH value and the initial concentration of nitrate, the removal efficiency would be increased significantly. Investigation of the effect of nitrate initial concentration showed that increasing initial concentration of nitrate from 50 to 150 mg/l and without changing absorbent dose would lead to decrease in the absorption efficiency from 88% to 48% but the absorption capacity (qe) increased from 8.31 to 14.3. Moreover the maximum absorption took Place at 60 min of the first reaction. Conclusion: Nitrate removal by olive kernel ashes are considered as effective and appropriate method compared with other absorbents and the process is more efficient at acidic pH.}, Keywords = {Olive pit ash, Adsorption, Nitrate removal, Drinking water}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {168-177}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1029-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1029-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ehrampoush, MH and Salmani, MH and Zareei, S and Ebrahimi, A and Askarishahi, M and Safdari, M}, title = {Evaluations of Effective Factors on Efficiency Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles in Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solution}, abstract ={Introduction: Cadmium is a heavy metal with high toxicity and is best known as a carcinogen element. For protecting human health and environment it is necessary to remove excess Cadmium from industrial wastewater before discharging it to surface and ground water. In this study the efficiency of Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles in Cadmium removal from aqueous solution was evaluated. Methods: This is a laboratory experimental study. Adsorption tests were performed in a batch reactor in a laboratory scale using zinc oxide nanoparticles and the effect of initial cadmium concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time on the removal efficiency was studied. Theresidual cadmium concentration in the solutionwas determined using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy Varian AA20 made in Australia. Finally for designing graphs, we used Excel software. Results: The results indicated that the adsorption process is affected by different parameters such as initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time and Cadmiumremoval efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing initial concentration of Cadmium. Therefore, it is observed that by raising the initial Cadmium concentration, the adsorption rate increases. The maximum efficiency of adsorptionin pH=7amounted to 89.6%. Conclusion: It is concluded that Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have proper efficiency in removal of Cadmium from aqueous solutions and can be used in the treatment of wastewater that contains ion Cadmium. However, its efficiency is deeply dependent on ion strength and the interaction of other metals in wastewater.}, Keywords = {Cadmium, Heavy metals, Adsorption, Nanoparticles}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1113-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1113-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Sepehr, P and MohammadFam, I and Ketabi, D and sepehr, N}, title = {Effect of Engineering and Management Interventions on Promoting Safety Culture Indicators among Workers of Iranian Pipe Rolling Factory}, abstract ={Introduction: Iran's social security has been estimated by the number of work accidents in as much as 9856 cases in the first 6 months of 2009, and the majority of these accidents have happened in a safety management system with low indicators of safety culture. Methods: This descriptive – analytic study (Before & After) was carried out among 120 workers of Hamadan pipe-rolling factory. For evaluation of engineering and management interventions on promoting safety culture indicators, the Persian version of standard HSE (Health and Safety Executive) questionnaire was used. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean of safety-culture final indicator among workers under study which was 204±43.42 (negative safety culture) before intervention increased to 318±31.11 (positive safety culture) after engineering and management interventions. Also the results showed that after these interventions, all of ten-fold safety culture indicators increased as well. Conclusion:The results of various studies indicated that the initial priority to create a positive safety culture is education. For this reason, the department of education with specified tasks was established in Hamadan pipe-rolling factory. Also the results of this study demonstrated that with increase of age and work background, the safety culture final indicator also increased thus having full compliance with the results of Oi-ling Siu, Wendy Adie and Si-Hao Lin's studies.}, Keywords = {Safety Culture, Engineering and Management Interventions, HSE Questionnaire}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {11-20}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1112-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1112-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, M and Parviz, M and Javanmard, MR}, title = {The Survey on the Bacterial Contamination of Traditional & Pasteurized ice Cream Produced in Arak City (summer and fall 2011)}, abstract ={Introduction: Ice-cream, being full of nutrients and enjoying favorable conditions may cause poisoning and intestinal diseases for the consumers in case of not considering rules of hygiene in the stages of production, maintenance and delivery.It is in fact considered as one of the dairy products providing a suitable environment for the development of different kinds of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial contamination found in traditional (unpasteurized) and pasteurized ice-cream in Arak, Markazi province. Methods: Regarding sampling, some ice-cream delivery centers were selected randomly across Arak. On the whole,70 samples of unpasteurized ice-creams (traditional) and 40 samples of pasteurized ice-creams weighing 50-100 grams were provided from July to December 2011 during 6 months from confectioneries and ice-cream sellers in different parts of the city. Then the address of the region was written down, and the samples were transmitted to the microbiology laboratory sterilized and frozen. Results: The results showed that 57.14% of the unpasteurized samples were not consumable and the bacteria inside them were as following in terms of frequency: staphylococcus aureus50%,klebsiella54.28%,Escherichia coli 42.85%. Regarding pasteurized ice-creams, 30% of the samples were not consumable and the bacteria inside them were as following in terms of frequency: Escherichia coli 25%, staphylococcus aureus10%,and klebsiella20%.It is important to note that no salmonella was detected in this study. Conclusion:The results show unfavorable situation of traditional and pasteurized ice-creams concerning bacterial contamination.}, Keywords = {Ice-cream, Traditional, Pasteurized, Microbial contamination,Food safety.}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1115-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1115-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Nikmanesh, z and Khosravi, M and Hasanzade, Z}, title = {Relationship of Humor Sense with Quality of Life in Cancer Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: In the medical world, sense of humor as a means for coping with problems and as a treatment source, has attracted serious attention. Physical disease such as cancer can have negative effects on the quality of life that is desirable functions in physiological and psychological dimensions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of dimensions of humor sense on dimensions of quality of life in cancer patients. Methods: This research was a descriptive and correlation study. The sample was consisted of 50 cancer patients that were selected by available sampling method in Zahedan. The tools were the Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36) and the Sense of Humor Questionnaire (SHQ).The data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression. Results: The results showed that sense of humor in stressful conditions has significant correlations with physiological quality of life (r= 0.278, p≤0.025) and psychological quality of life (r= 0.283, P≤0.023), The results of regression analyze also showed that sense of humor in social relations accompany with verbal humor predicted 24% of physiological healthy variance and 40% of psychological healthy. Conclusion: In refer to role of Sense of humor in quality of life in cancer patients, it is suggested that necessary interventions be applied by using humor for promoting quality of life in cancer patients.}, Keywords = {Sense of Humor, Quality of life, Cance}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {31-41}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1117-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1117-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Activities of Daily Living and Prevalence of Chronic diseases Among Elderly People in Yazd}, abstract ={Introduction: Aging is a period in lifespan experienceswhereby people are threatened by the potentials such as increase in chronic diseases, loneliness and isolation, as well aslack of social support. Their individualautonomyis threatened in casesofmental and physicaldisabilities. Survey of problems of the elderly people is one of the health care priorities in Iran so as to manage and develop a care plan for this population .The aim of this study was to determine the activities of daily living and prevalence of chronic diseases of the elderly people in Yazd. Methods: Thisisacross-sectional study conductedon265elderly people over 60 years in Yazd in 2012. A clustersampling method wasapplied. The data were gathered by 2 questionnaires including questions on demographic characteristicsand independentinstrument of Daily Activities Living (made by Yagma'ee with 20 questions). Then statistical tests such as Kruskal–Wallis, andMann-Whitney were used to analyze the data.. Results: The mean grade scores of ADL and IADL were 36.03±5.99 and 24.25±8.22diseases (r=-0.332, p=0.001). The most prevalent diseases of the participants were arthralgia (74/8%), osteoporosis (53/8%), hypertension (49/4%), sleep problems (39/2%) and cardiovascular diseases (38/5%) respectively. Conclusions: A significant proportion of the elderly in our population were relatively dependent in terms of their activities of daily living.Bathing in this context is one of the most important dependencies. In addition, high prevalence of chronic diseases was arthritis and osteoporosis among others. They needed to be taken care of more andit seems that theeducationalinterventionprograms forthe elderlyand their families seems to be veryuseful.}, Keywords = {Activities of daily living, Chronic diseases, Elderly, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {42-53}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1114-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1114-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Zareei, S and Ehrampoush, MH and Mazloomima, SM and Ghaneian, MT and Hajimohammadi, B and Dehghan, A}, title = {Evaluation of Microbial Quality of Sausage Slicers at Food Retail Food Stores in Shiraz, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of sausage slicers in Shiraz retail food stores. Methods: A total of 60 slicer samples from retail food stores were collected according to ISO protocols. Then microbial condition of the samples was examined using selective media. Data were then analyzed with SPSS software using descriptive statistical indices and ANOVA test. Results: The total bacterial, total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus counts exceeded the satisfactory limit in 23%, 4% and 6% of the samples respectively. Only 2 samples were found to be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive. Microbial analysis showed an absence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The lowest total bacterial counts, total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureuswere detected in samples from North,WestandSouth of the city respectively. Conclusion:Our finding shows that bacterial contamination of some slicers is higher than the standards level. The results suggest that more effort is needed in the application of personal and environmental hygiene principles in food supplies.}, Keywords = {Shiraz, Sausage slicers, Microbial}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {54-63}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1116-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1116-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ghaneh, S and Barkhordari, A}, title = {Job Stress in Shift Workers and Non-Shift Workers of One of Yazd Dairy Industries}, abstract ={Introduction: Many industries need to work all day long and present full-time services. Therefore, individuals and organizations are exposed to new issues like shift work. The necessity of attention to work environment and worker’s health and job stress provoked us to conduct this study to investigate the relationship between job stress and shift work. Methods: In a descriptive and survey study, we investigated job stress of 100 workers of an industry, selected randomly, using job stress and personal-occupational information questionnaires. To test the research hypotheses, we used correlation, t-test and multi-variables regression. Results: The results showed that job stress is higher in shift workers than non-shift workers. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between the amount (α=0.01, F=8.99) and source (α=0.05, F=3.76) of stress and demographic variables as well as between the worker’s stress and their level of education. Moreover, this research indicated that it is possible to predict stress from demographic variables (α=0.05, F=0.35) and there is a positive significant correlation between the amount (r=0.78) and source (r=0.54) of stress and shift work. Conclusion: we can conclude that there is a significant relationship between job stress and shift work. So, such studies are suggested the results of which are used to achieve operational solutions and job design interventions related to type of work and ergonomics of work environment to improve worker’s health and job stress.}, Keywords = {Job stress, Shift work, Dairy industries, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {64-72}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1118-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1118-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {ZandvanianNaeini, A and Morowatisharifabad, MA and Amrollahi, M}, title = {Efficacy of Anger Management Training on increasing Mental Health of Disabled Children Mothers}, abstract ={Introduction: The child's birth is apleasure for parents, although this process is associated with a lot of hardship. Hope for child health develops a sense of confidence in parents and they heartily accept their child but as soon as they become aware of their child's disability, all hope turns to despair and hence trouble starts. Stress, depression and anger are common emotions that parents then experience. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anger management training on the mental health of mothers of the disabled children in the city of Yazd. Methods: This is anexperimental study with a pretest-posttest control group. The population of this study included all the mothers of the disabled children being covered in Yazd city from 2011 to 2012. Sample of this study consisted of 35 mothers randomlyassigned into two groups(18 to experimental and 17 to control group). Mental health questionnaire was used to collect data.The anger management training program based on cognitive-behavioral approach was implemented for the experimental group in seven sessions, 2 hours each. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical parameters (mean and SD) and independent t-test on the difference between the scores of pre-test - post-test. Results: Results showed that Anger management training with a statistically significant difference between pre-and post-test scores leads to mental health and subscale physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, as well as depression (with the exception of societal dysfunction). Also, anger management training reduced the physical symptoms and depression in young mothers compared to the aged. Conclusion: With regard to the effective use of anger management training program to increase mental health, thetrainingprogramshouldbe directedtoward reducingstress.}, Keywords = {Anger management training, Mental health of mothers, Disabled children}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-85}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1119-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1119-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Larijani, M and Ghaneian, MT and ,Arefmanesh, Z}, title = {Survey the Effect of Natural gas Consmption on the air Pollutants Reduction in Yazd- Province Brick-Making Kilns}, abstract ={Introduction: Replacingfuel oil with natural gas in brick kilns is one of the effective ways to reduce air pollution as well as the cost of the furnaces maintenance. The aim of this study isto estimate reduction of air pollutants resulting from brick kilns functioning with natural gasin Yazdprovince. Methods: In this descriptive-survey research, we estimated consumption of the fuel oil in the brick kilns with considering the usage of fuel oil instead ofnatural gas at the studied time usingthe heating value of the fuel oil and natural gas consumption of46 gas-makingbrick kilnsin the Yazd province from 2008 to 2012.Then the produced air pollutants from the natural gasconsumption andproduced air pollutants by assuming consumption of the fuel oil instead of natural gasin the brick kilnsat this timewere compared and the rate and value of reduction in each one of pollutants weredetected. Finally, the value of budget savings and social costs of the environmental damage resulting from the usage of natural gas instead of fuel oil were calculated on the basis ofusing the price per liter of fuel oil and natural gas per cubic meter as well as the studies by the World Bank and the Environmental Protection Agency of Iran. Results: The results indicated that emission of air pollutants is reduced up to130485.71 ton in CO2 and 8695.63 ton in other pollutants by run-by-gas brick kilns in the studied area since 2008 – 2011 (end of September). In addition,the amount of budget saving is estimated as 187.578 billion Rials by replacing the gas fuel inthe brick kilns and 129.380 billion Rials in the social and environmental costs from emission of pollutantin the years studied. Conclusion: For positive economic, environmental and health-related effects resulting from this program, planning and financial support for running-by-gas of other brick kilnsseems to be urgent.}, Keywords = {Brick-Making kilns, Air pollution, Natural gas, Fuel oil, Yazd province.}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {86-97}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1120-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1120-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Rezaeipandari, H and KeshavarzMohammadi, N and Ramezankhani, A and Morowatisharifabad, MA and Rahaei, Z}, title = {Consumers Analysis Towards Fish Consumption, and its Related Factors, Barriers of Consumption and Promotion Strategies using Social Marketing frame work among women in Yazd city in 2013}, abstract ={Introduction: World Health Organization recommends fish consumption twice a week. The aim of this study was consumer analysis of fish consumption, its barriers and related factors using social marketing framework among women in Yazd city and identifying effective intervention measures for increasing fish consumption from the perspective of women in Yazd Methods: It is a qualitative study comprising four of the six steps of the social marketing framework including primarily planning, consumer analysis, 4 aspects of market analysis and channel analysis. After holding 3 FGDs with 36 housewives and 3 FGDs with 24 employed women from three organizations such as Education, Municipality, and Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences separately, their views, demands and preferences about fish consumption and its related factors, barriers and methods of its promotion were derived and categorized. Results: Housewives and employed women reported similar and sometimes different barriers for fish consumption. The barriers for non consumption were of the following: high price of fish, unpleasant taste of fish, having bone and goo, and dislike of fish by one of the family members. From the viewpoint of the employed women, being unfamiliar with cooking methods(promotion aspect), high price of fish, unpleasant taste of fish, having bone and goo, its favor, dislike of fish by one of the family members, and lack of time were reported as the most important barriers. Conclusion: People's views, demands and preferences about different issues and products such as health issues and healthy products are influenced by individual and environmental conditions including biologic condition and health level, cultural, social, political, economic and bio-environmental conditions which can be affected by time and by changing these conditions. Therefore, social marketing framework should emphasize on the need for a comprehensive and proper understanding of consumers of each product and categorize them by their differences in planning and implementing social marketing programs. Thus one can be certain that intervention programs reach more appropriate consumers and cause desired consumption behavior changes}, Keywords = {Consumers analysis, fish consumption, social marketing}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {98-115}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1121-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1121-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {AnvariTafti, MH and Ghafourzadeh, M}, title = {Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Yazd in 2012}, abstract ={Introduction: Toxoplasmosis, caused by a protozoan called" Toxoplasma gondii", is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and animals throughout the world. Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women, especially at the first trimester of pregnancy, may lead to miscarriage or birth complications in the nervous system and ocular complications. Conducting such studies can provide practical approaches for the treatment and prevention of these complications. Methods:This is a cross-sectional study. To determine the levels of specific antibodies against Toxoplasmosis gondii, 181 serum samples were collected from pregnant women who had referred to the health center clinics of Yazd for pregnancy examinations. Sera were tested for anti-Toxoplasmosis IgG antibody by ELISA method. Data were then analyzed using χ2 test, t-test and Fisher exact test. Results: This study showed that a total of 58 samples (32%) were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasmosis IgG antibodies. A significantrelationship was found between the titers of IgG and age (P <0.05). Also a significant relationship was observed between IgG antibody titers and educational level (P <0.05). There was, however, no significant relationship between the positive antibody titers and other variables. Conclusion:Most pregnant women do not have immunity against Toxoplasmosis in Yazd. These women are at the risk of acquired toxoplasmosis in their pregnancy period. Therefore Toxoplasma serological surveillance during pregnancy as well as provision of the necessary training to enhance prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis seems to be urgent.}, Keywords = {Seroepidemiology, Toxoplasmosis, Pregnant women, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {116-125}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1122-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1122-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Salajegheh, S and Hormohammadi, M and Askari, R}, title = {The Relationship Between Coaching Management Style and Quality of Services in Teaching Hospitals, Yazd 2012: A PLS Path Modeling Approach}, abstract ={Introduction: Improvement of healthcare management and quality and assurance of services for the public and healthcare system have been increasingly taken into consideration. The present study evaluates the relationship between coaching management style and quality of the services in teaching hospitals of Yazd in 1391 using a PLS path modeling approach. Methods: Data were gathered using adescriptive-correlative method. The subjects included clinical professionals and the patients in Yazd teaching hospitals(n=300 in each). Two questionnaires including "assessment of coaching management skills" and "quality of services" were used. Data analysis was carried out by Smart PLS and SPSS softwares. Results: According to PLS model, the structural relationship between coaching and quality of services was estimated as -0.194 showing aninverse relationship between coaching skills and quality of services. Afshar Hospital with the lowest average in coaching skills showed higher average of service quality compared to the other two hospitals. It follows that as the tendency towards coaching skills increases in a hospital, patients' perceptions of the service quality decreases. Conclusion: It seems that as yet the managers have not well applied coaching skills and team works in the hospitals. This can be caused by the hospital organizational culture, differences in the wards, excess expectations of the staff and other reasons. The findings of this study suggestsrunning of the hospitals by a Benevolent-Authoritative management style with a team work approach so that the staff and patients satisfaction is met.}, Keywords = {Coaching management, Services quality, PLS modeling}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {126-135}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1123-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1123-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {AlaviRad, A and Ghafoori, MA and Ghorashi, N}, title = {Compare the Effect of Health on Iranian Economic Growth and Vision Basin Countries}, abstract ={Introduction: Each culture’s intelligence signifies that “health” is wealth, because a nation's health has an important determinant role in national economics’ performance. However, health expenditure portion is mostly higher than gross domestic income in the moredeveloped countriesthan theless ones. For example, this portion for OECD countries is often more than7 percent and for Iran it is5.7 percent. Methods: This paper examines the relationship between health condition indexes and real GDP for Sanad-e-CheshmAndaz countries in 1995 to 2010. Therefore, ahealth - economic growth econometric model has been used. Thepanel unit root test, panel cointegration test and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS)procedure wereapplied to examine long-run relationship among the variables. Results:There is a long-run relationship between variables. There is a positive and significant relationship between life expectation and real GDP and also between health expenditures and real GDP.There is a negative but significant relationship between infant mortality rate and real GDP. All these results are based on the relevant theories. Conclusion: Results show that spending money on health and rewardingly achieving health and additional desirability can be effective on economic growth increase. Health condition in Iran has also positive effect on economic growth, but in comparison, Iran is among thecountries that gets lower results by spending more. This can be considered as motivation for Policy makers to pay more attention to health condition in Sanad-e-CheshmAndaz countries. However, there are some questions remaining about appropriating resources as well as efficiency.}, Keywords = {Economic growth, Healthcondition,Panel Unit Root,Cointegration Panel, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS)}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {136-146}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1124-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1124-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Malakootian, M and RanandehKalankesh, L and Loloi, M}, title = {Investigation of Performance of hybrid nanoparticles Tio2/Sio2 in removing of Mercury from industrial waste water}, abstract ={Introduction: Mercury is a toxic compound. Biological accumulation of mercury especially in aquatic organisms has brought about many health problems. Various methods have been used to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Adsorption is one of the chemical and physical techniques. This method is useful due to high efficiency, easy usage and availability of its different types. This study was performed to evaluate removal efficiency of TiO2/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticle so as to remove mercury from industrial waste. Methods: This study is experimental and was conducted on synthetic and real samples of Binalood paint factory wastewater from October to February 2012. The chemical quality of raw wastewater was determined and synthetic solutions were prepared. Then the effect of pH (3, 5, 7 and 9), the amount of adsorbent (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/L), contact times (30, 60, 90, 120 minutes) and different concentrations of Hg (20, 30, 50, 70 and 90 mg/L) on removal efficiency were studied and optimal conditions were determined for each parameter. The same experiments were performed on real wastewater samples. Absorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms were investigated to better understand the absorption processes. SPSS software version 16 was applied and regression test as well as pearson coefficients were used for data analysis. Results: The maximum percent of mercury removal was observed at pH=5, absorbent amount of 0.5 g/L and retention time of 30 minutes. Removal efficiency of synthetic and real solutions were 99.86% and 95.56%, respectively.It was found that mercury concentration of 50 mg/L causes the maximum removal percentage (99.86%).The results indicated that mercury adsorption follows Freundlich isotherm with a correlation coefficient of r2 = .56 and the first type synthetic reaction of r2=0.63. Conclusion: Due to high percentage of mercury removal at optimal conditions by hybrid nanoparticles, this method can be regarded as one of the effective ways to remove mercury compared with other methods.}, Keywords = {Heavy metal, Mercury, Absorption, Removal, Hybrid nanoparticle}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {147-159}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1125-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1125-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Shokraei, S and Rouhani, AA and Nazari, M and Manafi, SA}, title = {Chromium Elimination from Water by use of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Absorbents}, abstract ={Introduction: In many studies, nanoparticles was used to remediation of heavy metals from water, results of these study showed that these materials have high power in contaminant remediation from aqueous solutions, and bio-absorbents also have high power in water infiltration. The main purpose of this paper is investigation of effects of adding of iron oxides nanoparticles to chrome removal bio-filters. Methods: used method in this study was filtration, also studied variable was absorbent type. Indeed, effect of absorbent type on percent of heavy metals remediation was studied. In two first steps contaminated water with three concentrations (883.7, 1767.4, and 8837 ppm) was remediated with using of soil and sawdust absorbents. In two next steps, for comparison, some iron oxide nanoparticles with several herbaceous absorbents were adding to soil and sawdust absorbents and again absorption was performed. Results: results showed that best absorbent is soil absorbent and iron oxide nanoparticles, with maximum removal percent equal to 96.2%. Also best turnover was obtained from 8837 ppm of primary concentration of heavy metal. In other hand, in other experiments that used from iron oxide nanoparticles, adding of nanoparticles caused to increase in chrome absorption and conversion of Cr6+ to Cr3+. Conclusion: with use of the results of this study can be said that Combining of iron oxide nanoparticles with chrome removal filters can be convert Cr6+ to Cr3+, and process turnover will increased.}, Keywords = {Iron oxide nanoparticles, chrome, heavy metals, water}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {160-170}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1126-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1126-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Jafari, AA and Jafari, H and Deghanbanadkoki, A and Baghbanian, M}, title = {Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Ferula Assa foetida Aerial parts on Candida Albicans and its Comparison with Fluconazole in vitro}, abstract ={Introduction: Candidiasisis the most common human opportunistic disease with the prevalence and resistance of etiologic agents being increased as a result of increasing the immunosuppressed diabetics and malignancies. Candida albicans known as the most common agent of disease is one of the human body’s normal floras. The aim of the present study was to evaluate anti-Candida properties of the aerial parts of Ferula assafoatida compared with Fluconazole in vitro. Methods: In the current experimental lab-trial study a 35 mg/ml aqueous extracts ofIranian Ferula assafoatida aerial parts were prepared and then used for evaluation of their susceptibility against a standard Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Different concentrations of this herbal extract and Fluconazole were used for determining the minimum inhibition concentration and killing on Candidasuspensions. Results:Concentrations of 8.75 mg/ml aerial parts of Ferula assafoetida completely inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and killed all viable cells (MFC). Concentrations of 0.273 and 4.4 mg/ml Ferula aqueous extracts were also determined as MIC50 and MIC90. In case of Fluconazole, 128 µg/ml concentrationis determined as MFC and 0.5 µg/ml concentration is also known as MIC50. Conclusion:Results of the current study showed that the aqueous extract of Ferula assafoetida aerial parts has inhibitory and candidacidal effect against Candida albicans and further in vivo studies are suggested.}, Keywords = {Ferula assafoetida, Candidiasis, Candida albicans, Antifungal effect, Fluconazole }, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {171-181}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1127-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1127-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mozaffari-Khosravi, H and NabizadehAsl, L and Akbari, M and Ahadi, Z and Talaei, B}, title = {Standardized of Height, Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Healthy 6-11-year-old Schoolgirls and Schoolboys,Yazd City 2010-2011}, abstract ={Introduction: Evaluation of grow this particularly important in children. It has to use the standard data necessarily. Due to genetic difference sand patterns of people living in different areas, national or local needs are better to be considered rather than the international ones. The aim of this study was to determine the height, weight and BMI of the children6-11 years old in the city of Yazd Methods: In this cross-sectional study,2592 student (6-11 years old)were selected by cluster sampling in 26 schools and all students in one class from each grade in the academic year2010-2011 in Yazd–Iran. Height, weight and body mass index of the children were measured. Using the SPSS curve, the height, weight and body mass index by age and sex were calculated and compared with the WHO and CDC standards. Results: Height-for-age percentile curves of girls were below CDC standard features. The 5 and 15 percentiles of weight-for-age of male in most age groups were also below CDC data. The 95 and 97 percentiles of body mass index of male and female children aged over 10 years were higher than foreign standards. Conclusion: Due to the differences seen between the curves for height, weight and body mass index in Yazdian children and foreign standards, it is better to use the norms of this study for Yazdi children 6-11 years old.}, Keywords = {Height, Weight, Body Mass Index, Anthropometric norms }, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {182-194}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1128-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1128-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, A and Ehrampoush, MH and Shahriyari, AR and Kargar, MH and Shahsavani, E and Fallahzadeh, RA and Khani, H}, title = {The Situation of Housing Environmental Health of Tubercular in Yazd, From Aspect Factors Prevent of Transmission the Communicable Diseases by the World Health Organization Standards}, abstract ={Introduction: One of the most important factors for disease risk is the undesirable health condition of the houses. The dark, damp and unsanitary house exposes residents to TB. As the housing status is crucial in establishing the conditions for the transmission of TB, this study was designed to survey the situation of housing environmental health of tuberculosis patients in Yazd on transmission of communicable diseases according to World Health Organization standards in 2010. Methods: In this descriptive study, the housing status of all TB patients of Yazd in 86 cases were collected through a questionnaire survey, observation, and measurement. Results: Results showed that the houses in 22.1 % of cases were made of adobe and mud, 3.55% having average density of room, 50% of houses had insufficient natural light, 54.7 % had unfavorable natural ventilation, and 26.7 %, inadequate heating appliances. Also 32.6 % of the floor, 32.6 % of the walls, 37.2 % of the ceilings, 22.1 % of the sewage disposal, 12.8 % of drinking water, 20.9% of garbage collection, 11.6% of keeping-pet places, and 20.9% of waste disposal were in unhealthy conditions. In addition, 2.3% of these houses lacked toilet and 7% lacked bathroom. Conclusions: Comparing the housing condition of people with TB via the existing standards, the status is assessed as unfavorable. Thus improvement of the tuberculosis condition calls for the education programs to inform people of such disadvantages. Also the attention of housing stakeholders and relevant agencies should be drawn to help low-income people.}, Keywords = {Home health, Tuberculosis, Yazd, Communicable diseases}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1187-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1187-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mazloomimahmodabad, SS and Zeydabadi, M and Moradi, MR and Eslami, H and Norishadkam, M}, title = {Comparrison of Knowledge and Attitude of High School Students on HIV/AIDS in Yazd Province in 2004 and 2013}, abstract ={Introduction: AIDS as an infectious disease and the fourth leading cause of death in the worldwide is known as the deadliest diseases in this century. Today high school students are more exposed to the risk of HIV/AIDS than others. The purpose of this study was to compare the knowledge and attitude of high school students on HIV/AIDS in 2004 and 2013 in Yazd Province. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 2146 students from different levels of education in Yazd Province (Yazd, Meybod, Ardakan and Mehriz) were investigated during the academic years 2004 and 2013. Data were then collected by questionnaire and by statistical software SPSS18, and were analyzed through T-test and ANOVA. Results: The data showed that the majority of the students' knowledge in 2004 was good and in 2013 it was moderate. The attitude of most students (36.3 %) was positive in 2004, but in 2013 it was moderate (70.1%). The mean percentage of correct responses to transmission in 2004 was 84.36, but in 2013 it had been reduced to 77.93. The data in 2013 showed that between knowledge and gender, urban residence and education and between attitude and sex, years of education, urban residence and educational level, there is a statistically significant relationship (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study indicated that the knowledge and attitude of students in 2013 were lower and more undesirable than 2004. Considering high school students, for the reason that they are at risk, it is necessary to promote their awareness and attitude. Thus health education programs should be considered as a priority for them.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, HIV/AIDS, High school students }, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {10-24}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1188-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1188-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {SHarafi, K and Pirsaheb, M and Karami, A and Moradi, M}, title = {Evaluation of Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and Residual Chlorine in Swimming Pools in Kermanshah on the Season, the type of Pool, Disinfection System and Source of Water Supply in the during of three years (2010-2012)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:desirable of residual chlorine, total and fecal coliforms, bacteria parameters indicates the water pools is to provide minimum standards that in water quality monitoring is important. So In this study, perspective of Total Coliforms, fecal coliforms and residual chlorine water quality of 17indoor pools of Kermanshah city were studied. Methods: This is a descriptive - analytical study. In this study, a total of 12 months a year for three consecutive years, indoor pool, and 17 water qualities in Kermanshah with the sample of 618 Total Coli forms, fecal coliforms, and residual chlorine were studied. All the samples and tests were performed according to standard methods of testing water and wastewater treatment. Results: showed that the most desirable and undesirable the water quality perspective of chlorine residual, is depend to (C and L) and (P and I) pools, respectively. Most desirable and undesirable the quality perspective of fecal Coli forms, is depend to (C and I) and (G and H) pools. Of residual chlorine, April and May least desirable and October and November were most desirable and of fecal Coli forms, August and September least desirable and December and February were dedicated to the most desirability. Consider the desirability of water quality in pools of residual chlorine and fecal Coli forms from 2009 to 2011 has been an upward trend & of the seasons, spring and summer were least desirable and most desirable to due to the fall and winter. From both the residual chlorine and fecal Coli forms, pools merely masculine more desirable, feminine, it just kind of the least desirable and feminine - masculine, borderline case, had the two types mentioned above. Conclusion: Consider the Environmental health officers inspection & oversight the regulatory and monitoring water quality in pools, shows the positive impact on upgrade the water quality during 2009 to 2010. From the results , although the pools of water quality parameters has been studied in almost ideal But in summer, especially on a female pools and pools with wells water supply source than other pools , to be more oversight .}, Keywords = { Water Swimming Pool, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, Residual Chlorine, Kermanshah}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {25-36}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1189-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1189-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ghaneian, MT and Ehrampoush, MH and Jamshidi, B and Soudaiezadeh, H and Askarishahi, M and Dehvari, M}, title = {The Survey of Melia Azaderach L. ash in Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic Electroplating Industry Wastewater}, abstract ={Introduction: One of the heavy metals is chromium which is used in trivalent and Hexavalent oxidation state in industries such as, glass, ceramic, tannery, leather especially in electroplating industries. Hexavalent Chromium has proven several health hazards such as a carcinogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Melia azedarach ash in the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic electroplating industry wastewater. Methods: This is an experimental study which investigates the effect of initial chromium concentration, adsorbent dose and reaction time on removal of chromium by Melia azedarach ash. The adsorbent was prepared in experimental conditions using electric oven in 550 0C at 2 hours and pulverized using ASTM standard sieves with a particle size range of 40–60 mesh. The study was performed on the synthetic samples containing 5and 10 mg/l concentration of chromium. The unknown concentration of Hexavalent chromium was detected by spectrophotometer set (UV/VisibleSP-3000 Plus-Japan) at 540 nm. Results: According to the results, removal efficiency increases by increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing initial concentration of chromium. Results of this study showed that Hexavalent chromium adsorption by Melia azedarach ash reaches equilibrium at 180 minutes. Conclusion: Melia azedarach ash is an effective adsorbent in removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic electroplating industries wastewater. In addition, the use of this biosorbent in preparation and application aspects is simple and cheap compared to many other natural and man-made adsorbent.}, Keywords = { Melia azedarach, Hexavalent chromium, Surface adsorption, Electroplating industry}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {37-47}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1190-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1190-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Zamanian, Z and Barzideh, M and Ghanbari, S and Daneshmandi, H}, title = {The Survey of Noise and Light Effects on Body Posture During the Study in Male Dormitory of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Introduction: Noise and light can affect on body posture during the study. With regard to the importance of the mentioned factors and their effect on body posture, measurement and assessment of these parameters seems essential in the study rooms. This study aimed to measure and assess these factors and their relationship with students' postural status. Methods: In this cross-sectional (descriptive- analytical) study, 167 male and single students in dormitories of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) were selected. Measurement of noise and lighting was done according to the standards of the Iran National Committee on Occupational Health. The RULA method was used to assess the students' posture. Results: In this study, light (433.88 ± 114.83 lux) and sound pressure levels (49.59 ± 4.64 dB) were obtained. The results of assessment of physical exposure to musculoskeletal risks by RULA technique showed that in 34.7% of the studied subjects, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action Level (AC) 2, 41.3% in AC 3 and 24% in AC 4. Results showed no significant correlation between the sound the students' posture, but significant correlation was observed between light and the students' postural status. Conclusion: Posture of students during the study has correlation with light. Therefore, improved lightening can improve student posture and consequently a remarkable help to increase the students comfort.}, Keywords = { Noise, Lighting, RULA, Posture assessment, Library }, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {48-56}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1191-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1191-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {AfkhamiAqda, M and Abedini, M and Serwat, FL and FirozabadiArdakan, A and Nikokaran, J}, title = {A survey on the Relation Between EQ and Marriage Happiness of the Married Couples Living in the City of Yazd}, abstract ={Introduction: Nowadays, EQ is of a high importance in the different aspects of people’s life. Specifically 80 percent of people's success in different stages of their life is related to their EQ and only 20% is related to their IQ. Marriage happiness, which could be affected by EQ, is a very important factor in this issue. Hence, this survey aims at the relation between EQ and marriage happiness. Methods: The method used in this survey is descriptive-analytic. All the 101828 married couples in Yazd city make the statistical population. Based on Morgan and Grajes table, 388 people were randomly selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using two types of questionnaire, Shring’s EQ questionnaire and Inrich’s marriage happiness questionnaire. Descriptive and deductive statistics, such as Pearson correlation coefficient, were used for data analysis. Results: In this survey, 63.5% of subjects were female and 36.5% were male. Subjects’ level of education was from lower than diploma to higher than masters, of which, 50.5% had diploma or lower degrees. 49.5% were self employed. 43.6% were between 25 to 35 years old (the goup with the highest frequency). 61.6% have been married during the past 10 years. The results show that there is a meaningful relation between EQ and marriage happiness. There also exist a meaningful relation between the components of EQ (empathy, understanding emotions, self-control and social skills) and marriage happiness(P=0.01). In some cases, there was meaningful relation between demographic variables and EQ and marriage happiness, too. Conclusion: Since there exist meaningful relation between EQ and marriage happiness and some other variables, therefore, EQ improves and energizes family relations and is considered as an important factor. Therefore improving young peoples’ EQ, by training them, will improve their personal relationships and later will result in a happy marriage.}, Keywords = {EQ, marriage happiness, married, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-65}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1193-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1193-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Tabatabaei, SH and Lotfi, MH and Yarman, S and Fotoohi, A and Motahari, A and MomeniSarvestani, M and Nabieian, M}, title = {Evaluation of Patients\' satisfaction with the services at Khatamolanbia Dental Clinic in Yazd,2011}, abstract ={Introduction: Considering patients' opinion is essential for the assessment of health care services. The aim of the present study was to survey patients' satisfaction with the services at Khatamolanbia Dental Clinic affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 1380 randomly-selected patients who had referred to Khatamolanbia Dental Clinic. Data were gathered using phone interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire included some questions about demographic characteristics and viewpoints of the patients about dentistry, clinic, received treatment, dentist and clinical team. Data analysis were conducted using SPSS software. Results: The total mean score of the patients' satisfaction was 3 ± 0.02 out of 4. The highest level of satisfaction was related to guiding signs (99.6%) and hygiene and infection control (99.5%). The highest level of dissatisfaction was related to parking situation (90%) and treatment cost (21%). Totally, 90.2% of the subjects asserted they will choose this clinic again if they require treatment in the future. Conclusion: The patients' satisfaction was almost complete. Dissatisfaction about parking and high costs of some treatments are amendable regarding related authorities at University and the province and better contribution of insurers to dental services.}, Keywords = {Patients\' satisfaction, Dental services, Dental clinic, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {66-82}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1194-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1194-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Baghianimoghadam, MH and Gholianavval, M and Karimi, M and Kamalikhah, T and roohimoghadam, R}, title = {Investigating the Views of Male Students on Using Bicycles Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior in Yazd University of Medical Sciences, 2012}, abstract ={Introduction: Today, it is somewhat possible for general Population to use bicycle as a means of transportation or sport. Physical activity is considered as an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity and other critical metabolic diseases in the different ages of life. Since the Theory of Planned Behavior assesses perceived control beliefs about behaviors, it seems appropriate to study exercise. In the study, the views of male students - as a group which are affective on community norms- about bicycle use were investigated. Method: In this cross-sectional study 250 male students in Yazd University of Medical Sciences responded to a researcher made questionnaire which was designed for assessing their views about bicycle use, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. The data were analyzed using SPSS v16. Results: The mean age of participants was 23. 01± 3. 83. Findings revealed that the scale means of the theory constructs were as follows: behavioral intention: 8. 54 ±3. 9, Attitude: 2. 97 ± 15. 2, subjective norm: 12. 1± 2. 9 and perceived behavioral control: 17. 5 ±4. 6. Regression analysis indicated that attitude and subjective norm explained 29. 7% of behavioral intention variations (P<0. 001). Conclusion: According to results which indicated that Attitude and subjective norm had more powerful relationship with and predictive power of behavioral intention about using bicycle it is recommended that cultural activities and interventions may be effective to promote using bicycle among students.}, Keywords = { Bicycling, Attitude, Intention, Behavior, Student}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {83-93}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1195-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1195-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Amery, H and Jafari, A and Vafaeinasab, M and Nikokaran, J}, title = {The Simultaneous Assessment of Efficiency Indicators in University-affiliated and University-Nonaffiliated Hospitals via Pabon Lasso Model Application}, abstract ={Introduction: Efficiency indicators are the most important ways to measure hospitals performance, but the individual application of these indicators can result in misleading hospital performance measurement. The application of simultaneous indicators can eliminate many problems in the case of hospital performance measurement therefore, through using Pabon Lasso Model, the indicators at university- affiliated and university-nonaffiliated hospitals were assessed simultaneously. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 hospitals of Yazd Province during 1391. The sample consisted of 13 university-affiliated and 7 university-nonaffiliated hospitals. Data were prepared by the University treatment assistant and then three indicators including Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR), Bed Turnover (BTO) and Average Length of Stay (ALS) were simultaneously assessed through Pabon Lasso Model. Results: Pabon Lasso Model includes 4 areas in which among 12 university- affiliated hospitals, 3 cases (25%) were in the first area, 2 cases (16%) in the second , 5 cases (33.3%) in the third and 3 cases (25%) in the fourth, and among 7 nonaffiliated ones, 3 cases (42.8%) were in the first area, 1 case (14.3%) in the second , 2 cases (28.6%) in the third and 1 case (14.3%) in the fourth. Conclusions: The country hospitals in comparison with those in Yazd, and university-based comparing to non-university-based hospitals were centrally placed in the third area of efficiency. In this regard, it is essential that contemplation in available methods considers resource allocation and proposing new ways for Yazd and non-university based hospitals.}, Keywords = { University- affiliated and university-nonaffiliated hospitals, Efficiency indicators, Pabon Lasso Model }, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {94-103}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1197-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1197-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Gharibi, F and AsghariJafarabadi, M and JamalMohammadi, A}, title = {The Survey of Education Effects on Removing of Growth problems in Paveh City Students}, abstract ={Introduction:The growth problems in primary schools is one of the common disorders that can have permanent negative effects on the students' physical and cognitive status. This study aimed to investigate this disorder and to do interventions to eliminate them in primary school students in Paveh City. Methods:This is an interventional, education-based study conducted in the primary schools of Pavah for 15 months. The tool used in this study was WHO growth chart that assessed the height and body mass Index for age. The data analysis was performed using STATA10 Software (P<0.05). Results:In this study, a number of 574 students participated out of which 51.5% were girls and 48.5% were boys. The pre-test showed that 23.3% of the students suffered from low weight disorder, 4.8% from stunting disorder, 8% from overweight and 10.6% from obesity. The results indicated that interventions had been conducted successfully thus contributing to positive changes especially in the underweight and the overweight. Also it was shown that this positive effect was more significant in girls than in boys. Conclusion:This study indicated that the growth disorders can be subsided using a suitable design, application and follow up of interventions. Undoubtedly, the methods used in this study can also be applied in similar fields.}, Keywords = {Growth, Nutrition, Disorders, Intervention}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {104-114}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1198-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1198-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Nasiri, A and Malakootian, M and Tamaddon, F}, title = {Synthesis Nano ZnO Assisted by Ultrasound Irradiation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties}, abstract ={Introduction: Introducing a powerful antibacterial agent to control pathogenic bacteria especially strains resistant to antibiotics is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study is ZnO nanoparticles synthesis by using ultrasonic waves and evaluation of its antibacterial properties. Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using ultrasound irradiation. Then physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles were studied. Antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was investigated for two strains bacteria: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through standard methods such as placing well and disc diffusions, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Chemical and physical investigation of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles indicated that from nanoscale particles, spherical forms were produced with no impurities. The MIC for E.coli and Staph.aureus were reported as 0.125 mg/ml, and 0.062 mg/ml respectively. The MBC for E.coli and Staph. aureus was reported to be 0.500 mg/ml, and 0.250 mg/ml respectively. In comparison, for the methods of well and disc diffusions, inhibition zone diameter of the well method was more than disc diffusion. Conclusion: High purity zinc oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized by ultrasonic waves and have the significant antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus bacteria. In contrast to Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus showed greater sensitivity against Zinc Oxide nanoparticles.}, Keywords = {ZnO nanoparticle, Ultrasound irradiation, Antibacterial, Gram-negative, Gram-positive}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {115-128}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Cheraghi, M and Ghobadi, A}, title = {Health risk assessment of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc) in withdrawed parsley vegetable from some farms in Hamedan city}, abstract ={Introduction: Vegetables are important things of alimentary diet and beeing exposed to polluted alimentary diet of heavy metals via consumption of vegetables, be carried to account a risk for human health. This thesis have been done with target of appointment of concentration of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc metals in soil and parsley and health risk assessment of this metals in withdrawed parsley vegetable from some farms in Hamedan city. Methods: This thesis was a applicational studing and for this meaning sampling was done from parsley and soil of 3 farms in Hamedan city with 3 repetition for every farms. In generally, in this survey 9 samples of parsley and 9 samples of soil was evaluated. Samples was digested in laboratory by using of acidic digestion. Then concentration of elements was read by using of atomic publication machinery and for analysis of datas, was used version 19 of SPSS (α=0/05). Results: Average concentration of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in parsley vegetable is in the order of 1/14, 2/56, 16/65 and 25/23 mg/kg and average concentration of this metals in soil is in the order of 0/23, 23/51, 20/85 and 57/5 mg/kg. Results of this study showed that average concentration of Cadmium and Leadin parsley is above WHO/FAO whereas average concentration of Nickel and Zink in parsleywas assessed less than WHO/FAO. Also the average concentration of every four metals in soil of farms was less than WHO/FAO levels.On the other hand the amount of risk and health index (HRI) in parsley for lead metal was above 1 and for cadmium, nickel and zinc metals was less than 1. Conclusion: According to the studing results, cultivated parsley in this area was polluted to the heavy metalsCadmium and Lead, and the results indicates the very easy transferring of this metals from soil to parsley that was not healthy for human daily consumption and risk and health index (HRI) that was above 1 for lead metal shows the hygienic potential risk of this metal in relation to the polluted parsley consumption in human daily alimentary diet.}, Keywords = {soil pollution, vegetables, heavy metals, risk assessment}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {129-143}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1200-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1200-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, SH and Ghahramani, E and Soleimani, M}, title = {Survey of Quantitative and Qualitative of waste produced in beasat hospital of Sanandaj city in 2011}, abstract ={Introduction: The proper management of hospital waste due to environmental pollution and nosocomial states has important role in promoting community health. One of the most important design and implementation of a correct program for management of hospital waste is knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative values of hospital waste. This study aimed to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of produced waste in Be'sat Hospital in Sanandaj city. Methods: This study was cross – sectional carried out in Be'sat Hospital of Sanandaj in 2011. For determining the quantitative and qualitative values of the produced waste, various types of waste were analyzed monthly for one year. The findings were presented using descriptive indicators. Results: The total quantity mean of waste generated in the hospital was 1191.5 kg/day. This amount for public waste (like home) and infectious and hazardous waste were 650 (54/54%) and 541.5 (46/45%) kg/day respectively. Considering 370 beds in the hospital, per capita waste generation per one bed was estimated 22/3 kg/day. The most infectious and hazardous wastes were related to ICU section, 2 72/0Kg/day (per bed). Quantity analysis of total hospital waste indicated that plastic ( 46%) comprises the highest weight. Gravity average of the total waste produced amounted to 75/45 kg /m3. Conclusion: Given the high rate of infectious and hazardous waste, it can be concluded that despite the segregation of hospital waste still there are problems. In this regard, more attention of the authorities as well as the use of new methods for disinfecting waste before leaving the hospital are required.}, Keywords = { Infectious waste, Quality, Quantity, Specialized hospitals}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {144-153}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Salmani, MH and Mokhtari, M and Ehrampoush, MH and Sahlabadi, F and Askarshahi, M and Jasemizad, T and Talebi, P}, title = {The Evaluation of Removal Efficiency of COD Due to Water Contaminated by Gasoline by Granular Active Carbon}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Oil pollution has severe effects on the water resources, environment, soil and human health. One of the most important goals of environmental engineers is removing of contaminants from water. Adsorption process is an effective manner for removing of contaminants in aqueous solutions. In this study, the efficiency of adsorption process by activated carbon granular has been investigated to decrease chemical oxygen demand (COD) due to gasoline in water. Methods: This study was an experimental study that was conducted in laboratory scale. The adsorption process was done batch in 100 ml in closed Erlenmeyer and the effective parameters such as the initial concentration of contaminant (1, 2% V/V) and contact time (2, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min) were adapted. In all experiments, pH of 7.85 and the adsorbent mass of 1g/100mL were fixed. The COD values were measured by return reflux method according to D 5220 method presented in Standard Methods book for water and wastewater examinations. Data were analyzed with Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models for determining of adsorption isotherm. The charts were drawn by Excel software. Results: The results of this study showed that the average of gasoline removal percent in 1 and 2% was 93.64±3.17 and 53.7 ± 22.76, respectively that the difference was significant (P-value0.05). Regression coefficients showed that adsorption data followed by Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic. Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that the activated carbon is an appropriate adsorbent for decreasing of COD due to gasoline contamination in water. The use of this adsorbent can well decrease COD of water contamination due to gasoline at times of 30 min.}, Keywords = {gasoline, COD, active carbon, removal, aqueous solutions}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {154-163}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1202-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1202-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {FirooziChahak, A and BarkhordareiFirozabadei, A and MirzaeiAlavijeh, M}, title = {Assessment of Safety Climate in one of the Mine in Yazd Province}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Today technology development and is notable the role of labor in industrial environments. Hence Importance of the having a safety culture, safety climate As a subset of safety culture survey perceptions of staff understanding about the work environment, level of interest in safety management and risk control measures relating to safety and deals with the turnout. And work hand in mine, is known among the riskiest. This study aimed to assess the safety climate was one of the mines in Yazd province 2012. Methods: This Study was cross-sectional descriptive. Community was the operation of mines in Yazd province formed the census method, 32 patients were included. Data collection tools in two section with a valid safety climate questionnaire of twenty questions (α=0.77) in seven domains including four item management commitment (α=0.8), three item communication about safety issues (α=0.83) three item safe environment (α=0.77), three item responsibility managers (α=0.75), three item perceived risk (α=0.64), two item job satisfaction (α=0.71) and the consciousness safety issues with two item (α=0.84) if the answer to the five-degree Likert completely disagree (1 point) to totally agree (5). The second part of demographic and background questions included: age, marital status, work history, monthly income, education, and work long and shifts. The interview data collected by the Mine Safety and Environment authority were tested by SPSS-18 by using descriptive and analytical tests such as the Pearson correlation, ANOVA, independent T-test and linear regression analysis α=0.05. Results: 28.1% single, 71.9% married, 40.6% of primary and guidance school education, 21.9% diploma and 28.1% had bachelor's or higher. Mean score of each of the domains were management's commitment 11.09±2.66, Communication 7.50±2.36, environment safety 8.09±1.92, responsible managers, 6.56±1.58, to risk perception 8.43±1.56, job satisfaction 4.59±1.58 and consciousness of safety issues 4.25±1.27. The mean age among the domains of management commitment (r=-0.458 ,p=0.008), communication about safety issues (r=-0.390 , p=0.027), there was a significant correlation. Risk perception and consciousness of safety issues Domains predictive job satisfaction. Conclusion: The results showed that statues of verity safety calamite domain were in average level in view point of mine labor.}, Keywords = {Safety Climate, Mine, Safety, Occupational Health}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {164-172}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1203-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1203-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {HashemiNejad, N and Barkhordari, A and Zolala, F and Emkani, M}, title = {Assessment of Whole Body Vibration in the Heavy Mine Vehicles Drivers of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex}, abstract ={Introduction: Cars can cause whole body vibration with different intensities which result in discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders in the exposed persons. Heavy mine vehicles based on the working environment, capacity, and power can produce considerable vibration to be transferred to the operator. The purpose of this study was to assess whole body vibration in the drivers of heavy mine vehicles in Gol Gohar Complex in Sirjan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on heavy vehicles in the mining sector, Gol Gohar in Sirjan In this study, vibration of 92 heavy mine vehicles was evaluated according to ISO 2631-1-1997 (R2004) standard. For measurement of whole body vibration, SAVN 958 Vibrometer was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16. Results: The equilibrated acceleration average of the vehicles was 2.179 m/s2 and 1.738m/s2 in graders and bulldozers respectively. Drill cars with 0.479m/s2 had minimum average acceleration. Compared to the general acceleration of vehicle with relevant standards, all vehicles, except the drills, had over 8 hours standard level of care. Conclusion: This study showed that there is much greater vibration than the standard limit in most vehicles of heavy mining and this was even higher than the level of care. So modification of the suspension and seat status is essential.}, Keywords = { Whole body vibration, Equilibrated acceleration, Heavy vehicles, Mine}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1283-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1283-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Malakootian, M and Molazadeh, p and Eskandarizadh, A}, title = {Microbial and Fungal Contamination of Air at Dental Clinics and Dental Offices in Kerman}, abstract ={Introduction: There is a high concern regarding air contamination in the dental clinics and offices. For the reason that the most risking factor is the presence of floating particles in the clinics containing different disease-causing microorganisms and in order to provide a better strategy to improve the condition, the present article takes into consideration the study of the air inside the medical centers affected by the microbial and fungal contamination. Methods: A descriptive study (from 1391 to 1392) was conducted in clinics and dental offices in Kerman. Among the 14 clinics in the city of Kerman, two state dental clinics, three private clinics, a semi- private clinic, a charity - based clinic and from the totality of 143 dental offices throughout the city, 52 were chosen. Random sampling method was used. Sampling was done by sedimentation. The medium used nutrient agar, blood agar, nutrient agar and Sabouroud dextrose agar . Gram stain and culture of bio-chemical environment and culture slides were used for detection. Sampling Sit characteristics such as size, number of units, size of space, time, travel, type of service and the turbine were recorded. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the the samples surveyed, 89% showed fungal and bacterial contamination. The bacterial species found included: gram positive cocci 60.2%, gram negative cocci 24.1%, basillus gram positive bacillus 11.2%, gram negative bacillus 2.4%, and also fungi 1.2%.There was a significant relationship between contamination rate, number of clients, space (clinics and dental offices, users, non working and working shifts). Conclusion: Degree of microbial contamination of air clinics and dental offices of Kerman, ranked according to AMI, shows bad condition. There is a necessity to rank the dental clinics and offices from good to bad. The ventilation system improvement needs a high consideration.}, Keywords = {dental, contamination, microbial, fungal, Kerman }, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1607-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1607-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MazloomyMahmoodabad, SS and MirzaeiAlavijeh, M and Yassini, SM and Askarshahi, M}, title = {The Survey of Attitude, Behavioral Beliefs and Evaluations of Behavioral Outcomes Yazd Fathers about Prevention of Tendency their Children to Addictive Drugs}, abstract ={Introduction: Drug abuse and addiction in Iran is expanding continually. By reducing the onset age of addiction and the growing youth population in the country it seems prevention to be the most efficient way. In this regard, considering that family is the most important social institution that plays a fundamental role in children's socialization and social education and values, education is a major factor and has a major impact on personality development of the children. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude, behavioral beliefs and evaluations of behavioral outcomes in Yazdi fathers about prevention of their children's tendency to addictive drugs. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research community comprised Yazdi fathers in a sample of 180 selected through a multistage random sampling method. Data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire in three parts: seven demographic questions, four attitude items (α=0.81) with the score rang of 4-28, behavioral beliefs fifteen questions (α=0.89) with a score rang of 15-105 and evaluations of behavioral outcomes fifteen items (α=82) with the score rang of 15-105 all of which were completed through self-report. Data were then analyzed using SPSS-18 by independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression at α=0.05. Results: The age of the participants was 30-59 years with the mean of 40.38±5.34. 98.3% were married, 22.8% had a history of addiction in the family and friends, 13.9% had a BS or higher education degree, and 34.7% were self-employed. Mean score on attitude was 19.45±5.14, behavioral believes 78.76±14.94 and the evaluation of behavioral outcomes 81.81±9.10. Attitude mean score of the landlord fathers (p=0.001) and behavioral beliefs (p=0.05) and fathers with BS and higher education degrees (p=0.001) and behavioral beliefs (p=0.012) were higher. There was a correlation between attitude and behavioral beliefs (r=0.368, p>0.001), attitude and evaluation of behavioral outcomes (r=0.304, p>0.001) and behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcomes (r=0.792, p>0.001). Conclusion: Attitude, behavioral beliefs and evaluations of behavioral outcomes were optimal about father’s behaviors in prevention of tendency of children toward drugs so the importance and necessity of implementing preventive programs by fathers is emphasized.}, Keywords = { Attitude, Beliefs, Addiction, Drugs}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {25-36}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1285-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1285-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Saghafipour, A and Jesri, N and Fakhar, M}, title = {Spatial Analysis of Rural Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in Qom Province Using Geographic Information System}, abstract ={Introduction: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) or rural cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important health problems in different areas of Iran including Qom province. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of CL incidence and also high-risk foci in Qom Province using geographical information system (GIS) method. Methods: Between 1994 and 2011, patient’s information was extracted from epidemiological forms of CL which had been registered in Provincial Health Center of the province. Then these were mapped on urban and rural digital maps based on scale of 1/50000. The situation was applied with rural-level precision i.e. rural-level was our basic unit of analysis. And then the population in each village was determined by using rural health center's vital horoscope. Recognition of high-risk foci and subsequent data analyses were carried out through estimated incidence rate and chi square test using Arc GIS 9.3 software. Results: A total of 1663 cases of ZCL were recorded. Most of CL foci were located in east and northeast zones of the province such as some villages of Markazi and Kahak districts. The majority (93.5%) of cases only belonged to villages in Markazi district. The incidence rate in Said Abad and Jafar Abad villages was 67.68 and 66.67% respectively which were more dynamic foci. On the other hand, new foci were forming in Doulat Abad, Islam Abad and Moemen Abad. The incidence of disease in Hosein Abad and Sarm villages was decreasing (p<0.01). Conclusion: The Markazi district as the most high risk focus of ZCL is considered in Qom province. Also new endemic foci in Doulat Abad, Islam Abad and Moemen Abad are forming. Accordingly, programs planning for control of ZCL and community-based health education are required.}, Keywords = { Cutaneous leishmaniasis, GIS, Epidemiology, Qom province}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {37-46}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1286-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1286-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Loloei, S and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H and Mirjalili, MR and Fallahzadeh, H and Poursoleiman, F}, title = {Vitamin D Status in Patients with Hypertension that Covered in Azad Shahr Health Center of Yazd-2013}, abstract ={Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been known as one of the most important factors having effect on pathogenesis and progression of hypertension. The purpose of present study was to determine vitamin D status in patients with hypertension in Yazd. Methods: Fifty six patients(21 men and 35 women) aged 25-50 years who had profile in AZAD SHAHR health and treatment center of Yazd whose hypertension remeasured to diagnosis of indispensable hypertension (systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg) participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected by blood sampling to measure serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D, PTH, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Vitamin D deficiency was determined at the level of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D lower than 30 ng/ml. In this study sever deficiency of vitamin D deficiency defined as 25 Hydroxyvitamin D lower than 10 ng/ml, moderate deficiency defined as 25 Hydroxyvitamin D between 10-19.9 ng/ml and mild deficiency defined as 25 Hydroxyvitamin D between 20-29.9 ng/ml. Results: The results show that 19 of patients (33.9%) had sever deficiency, 16 had moderate (28.6%) and 7 had mild vitamin D deficiency (12.5%). Only 14 of participants had normal status (25%). All patients had normal serum PTH, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. There wasn't any significant relationship between gender or age and vitamin D status. Conclusion: We observed a high frequency of vitamin D deficiency in hypertensive patients in this study. In addition, the effect of resolving vitamin D deficiency on blood pressure is recommended.}, Keywords = {Cholecalciferol, Vitamin D deficiency, Hypertension}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {47-55}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1287-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1287-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kordi, M and Mohamadirizi, S and Shakeri, MT and ModarresGharavi, M and SalehiFadardi, J}, title = {The Relationship Between Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Health Behaviors in High School Girl Students in Mashhad in Year 2011-2012}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:The period of adolescence is one of the most stressful periods of life and has a crucial impact on school performance and subsequent occupational functioning. Since paying attention to students’ mental health is important so the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between depression, anxiety and stress and health behaviors in high school girl students in Mashhad. Methods: This is a correlational study carried out on 407 high-school females in Mashhad city during the year 2011 using a two-stage sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires on demography/ family/ health behaviors and depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS). Data were then analyzed using SPSS V.14 software and statistical tests. Results: The results showed that 56.5% of the students were 16-14 years old, 66.3% with the BMI of 18.5-99/24 (kg/m2), 36.6% enjoyed physical activity (min/wk), and 83.2% were passive smoker. Also 21.7% suffered from severe and very severe depression, 24/3% from anxiety and 21.8% from stress. There was a significant positive correlation between age and anxiety, stress and significant negative correlation between age and depression there was however no significant correlation between anxiety, stress, depression and other variables. Conclusion: According to high rates of depression, anxiety and stress in high school girl students in Mashhad and the important role of girls in future society, it seems necessary to prepare the students suffering from such mental problems with medical consultations conducted by related specialists and follow the therapeutic approaches if needed.}, Keywords = {Depression, Anxiety, Stress, students}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {56-67}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1288-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1288-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and Bonyadi, F and EbrahimzadehArdakani, M and Falahzadeh, H and Malekzadeh, E}, title = {Study of Sun Protective Behaviors for Skin Cancer Prevention and Its Barriers among Kazeroon Farmers}, abstract ={Introduction: Skin cancer is the most common cancer among occupational cancers which Sunlight is the most important cause. Farmers due to continuous contact with sunlight are at risk for this cancer. Protective behaviors are one of the most important measures in preventing skin cancer. The aim of this study was to determine sun protective behaviors and some of its related factors among Kazeroon farmers. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done on 300 farmers who were selected by cluster sampling from 8 villages in Kazeroon. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable reliability and validity. A questionnaire including demographic data as well as questions about measures for farmers’ performance about using sun protective behaviors, causes for Lack of this behavior and information source of skin cancer and its prevention methods. These questions were completed by interviews with farmers and were analyzed using SPSS18. Results: In this study, sun-protective behaviors in farmers was higher than average. The most frequent sun protective behavior was "wearing clothes that cover more of the body" while wearing "sunscreen" was reported as the less frequent. The most important reason for not doing sun protective behaviors among farmers was the "expensiveness of protective devices". Results showed a significant relationship between age, sex, education, income, family history of sunburn with protective behaviors (p<0.05).History of sunburn increase possibility of sun-protective behaviors to 2.048 times Conclusions: In this study showing of sun protective behaviors in farmers has been considered moderate. It is notable that behaviors are based on knowledge and attitudes so designing educational programs regarding these findings can promote sun protective behaviors and reduce the risk of skin cancer.}, Keywords = {Skin cancer, Sun protective behaviors, Farmers}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {68-82}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1289-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1289-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sohrabizadeh, S and Ehrampush, MH and Bastani, P and Shafaghat, T and Rahimi, H}, title = {Study of Similar to Me Effect Challenges in Managers’ Selection: The Case Study of Administrators of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Selection and employment of clerks and managers is a crucial factor in modern organization and, recruiters try to select the best candidates in all organizational levels. One challenge which has been harmful for management stability is Similar-to-me (STM) effect. This effect explains that people usually tend to select a person with whom they have common demographic and attitudinal characteristics. Determination of all factors and challenges related to STM was the main objective of the present study. Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study performed on all managers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). A four-dimension questionnaire was applied with more than 0.7 α Chronbach coefficient for all dimensions. Moreover, its content validity was approved by experts’ perspectives. SPSS 18 and Person correlation were used in to analyze the data. Results: According to the results obtained with the participation of 60 mangers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, narcissism had a significant correlation with STM effect (0.805). Also a positive correlation was observed between STM and groupthinking (0.875). Another result of the current research was the negative impact of functional conflict on STM (-0.685) Conclusion: Findings of the study revealed that the destructive consequences of similar-to-me effect through narcissism, groupthinking and functional conflict avoidance can affect the performance of SUMS managers negatively. These behaviors should be studied and prevented in order to achieve the goals of this system in the future.}, Keywords = {Similar-to-me effect, Functional conflict, Narcissism, Groupthinking}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {83-91}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1290-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1290-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Golkari, M and Ghaneian, MT and Ehrampoush, MH and Dehvari, M}, title = {Investigation of Russian Knapweed Flower Powder Efficiency in Removal of Reactive Red 198 Dye from Textile Synthetic Wastewater}, abstract ={Introduction: The dye wastewaters of textile industries are often toxic and persistent in the environment. In previous years, various methods are considerate in the removal of reactive dyes. Reactive red 198 dye is one of the mono azo dyes that is now used in textile industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Russian Knapweed Flower powder in the removal of reactive red 198 dye from aqueous solutions. Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale and solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time in this study have investigated. In this study, concentration of the unknown dye was determined by spectrophotometery method at wavelength 518 nm. The data accordance rate was investigated with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Results: The results showed that the dye removal efficiency increased with decreasing pH, increasing the adsorbent dose and time. Increasing the initial dye concentration from 10 to 50 mg/L in the presence of 0.8 g/100cc adsorbent, pH 4 and contact time 120 min, caused to reducing of removal efficiency from 67.86% to 47.16%. In addition, Freundlich isotherm has best accordance with adsorption data. Conclusion: The results showed that Russian Knapweed Flower powder is able to high removal efficiency in the Reactive Red 198 dye removal. The preparation of this adsorbent is very simple and its cost is cheap. Because of the ability to good adsorption, it can also be used to remove other environmental contaminants.}, Keywords = {Reactive Red 198 dye, Russian Knapweed Flower powder, surface adsorption, natural adsorbents}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {92-103}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1291-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1291-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Azizi, S and Tarkhan, M}, title = {Survey of Educational and Social Status (parenting styles, Identity Style) in Delinquent children and Adolescents Compared with normal children and Adolescents in Iran}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:Due to the complexity and seriousness of crime as a social problem in many communities, this study aims to investigate the social and educational status (comparison of parenting styles, identity styles), and demographic variables in delinquent children, adolescents, and normal people. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 300 children and adolescents who had been selected from centers of Education Reform and Ordinary schools through Random cluster sampling technique, were studied. They completed perceived parenting style questionnaire, identity style questionnaire and demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Anova test. Result: Although no significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of parenting styles, a significant difference was observed between social characteristics, economical status, parents' educational level, family records of imprisonment, and imprisonment period with identity style, educational status with identity style, and also parental employment with identity style. Conclusion:Demographic characteristics, economical status, parents' educational level, prisoner's records of family, occupation of parents, academic success and identity styles are essential factors in delinquency in children and adolescents.}, Keywords = {Parenting styles, Identity styles, Children and adolescents, Delinquency}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {104-117}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1292-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1292-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {AttarbashiMoghadam, F and Emami, A and AkhavanKarbasi, MH and Kavyani, K and Haerian, A}, title = {Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Instruction’s Condition in Private Office in Yazd City}, abstract ={Introduction: Oral hygiene instruction performed by different personnel in various manners is a necessity for prevention and treatment of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Since dentists are the majority of personnel who deliver oral hygiene instruction to patients, this study was designed to evaluate dentists' attitude towards oral hygiene instruction in their private office in Yazd. Methods: A questionnaire including demographic information and various oral hygiene instruction methods was prepared and delivered to 151 dentists who were working in their private office in Yazd. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 software and Fisher exact test was performed. Results: Results revealed that 95.3% of dentists gave oral hygiene instruction to their patients. This training included dental flossing techniques followed by tooth brushing. Therefore, using an oral model was the most common way of patient’s instruction. Conclusion: Results obtained from this study showed that the majority of dentists in Yazd gave oral hygiene instruction to their patients through various methods.}, Keywords = {Oral hygiene instruction, Dentist, Flossing, Tooth brushing, Yazd}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {118-124}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1294-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1294-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {HaerianArdakani, A and Morowatisharifabad, MA and Rezapour, Y and PourghayumiArdakani, A}, title = {Investigation of the Relationship of Oral Health lteracy and Oral hygiene Self-Efficacy with Self-Reported Oral and Dental Health in Students}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: oral and dental health is part of general health and is a determining factor for improvement of quality of life. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the relationship of oral health literacy and oral hygiene self-efficacy with self-reported oral and dental health in students. Methods: This was a cross sectional correlational study. Based on kukaran formula for sample size calculation and using categorical random sampling method, 281 students of Ardakan University were selected to participate in this study. Data was collected by oral health literacy questionnaire, oral hygiene self-efficacy, and self-reported dental and oral health scale. Pearson’s correlation test and stepwise regression analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results: Both two dimensions numeracy (r = 47 p< 0.01) and reading comprehension (r = 56 p< 0.01) of oral health and both two dimensions brush self-efficacy (r =60 p< 0.01) and floss self-efficacy (r = 45 p < 0.01) were significantly correlated with self-reported oral and dental health in students. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that floss self-efficacy (R = 59), reading comprehension (R = 71), numeracy (R = 73), and brush self-efficacy (R = 74) predicted the oral and dental health. In general, all these variables predicted 55% of oral and dental health variance (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Oral health literacy and oral hygiene self-efficacy have a key role in the prediction of oral and dental health and given that through enough education we can improve the oral health literacy skills or oral health self-efficacy to improve the oral and dental health of the society.}, Keywords = {oral health literacy, oral hygiene self-efficacy, oral and dental health, students. }, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {125-140}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1293-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1293-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Fallahzadeh, H and Farahmand, Z and Mohammadi, F and Momayyezi, M}, title = {A Survey on the Relation between Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables and Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Introduction: Depression exists in all walks of life and is regarded as an important indicator of mental health. The mental health of the medical students is particularly crucial because of the importance of their job and their performance being directly related to their mental health. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their relationship with the consumption of fruit and vegetables in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross - sectional study was conducted on 200 students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Data were collected in a two-stage cluster sampling procedure and by using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: (1) demographic information and the DASS-21 questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16. Results: The results indicated that all patients had moderate or higher level of depression 42.4% suffered from moderate depression. Results also showed that 64.5% of the students had very severe anxiety and the rest had severe and moderate degrees of anxiety. Regarding stress, 35.6% of them suffered from severe stress and only 4.6% were normal. There was also a negative significant relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption with depression. Discussion: Due to the high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in students, mental health problems in students can be reduced by increasing activating students' counseling centers and organizing workshops for mental health education.}, Keywords = {Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Student, Nutrition}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {141-152}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1295-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1295-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {SHahdaian, H and Yasini, SA and Hekmatimoghadam, SH}, title = {The Study of Fumonisin B1 Adsorption by Nanocellulose Modified by Poly-lysine in The Different Foodstuffs}, abstract ={Introduction: Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin which can lead to neural defects, esophageal cancer, liver and kidney diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of nanocellulose conjugated with poly-lysine to remove fumonisin B1 in the different foodstuffs. Methods: First, nanocellulose was synthesized by acid hydrolysis, modified by citric acid, and conjugated with poly-lysine by cross-linker. In the next step, four foodstuffs including wheat flour, maize flour, rice flour, and cucumber were prepared, and serial concentrations of fumonisin B1 were added to them. Then, conjugated nanocellulose (2000 µg/mL) was separately added to each tube, and after incubation, the exact concentration of toxin in each tube was analyzed by HPLC. Finally, the percentage of adsorption for each tube was calculated, according to control. Results: This study revealed that although the nanoparticles could adsorb fumonisin B1 in the all foodstuffs, but the highest adsorption (95%) was seen for cucumber. Also, results showed that there is direct relation between the percentage of adsorption and the initial concentration of fumonisin B1. Conclusions: In this study, for the first time, nanocellulose conjugated with poly-lysine was introduced as fumonisin B1 adsorbent, and may be used for removal of the toxin in the various foodstuffs.}, Keywords = {fumonisin B1, adsorbent, nanocellulose, poly-lysine, foodstuff}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1369-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1369-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Malakotian, M and Hashemi, H}, title = {New Methods Analysis of Nitrate Removal from Water Resources}, abstract ={Introduction: Nitrate is known as a major water pollutant. This pollutant can cause health problems such as Blue Baby syndrome in infants and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Lack of a comprehensive study of the methods for nitrate removal from water requires introducing recent technologies of nitrate removal, characteristics, efficiency, and the way they affect on nitrate removal and advantages and disadvantages of each. Methods: This study was carried out on the surveys accomplished in recent decades and published in databases such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, Pub med, Scopus and SID using nitrate, water resources, biological and physicochemical methods as the keywords. Results: In addition to economic efficiency, other approaches such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electro reduction methods, denitrification and absorption have also been respectively effective in removing nitrates. Conclusion: Regarding that removal of nitrate ion in drinking water should be in line with standards of the World Health Organization, providing an efficient method should also be dependent on considering engineering and economic aspects and regional atmospheric conditions.}, Keywords = {Nitrate, Potable water, Physicochemical methods, Biological methods}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {11-24}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1370-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1370-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimipour, H and Vejdani, M and Vafaee-najar, A and Nejatzadegan, Z and Amini, AR and Vejdani, M and Nezamdoust, F}, title = {Patients Satisfaction from Family Physicians in Health Centers Affiliated with Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences with EUROPEP -2012}, abstract ={Introduction: The family physician system is among the most fundamental developments of Iran's health system in the recent years and customer’s satisfaction should be considered in the design of the system. This study aimed to investigate the customers' satisfaction from family physician services in the rural health centers related to Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences- 2012. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 266 individuals of rural customers in Sabzevar were selected using clustered random sampling method. Data were gathered using a Questionnaire and then were analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 11. Results: Excellent satisfaction from family physician services was as the following: 40.2% good, 15.8% moderate, and 0.4% weak. Excellent satisfaction was observed in Khoshab, Rodab, and Davarzan respectively (40.2%, 30.1%, and 29.7%).There was no statistical significant relationship between satisfactions and demographic factors. Conclusion: All in all, the family physician in Sabzevar has been successful and with modification of some defects based on feedback from the recipients of services, satisfaction will be even higher.}, Keywords = {Family physician, Satisfaction, Quality of health care, EUROPEP}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {25-34}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1371-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1371-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Goli, A and Zareei, M and Talaee, AR}, title = {Producing Bio-surfactants Using Purified Microorganisms Isolated from Soils Contaminated with Diesel Fuel}, abstract ={Introduction: Contamination of soil by diesel fuel can pose serious problems to ecosystems. For this reason some ways to remove diesel fuel from soil were developed by a number of researchers. The aim of this research is to extract bio-surfactant for treating soil contaminated with diesel fuel. Methods: In this study, 4 soil samples were taken from fields that had been exposed to diesel fuel over the years. The microorganisms that were able to produce bio-surfactant and remove diesel fuel were isolated from these samples. Ability of microorganisms to produce bio-surfactant was evaluated by emulsification test (E24). Finally solved bio-surfactant into nutrients culture was extracted and measured. Results: Four strains of bacteria were isolated in this study. Results indicated that all bacteria were gram negative. The highest emulsification index was obtained from bacteria isolated from gas fuel station soil. In this study 1.1 gram of bio-surfactant was extracted per one liter of nutrients culture containing bacteria. Conclusion: The results showed that, some special bacteria are able to product enough bio-surfactant to treat soil contaminated diesel fuel.}, Keywords = {Diesel Fuel, Biosurfactant, E24, Bioenmulsifier, soil.}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {35-45}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1372-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1372-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Risk assessment of Human error and Provide Corrective Actions in Combined cycle power plant Using Systematic Human error Reduction and Prediction Approach SHERPA Method}, abstract ={Introduction: Human error incidence is inevitable in many occupational situations such as power plants, military industries, and chemical and nuclear industries and can cause disaster and damage. This study was, therefore, aimed to assess human errors in combined-cycle power-plant control room and to offer control solution using SHERPA technique. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Yazd combined-cycle power plant. At first, all different activities of the unit were considered after interviewing the workers and consulting with supervisors, line managers and also by HTA hierarchical analysis. SHERPA systematic prediction approach was applied to identify potential human errors. Results:115 errors analyzed through SHERPA approach, The results indicated that among checking errors were the highest with 39.04%. This was followed by action errors with 38.08%, communication errors, 13.89%, and retrieval errors, 8.61%. Conclusion:It can thus be concluded that the most prevalent errors are checking and action errors. Therefore, it is suggested that work instructions, staff training and translation of instructions as well as employing inspection operators to monitor the performances should be considered as a priority.}, Keywords = {Human error, SHERPA, Combined- cycle power plant}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {46-56}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1373-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1373-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Saffari, and Sanaeinasab, and Rashidi-jahan,}, title = {Personal hygiene, Military, Behavior, Knowledge, Attitude}, abstract ={Introduction: Personal hygiene is one of the most important preventive tools in the field of public health, and military forces may be exposed to threats due to non-adherence to principles of personal hygiene. The aim of this study was assessing the situation of personal hygiene among military forces and identifying its determinants and related potential barriers. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed among 502 military forces from 10 military centers throughout Iran. These centers were selected randomly. The instrument for data collection was a self-report questionnaire including 5 sections: demographic information knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding personal hygiene and the other part on potential barriers. The variables such as demographic information, knowledge and attitude served as independent variables and practice of personal hygiene was considered as dependent variable. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS software using student t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.04 (SD, 6.83), more than 84% of them were married. The most important sources to get information were TV and radio (72.3%). The knowledge (71.5%), attitude (63.7%), and practice (61.8%) among most of the participants were at optimal levels. The variables including job, knowledge, and attitude were significantly related to personal hygiene behavior (P<0.05). The determinants of personal hygiene were: military grade, duration of the work, job, knowledge, and attitude. Conclusion: Regarding the levels of knowledge, attitude and practice on personal hygiene, it is recommended to consider the suitable planning and intervention for improving these variables among military forces. More studies are suggested to be conducted for different military forces and other parts of the community to further identify influential factors and determine personal hygienic behavior.}, Keywords = {Personal Hygiene and its Determinants among Military Forces}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {57-71}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1374-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1374-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Ahmadian, A and Mortazavi, MR}, title = {The Role And Function of Local Media Yazd in Public Health Programs}, abstract ={Introduction: fast and accurate information about the effectiveness of training in physical and mental health issues are considered medium duty. But it seems the media especially local media are unaware of their duty. Research aims to attitude of the general public and health professionals on the role of media in the health field as well as their performance in the areas of pay. Methods: In this cross - sectional study population and public health experts Yazd who had 211 samples (experts) 246 people (ordinary people) were enrolled. Instrument was a questionnaire that collected information. Questionnaire After establishing the validity and reliability of the preliminary investigation stage to collect the required data was used in the final stage. Questionnaire contained a number of questions open and the study variables measure the. For analysis and statistical software SPSS By descriptive statistics and Chi-square test and U Whitney on 0/05 is used. Results: A total of 368 participants in the study, 48/4% male and 51/6% female 19/6 cent singles and 80/4 percent of them are married. Both the public and professionals involved Local media on various topics such as health, agreed and there were no significant differences between the two groups. (P> 0.05). The only improvement in individuals false imagery the media's role in the health of local experts who evaluated more than ordinary people (P 0.05( Conclusions: The people and experts believe that the media can play an important role in achieving public participation in the health field, but both groups had poor performance that shows current local media to assure in this area should be.}, Keywords = {Health. Media. Health expert Viewpoint}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {72-81}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1375-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1375-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Taghdisi, MH and Asadi, ZS and Khoshdel, AR}, title = {Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods in Health Education and Promotion}, abstract ={Introduction: Decisions in health promotion are multidimensional. It means that there are multi criteria situations in decision-making for health promotion. Regarding the importance of designing ast selecting appropriate alternatives, some Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods for health promotion have been introduced ast explained in this article. Method: Articles published in some reliable data bases such as Web of Sciences, Medline , Ebsco, Science Direct, Google scholar as well as some Persian articles ast dissertations specially in health education ast health promotion fields were reviewed. Results: Reviewing health education ast health promotions articles ast dissertations published in Iran isticated that some decision-making techniques such as Delfi method, Brain Storming ast Nominal Groups ast some other approaches have been applied, but methods with mathematical, theoretical, ast reliable predictive power backgrousts have been ignored. Conclusion: Applying Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods that typically consider different factors simultaneously with economic assessment are necessary for health education ast health promotion interventions.}, Keywords = {Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, Needs assessment, Health education and promotion interventions.}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {82-92}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1376-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1376-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Jenaabadi, H}, title = {The Relationship Between Psychological Hardiness and Homesickness in University of Sistan and Baluchestan Non-native Students}, abstract ={Introduction: Homesickness is a problem for non-native students and a factor that is associated with this feeling is hardiness. In this regard, the present study was planned to assess the relationship between hardiness and homesickness in non-native students of Sistan and Baluchestan University. Methods: This is a descriptive - correlational study and its subjects were non-native students of Sistan and Baluchestan university in the academic year 2012-2013. Three hundred and thirty eight students were selected through random sampling method. The study instruments included hardiness scale (Kobasa, 1990) and Utrecht homesickness scale (Ejei et al. 2008). The scores were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS 17. Results:A) Female students experience more homesickness than male students (p<0/01). B) Male students show more hardiness than female students (p<0/05). C) There were significant negative correlations between hardiness and homesickness (R: -0/798, P<0/01). D) Multiple regression results showed that from the three subscales of hardiness, commitment (T= -4/661, P<0/01) can explain and predict homesickness of the students. Conclusion: If students have higher level of hardiness, they will experience less homesickness.}, Keywords = {Psychological Hardiness, Homesickness, Sistan &amp,, Baluchestan University}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {93-103}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Investigating Correlation Between the Number of Missed Teeth, as an Oral Health Index, and the Total Antioxidant Capacity of Unstimulated Whole Saliva}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Oral health problems comprise a significant negative influence on the quality of life among the affected individuals. Recent concerns about the correlation between poor oral hygiene and subsequent tooth loss, and the risk of oral cancer incidence have introduced a new field of study with regards to the community health. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between total antioxidant capacity of unstimulated whole saliva and the number of missing teeth. Methods: Ninety patients of Shahid-Sadoughi dental clinic, with the age rane of 30 to 49 years, volunteered to participate into this study. Their missed teeth were counted and samples of unstimulated whole saliva were obtained from all cases. The scores of total antioxidant capacity of saliva samples and missing teeth were statistically analyzed. Results: According to ANOVA test, the tow measured indexes showed a negative and statistically meaningful correlation to each other (r=0.337, P=0.001) Conclusion: Tooth loss can lead to reduced total antioxidant capacity of saliva that may subsequently result in increased risk of some diseases, such as oral cancer. Keywords: Total antioxidant capacity of saliva, Whole unstimulated saliva, Tooth loss, Oral cancer}, Keywords = {}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {104-112}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1608-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1608-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Zarekhormizi, A and Moeen-al-din, M and Nayebzadeh, S}, title = {Cost price Estimation of Appendix Surgery in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital Using Activity-based Costing in 2011}, abstract ={Introduction: Activity-based cost evaluation is used as a tool for accurate assessment and calculation of the cost of any operation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the cost of a single appendix surgery in Yazd Shaid Sadoughi Hospital using activity-based cost evaluation in 2011. Methods: This is an applied research that is descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective. Data were collected by interviewing hospital officials and other concerned departments, observing surgery section activities and investigating documents and the existing documents in Administrative and Logistics department. Then to estimate the contribution of other sectors in the surgery services sector, primarily apportionment was determined and then using two-way partitioning method (maths), estimated costs and using activity-based cost evaluation approach, cost was calculated using excel software in one appendix surgery unit. Results: Based on the present study findings, the cost of one appendix surgery unit was calculated to be about 3,814,449 Rials including the cost of direct wage to be about 1,099,593 Rials (%29 of total cost share), the cost of medicine and direct consuming materials around1,162,946 Rials (% 30 of total cost share) and extra costs about 1,551,910 Rials (41% total cost share). Conclusions: Based on the present study, it is possible to improve the performance, especially the reform of human resource management practices and standardization of consumption in order to reduce consumer and service costs.}, Keywords = {Cost, Activity-based costing, Hospital, Appendix surgery}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {113-126}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1379-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1379-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and Zeidabadinezhad, M and Karimizarchi, M}, title = {Study of Mammography Practice and its Barriers Among Close Relatives of Breast Cancer Patients in Sirjan}, abstract ={Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the risk is higher among women who have close relatives with breast cancer. So the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and barriers to mammography in close relatives of breast cancer patients in sirjan. Methods: The study population consisted of 65 women, all close relatives (First-degree relatives including sister, mother and daughter and Second-degree relatives, including aunts and uncles) of breast cancer patients in the city of Sirjan by the year 1387 to the year 1391. Data were collected by the perceived barriers section of champion's Health Belief Model Scales (CHBMS) and were analyzed by spss19 Software, using chi-square, independent T and Kendall’ W tests. Results: of participants, 86.1% were first-degree relatives (sister, mother and daughter) and 13.8% of them were second-degree relatives (aunts and uncles) of women with breast cancer and most of them were under 50 years of age. Despite the fact that, 88.9 % were housewife, 84.6% had an insurance coverage and 75.4 % had less than 10 km away mammography center, only 15.4 % of them had a mammogram. There was no significant difference in the mean score of perceived barriers to mammography among women who did (25.93) and those who did not (26.33) a mammogram. The only significant difference in mean score of perceived barriers was seen in the proportion of participant with breast cancer patients (p= 0/01). While the cost of mammography with a mean order of 7.85, fear of finding breast cancer with a mean order of 6.72 and mammography painfulness with a mean order of 5.97 were the greatest perceived barriers to mammography. Conclusion: As high cost of mammography is one of the most important perceived barriers requires that health services system, reduce mammography cost through provision of services in public centers and using more insurance coverage. Also, health professionals, should explain that the cost of a mammogram is minimal compared to the cost of treatment and encourage mammography in women at high risk. In addition, the fear of finding breast cancer and pain during mammography requires health professionals' efforts to develop health promotion programs for breast cancer and benefits of mammography and outlines its steps that can minimize the fear and then increase regular use of screening programs.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, close relatives, mammography, Perceived barriers }, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {127-137}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1380-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1380-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {ShiriMohammadabadi, A and Yazdkhasti, F and Dadgari, A}, title = {Determining the Major Stressful Events in Elderly People and their Relation with Depession and Cognitive Decline}, abstract ={Introduction: Global investigations show that the elderly population is increasing because of the health care development. However, this group is continuously experiencing physical and mental problems. The elderly population is increasing in Iran too. In order to importance of this stage, the purpose of the present study was to determining the major stressful events and to examine their relation with depression and cognitive decline in elderly people of Yazd. Method: For this purpose a group of 160 elders (100 males and 60 females) from the elders in Yazd were selected randomly by multistage cluster sampling. The Mini Mental Status Examination Questionnaire, Elders Stressful Life Events Inventory (created by researchers), and Geriatric Depression Scale were used to assess research variables. Data were analyzed using exploration factor analysis and Pearson correlation. Results:Results of research indicated that events related to economic problems, social problems, occupational problems, health, bereavement were major stressors in elderly people. Indeed economic problems, social problems, occupational problems, health, bereavement were related to depression and social problems were related to cognitive decline. Conclusion: Overall, Aging is a lifetime of decreasing income, restricted social communication, and loss of social roles, health problems and bereavement. Stress of these problems have positive relationship with incidence of depressive symptoms and stress of social problems has positive relationship with incidence of cognitive decline.}, Keywords = {Aging, Stressful events, Geriatric Depression, Cognitive Decline}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {139-151}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1382-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1382-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {AkbariFakhrabadi, M and Talaei, B and Fallahzadeh, H and Nadjarzadeh, A}, title = {The effect of CoQ10 Supplementation on the Blood Pressure of Patients with Type Two Diabetes}, abstract ={Introduction: Diabetes is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. One of the complications of this disorder is hypertension. Today besides the routine medication in oxidative diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, antioxidant supplementation is used. One of the antioxidants used in these diseases is CoQ10. The aim of this study is to find out Methods: This is a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial which was held on 70 type 2 diabetic patients in Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2011.The diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups, CoQ10 and placebo. The Two groups took two capsules containing 100mg CoQ10 or placebo every day for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arteriole pressure (MAP) was measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: sixty two patients completed the study. The mean SBP,DBP and MAP of the Q10 group decreased in comparison with the control group after intervention. The mean of SBP decreased about of 12.65 mmHg in CoQ10 group compared to baseline. The mean of decline of DBP and MAP were 11.37 and 11.8 mmHG, respectively. Conclusion:This study revealed that CoQ10 supplementation significantly decreases the blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. Regarding to the results of this study and other reports, supplementation with CoQ10 can be recommended for diabetic patients especially in hypertension ones.}, Keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Mean Arteriole Pressure, CoQ10}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {152-163}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1383-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1383-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Yazdanparast, M and Karimi, M and NoriShadcam, M and Vakili, M}, title = {Evaluation of Zinc Sulfate Consumption on Reducing the Incidence of Co-amoxicillin Associated Diarrhea in Children 6 to 60 Months}, abstract ={Introduction: Diarrhea is the common complication after using antibiotics. The prevalence of diarrhea with Amoxicillin clavulanic is 10-25 %. Zinc sulfate can support the immune system and also can be useful in resistance of skin and mucosa to infection, increase nerve system development. zinc is one of the important Anti- oxidants and cell membrane stabilizers. The present study evaluate the effect of oral zinc sulfate in prevention of Amoxicillin clavulanic associated diarrhea in children aged 6 – 60 months Methods: In this randomized control trial, 120 children age range of 6 -60 months were divided into two equal group.The case group received zinc sulfate and co Amoxi clave, whereas control group received only co Amoxi clave. Data was gathered with questionnaire and then analyzed with independent statistical t.test and chi-squared test. Results:Results indicated that prevalence of diarrhea after using co-Amoxi clave was 21.7% (30.5 % in the case and 13.1% in the control group)(P-value= 0.018) Conclusion:The results of this study pointed out that diarrhea was common after using co-Amoxiclave and using zinc sulfate cannot prevent Amoxiclave associated diarrhea and perhaps it can increase diarrhea.}, Keywords = {Diarrhea, Amoxicillin clavulanic,Zinc}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {164-172}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1384-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1384-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2015} }