@article{ author = {Ehrampoush, MH and salmani, MH and Aboueian, M and Zare, MR and GHaneian, MT and Askarshahi, M and Sazevari, M}, title = {Nickel Removal from Synthetic Nuclear- Power- Plant Coolant Water by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles}, abstract ={ Background: The primary coolant is an essential cooling medium used to control heat in a nuclear power plant. During the oxidation process, Nickel may be released in the primary coolant which increases its contamination. The operational problems and high cost of treatment necessitate the research for some newer methods. The aim of this research is investigation of nickel removal from synthetic nuclear-power-plant by using iron oxide nanoparticles and the effective parameters.  methods : In this research, zerovalent iron nanoparticles was converted to Iron oxide nanoparticles and its efficiency for Ni(II) ion removal in synthetic coolant water batch system was studied. Also the impact of effective parameters including iron oxide nanoparticles concentration, solution pH, and agitation time were investigated and absorption isotherm and kinetic model reaction were determined.   Results: STM images indicate that the particles size is lass than 40 nm. The complete removal was in primary pH of the solution, t=4h, and C=40g/l. In alkaline pH, t=4h, C=1g/l were obtained with maximum removal. Ni(II) absorption at absorbent C= 35g/L and pH = 2.71 obeys Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic reaction is peso-second-order.   Conclusion: The results of the study show that increasing pH in alkaline condition, hightens removal efficiency. The reason is that when the pH of the solution is above the isoelectric point, the oxide surface becomes negatively charged and can form surface complexes with cations (e.g., metal ions). In optimal condition, iron oxide nanoparticles have the potential of purifying coolant water.}, Keywords = {Nickel, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Synthetic nuclear-power-plant coolant water}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Nabizade-Asl, L and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H and Yassini-Ardekani, SM and HadiNodoushan, H and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {Vitamin D Status in Patients with Depression Referred to Specialized Clinics Affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-2011}, abstract ={  Background: Vitamin D plays a known role in a wide range of diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Recently, the role of vitamin D in cognitive function and mental health has been reported as well. Vitamin D concentrations have been demonstrated to be low in patients suffering from mood disorders and have been associated with cognitive function. The aim of the present study was to determine concentration level of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in depressed people in Yazd.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 211 depressed patients with Beck Depression Inventory ) BDI ( score above 17 were studied. The data were collected by questionnaires and blood sampling was performed to measure serum 25(OH) vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency was determined at the level of 25(OH) D< 35 nmol/L .   Resulst: Out of 211 participate s, 33.2% were men and 66.8% were women. The mean of age was 33.4. Median concentration of 25-OH vitamin D levels in all the patients, men and women, were 26.4, 36 and 22.6 nmol/L respectively. The results showed that 34.3 % of subjects were in a normal status but 65.7 % had vitamin D deficiency . Totally 39.5% and 7.6 % of the patients suffered from moderate and severe deficiency respectively. No correlation was detected between vitamin D level and BDI score in this study. Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among depressed subjects like other groups of people in Yazd, therefore requiring immediate attention to detect its reasons and finding the effect of vitamin D deficiency elimination on depression status.}, Keywords = {25-Hydroxyvitamin D, depression, BDI score}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-19}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Riahi, SM and Latifi, A and Bakhtiyari, M and Yavari, P and Khezeli, M and Hatami, H and Gholami, J}, title = {Epidemiologic Survey of Animal Bites and Causes of Delay in Getting Preventive Treatment in Tabbas during 2005-2010}, abstract ={  Background: Rabies is one of the fatal diseases in human and other mammals. With regard to lack of full control of the disease in wild and domesticated animals, There is stillt the possibility of incidence of the disease in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology and causes of delays in getting treatment for rabies and animal bites in the city of Tabas during 2005-2010.   Method: The present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which, the existing information for 480 bitten subjects referring to Tabas rabies units during 2005-2010 was used. Patient-related factors, factors related to location, factor related to the time of being bitten, the wound status as well as bite status were studied. The descriptive statistics, including descriptive indicator was used to analyze the data, and the logistic regression analysis was used to measure the effect of considered variables on delay in receiving preventive treatment of rabies. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.   Result : Out of 480 bitten persons, 413 individuals (86%) were male and others 67 (14%) were female. Totally 54.6% (262 cases) of animal-bite incidents were in the city and 45.4% (218) had experienced it in the rural areas. The cases were mostly related to dog bites (63.1%) and cat bites (27.3%) respectively. Most bites had occured for 107 students (22.3%) and 98 (20.4%) for others. Mean and standard deviation of delay time in receiving the anti-rabies vaccines was 6.5±1.5 hours. The most offective factors in delaying or notdelaying were age (OR = 0.98, CI: 0.74-0.99), time of accident (OR = 1.06, 1.01-1.12), bite of the lower extremities (OR = 5.31, CI: 3.8-6.33), history of vaccination (OR = 0.39, CI: 0.21-0.68), having primary care recommended for the injury (OR = 6.75, CI: 4.4-8.8) and animal type (OR = 4.17, CI: 3.34-6.5).   Conclusion: Regarding the relatively high incidence of animal bites in this county, the necessity of controlling animals such as dogs and cats through training vulnerable individuals such as adolescents as well as animal owners and intersectional coordination to eliminate the straying animals should be more considered. Because of the imposed cost sustained by health system care for any bite, the preventive measure should be considered as priority. }, Keywords = {Epidemiology, Animal bits, Delay time, Treatment, Tabbas}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {20-31}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Baghianimoghadam, MH and Esfandiari, R and Nazari, M}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Written or Speech Communication Skills Training of Health Staff on Clients\' Satisfaction of Shiraz Health Centers}, abstract ={  Background: One of the most important factors for increasing clients ' satisfaction is the relationship between health care providers ' capability in communicating appropriately with their clients .To this aim, we decided to compare the effect of communication skills training of health staff , either written or lecture, on clients' satisfaction in Shiraz health centers.   Method: Totally 25 health care workers of six health centers of Shiraz and about 1000 clients participated in this study . The data on the relationship of health workers to their clients was collected by a questionnaire before and after the intervention. After the first phase, the participants were divided into two groups .One group was trained by speech and the other by written skills. After a six- week intervention, the data for second phase were collected by the same tool. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software and some tests such as chi-square and regression.   Result : There was a significant difference between the mean scores of satisfaction of speech groups before and after the intervention (p<0.0001). The mean score of satisfaction of speech group was 37.47 before intervention which increased to 44.86 after the intervention.In the written group however it raised from 39 to 40.5 (P=0.016). The full satisfaction with speech group was29.8%   before intervention which raised to 81.3% after the intervention.   Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the education intervention had a positive role on clients' and health care workers' satisfaction. The effect of training through speech was more than the written one. It is therefore proposed that there should be an education intervention for health care workers on communication skills.}, Keywords = {Satisfaction, Education, Communication skills, Health care workers}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-40}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AfkhamiAqda, M and KamaliZarch, M and Shokorawa, N}, title = {The Effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the Education Process from the Perspective of Yazd University Students}, abstract ={  Background : ICT has had a profound influence on human life. Perhaps its most important and profound influence is on learning and education Moreover, Higher education system considered as the main custodian in education and research sectors acts in specializing efficient personnel and enhancing public knowledge and professional skills in all levels of the country .   Methods : This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 406 students of Yazd University who were selected by stratified random sampling method . Data collection tool was a questionnaire its validity of which was confirmed by relevant experts and its Cronbach alpha reliability was also calculated (P<82.7) . After data collection using spss software, the frequency , percentage , mean, standard deviation, one -way anova, chi- square and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze data.   Results: Data analysis revealed that 39.2 % of students watch TV less than an hour daily, but 60.8% watch more than an hour also 58.7% of students use internet less than an hour but 41.3 % use more than an hour.   Internet , mobile , satellite , television, books, and radio were mentioned as the most appealed to by the students respectively. Use of FCT had significant relationship with students' improvement (P<0.001) . There was no significant relationship between ICT and demographic variables: age, sex, marital status, occupation of parents, place and educational group. Conclusions: In this study, ICT and media education were found to have high effect on social relations in society as well as increase probability of independent learning. ICT which was formerly used to collect and store data, nowadays has made a change in its role and is used as a tool for data production thus facilitating learning and teaching process.   }, Keywords = {ICT, Education, Student }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-52}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Falahati, SA and Noorbala, MT and Malek, M}, title = {The Effects of UV C Light and Cornex for Disinfection of Surfaces in Yazd Shahid Sadughi Burn Center}, abstract ={ Background: To control the spread of pathogens in hospital environments, good hygienic routines are required to disinfect surfaces contaminated with biological materials. Chemicals have traditionally been used to disinfect surfaces during final room disinfection. However, chemical disinfection is both time- and labor-consuming, and it might be harmful for staff and the environment. The search for more environmentally friendly and healthier methods has therefore been under way for many years. UVC light (200-280 nm) has germicidal effect on microorganisms in water, on surface, and in air. However, its lethal dose for various microbes is different. In this study, the dose of UVC lamps (wavelength 254 nm) in hospital operating rooms of Shahid Sadughi Burn Center were measured and its disinfectant strength was compared with a standard chemical disinfectants (Cornex). Method: In this cross-sectional descriptive study at first the UVC irradiance levels were measured after 14 houres light exposure at the outset. The distance between the measurement locations was 50 Cm and the radiometer was put on the 80 Cm height of the floor. In addition the UVC irradiance levels were measured in 15 other sites including surfaces on the table, bed, door handle, inside the rack etc. Microbial samples were obtained from surfaces in isolated units before and after standard hospital environmental cleaning, irradiation with UVC and cornex disinfection. Samples were collected using standard contact plates and were compared together .  Result: The results of this study showed that the UVC detected dose was 0-37951 j/m2. Also the results showed that UVC markedly reduced the number of bacteria on surfaces in operating rooms, from a mean of 64.80 cfu per sample to 41.67 cfu per sample after UVC disinfection and to 16.53 cfu per sample after additional cornex disinfection. So the use of UVC and of cornex disinfection alone or in different combinations significantly reduced the amount of surface contamination (P< .001 for both) Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the detected dose in about half part of the locations was almost 0 j/m2, while in the places near to the lamps the detected dose was higher than the required dose for resistant virus inactivation due to long time exposure. Therefore it is concluded that the number, locations of the UVC lamps, and also the exposure time should be changed according to the standard dose for all parts of the room. On the other hand, UVC is not suitable and efficient disinfectant for the sites that are in shadow. There fore,these places must be disinfected by a combination of UVC and chemical disinfectants.  }, Keywords = {Dosimetry,UV light, Disinfection, Operating room}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-63}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and AlizadehMradkandi, A and MozaffariKhosravi, H and Fallahzadeh, H and MomeniSarvestani, M}, title = {Comparison of the Effect Nutrition Education by Peers and Health Personnel on Knowledge, Attitude and Nutritional Indices of 18-35 years old Women of Orumieh Health Care Centers}, abstract ={ Background: Lack of nutritional knowledge and subsequently inadequate practice causes health problems such as malnutrition and communicable diseases. Few studies have compared the effect of educational methods on knowledge, attitude and nutritional indices of women. This study there fore was carried out with the aim of comparing the effect of peer education and education by health personnel on knowledge, attitude and nutritional indices of women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 108 women who had referred to Orumieh health care centers were investigated. Out of all health care centers of Orumieh, 4 were selected randomly two of which were assigned for peer education and the two others for by-personnel education. In each health care centers, 27 women aged 18-35 were entered in the study randomly. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection. First a pretest was conducted for both groups. In peer education group, two of the participants who obtained the highest scores were selected as peer educators. Both groups received 4 two-hour-education sessions. Six weeks after education sessions,a post test was performed. Data were analyzed using independent T-test and paired T-test. Results: Before intervention, the mean score of knowledge, attitude, GDI, FCI, and MCI, was 25.48, 6.68, 7.77, 5.38 and 2.11 in personnel education group and 30.38, 8.20, 7.78, 5.75 and 2.33 in peer education group respectively. After education these scores were, 31.83, 8.88, 7.25, 4.9 and 2 in personnel education group and 34.4, 15.4, 5.33, 3.62 and .85 in peer education group respectively. There was a significant difference in mean scores of knowledge, attitude and nutritional indices in both groups. The mean score of knowledge was increased significantly higher in personnel education group but, the other variables proved significantly higher in peer education group. Conclusion: The higher increase of knowledge score in personnel group indicates the weakness of peers in presenting scientific and theory subjects, but they are more sufficient in increasing attitude and practices, so applying this method in nutrition education is recommended.}, Keywords = {Nutrition education, Peer education, Knowledge, Attitude, Nutritional indices}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-64}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Safarzadeh, H and Tadayon, A and HorMohammadi, M}, title = {The Evaluation of Effects of Knowledge Management Strategy on Organizational Innovation and Performance (A case study in community health centers of north part of Fars province)}, abstract ={  Background : Organizations’ performance, particularly in the case of health and treatment, is considered as the basis of qualitative and quantitative improvement of each country if organizations never perform a survey research for evaluation of their knowledge assets, organizational management will never lead to performance development and organizational improvement. This study evaluates the effect of strategic knowledge management on organizational innovation and performance of community health centers.   Method: This study is practical from the objective aspect, and descriptive-survey from data collection method aspect. The population of this study is out of the health centers of north part of Fars province. In this study, 30 times more than the study variables, that is, 120 people were selected as the sample. We used a questionnaire comprising 20 closed questions in order to test the assumption of this study. In order to assess construct validity, Lizrel software confirmatory factor analysis was used and for analyzing the results, we applied the structural equation testing.   Result: variables relation was evaluated to measure the effect of knowledge encoding and knowledge individualizing on innovation and performance. T values corresponding to the standard value model of the final way indicate that innovation variables and organizational management are directly related to encoding with 99 percent reliability. In addition, organizational innovation and performance are directly related to knowledge individualizing with 99 percent reliability. Besides, T values corresponding to standard values indicate that innovation is directly related to organizational performance with 99 percent reliability.   Conclusion: Results show that knowledge individualizing and encoding have a positive effect on innovation and organizational performance. Also these variables have a positive effect on organizational performance through innovation. More over there is a positive and significant relationship between innovation and organizational performance.}, Keywords = {Knowledge management, Encoding, Individualizing, Innovation, Organizational Performance }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Barkhordari, A and Ketabi, D and Mirrmohammadi, SJ and Fallahzadeh, H and Mehrparvar, AH}, title = {Prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Auto Parts-manufacturing Plants’ Workers}, abstract ={  Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) mainly caused by awkward postures, manual lifting and carrying the load, repetitive movements and lack of appropriate work station design. To identify the prevalence rate of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in auto parts-manufacturing plants’ workers, this study was conducted.   Method: In a cross-sectional study, we calculated the prevalence rate of WMSDs in 1383 workers of two largest auto parts-manufacturing plants, using Nordic questionnaire in Iran .   Result: According to the results, 81.2% of the workers mentioned that they have experienced musculoskeletal disorders at least in one of their nine body regions during last year. The most common body regions affected were lower back (61.8%), hand and wrist (59.2%) and elbow (48.7%), respectively.   Conclusion: Results of this study show that the prevalence rate of WMSDs is very high in workers studied. Therefore, for improving working conditions, it is necessary to set ergonomics preventive programs and workplaces design.   }, Keywords = {Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Nordic Questionnaire, Auto Parts-manufacturing Plants }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {77-87}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Salari, M and Moazed, H and Radmanesh, F}, title = {Site Selection for Solid Waste by GIS & AHP-FUZZY Logic (Case Study: Shiraz City)}, abstract ={  Background : Waste is a permanent part of human life. Urban development, increasing use of irresolvable materials and many other achievements of machine life have com to raise one of the main concerns of urban environmental management, that is waste disposal. Waste management in different qualities and quantities is the most important environmental problem.   Method: The aim of the current study was to determine the Shiraz environmental landfill waste by using hierarchical analysis, fuzzy logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques using Expert Choice software . At First, important factors in site selection for solid waste were identified. Then, nineteen layers were digitized and weighted on the basis of the existing standards. The Last ratio that has to be calculated is CR (Consistency Ratio). Generally, if CR is less than 0.1, the judgments are consistent, so the derived weights can be used.  Result: In this study, using data such as the legal limits of the city, distance from roads, land airport, land use, land capability, artifact effects (rural, urban facilities and equipment, mining ,...), fault, the physical development of the city, surface water, wind direction, population density, soil type, Hypsometric (height floor), slope, vegetation coverage, land types, geology,by different models and maps based on fuzzy logic were used to combine these data.   Conclusion: After georefrencing the data and models with satellite images a region with 272 hectares in the north of shiraz (19 km away ) with capacity of receiving waste more than 1000 ton per day for 15 yeare, was selected as waste disposal site. }, Keywords = {Solid waste, Multicriteria dsecision making , Analytical hierarchy process, Fuzzy logic, Shiraz city}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {88-96}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bazyar, M and Soofi, M and Rashidian, A}, title = {Ways to Control Moral Hazard in Health System: Demand-side and Supply-side Interventions (review article)}, abstract ={  Background: Moral hazard is referred to behavior change of service-provider (physician) and service-consumer (patient) as the result of insurance. It is a serious concern for health insurance and insurance policies market in the health system reforms. Moral hazard usually leads to such unpleasant consequences as welfare loss, increasing health expenditures, decrease of insurance coverage, unnecessary use of resources, decrease of risk pooling benefits, as well as decrease in allocation and technical efficiency. There fore, in this review article, we want to describe the appropriate policy interventions to prevent moral hazard of consumers and healthcare providers.   Method: This is a review article. The related articles were taken from sound sites and reliable published texts. The databases such as Medline,Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer were explored based on appropriate key words used in current methods for moral hazard control in supply side and demand side.   Result: Demand policies only affect service demand on the part of patient, and do not impede extra service delivering on the part of service provider. So, more effort is needed from supply policies to monitor the use of extra services. In terms of demand aspect, such methods such as franchise, co-payment, waiting list, and encouragement for non-utilization are being used, while in terms of supply aspct, strategies like financial incentive and payment methods (fee-for-service, global payment), reform of source-providing system structures and behavior interventions (exclusive referring and gate-keeping, use of clinical-guidelines), and prospective supervision on use rate are being basically employed.   Conclusion: Different methods used to control moral hazards may prevent source waste, unnecessary services delivering, and misallocation of resources through preventing low-value consumptions. As a result, efficiency can be promoted and health expenditures can also be controlled.}, Keywords = {Moral hazard, Supply-side control, Demand-side control}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {110-122}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HaerianArdakani, A and Soleymani, AA and Rashidi-Meibodi, F and Gholami, N and Hosseini-Abrishami, M}, title = {DMFT Evaluation of First Permanent Molars in Primary-School Students in Yazd}, abstract ={  Background: The first permanent molar is the biggest permanent tooth having the most important role in chewing, preservation of vertical height of the jaws and esthetics. On the other hand, because of it's special anatomic form, early eruption, lack of mother’s awareness about it’s eruption and misidentifying it from primary teeth, this tooth is very susceptible to caries. Its caries is an indicator for predicting caries susceptibility in the other teeth.   The aim of this study was to indicate the prevalence of DMFT in first permanent molar among primary school children in Yazd.   Methods: In this study, students of totally 6 public and private schools were selected randomly and first the molar tooth of 15 students from each level was examined and DMFT was recorded. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software, ANOVA and t-Test.   Results: The least DMFT was identified in 7-year-old students (0.36 ± 0.92) and the highest rate was seen in 11-year-students (1.17 ± 1.26). There was a significant relationship between DMFT and age (P< 0.0001).   - Among D,M and F, maximum mean was related to F or filled teeth and minimum was related to M or extracted teeth.   - DMFT in girls (1.15 ± 1.33) was higher than boys (0.51% ± 0.88) (P<0.0001). - DMFT among students with lower economical status was significantly higher than those with better economical condition. Conclusion:Increasing DMFT of first permanent molar during 3-4 years after eruption demands attention to early oral education, prevention and treatment of it.  }, Keywords = {The first permanent molar, DMFT, Yazd.}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Baghianimoghadam, MH and Karimizarehi, SJ and Mirhosseini, MH}, title = {Routine or Verbal- Illustrative Education on Nicotine Dependency in Men after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)}, abstract ={  Background: Smoking contributes to more than 5million deaths in the world annually. More than 70% of these deaths occurs in the developing and 30% in the developed countries. the important way to stop these deaths, is to quit smoking. Despite the perceived risk, more than 40% of smokers that had heart attack , began smoking after leaving the hospital. This indicates that inadequacy of awareness in them. The aim of this study was to study Routine or verbal-illustrative Education on nicotine dependency in men after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)  Methods: This was a clinical trials study,conducted on 100 patients that were candidates for heart surgery at Afshar hospital in Yazd. The participants were randomly divided into two groups .The data were collected by two questionnaires before and after the heart surgery. The first questionnaire included questions about demographic variables, such as date of surgery , address, telephone number, standard test of nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom) and standard test of self – efficacy (Prochaska- DiClemente) . After collecting the data at the begining , the case group was treated on routine and verbal education of quit smoking by three pictures about clogging of arteries in 5 minutes. The control group was treated with the routine education. Then the questionnaires were completed 3 months after surgery. The questions of these questionnaires were about quitting smoking , and date of the onset of smoking after surgery. All the registered data were transferred into SPSS software and analyzed.  Results : Before intervention the two the groups were same in terms of demographic variables. The mean ages the of case and control groups were 53.55±8.9 and 55.6±8.4 respectively. Their mean age of beginning with smoking was 21.6±6. The extent of nicotine in dependency in the case group was 5.25 and in the control groups 4.86. after 3 months of surgery the extent of quit smoking in case group turned out to be 79.6% and in control groups 66%. There was no significant difference between two groups in quitting smoking.   Conclusion :The data indicated that the effect of education through showing picture is more than the routine education.}, Keywords = {Quit smoking, Nicotine dependency,Fagerstrom test ,Prochaska- DiClemente test}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {10-18}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-178-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-178-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghaneian, MT and Ehrampoush, MH and Dehvari, M and Jamshidi, B and Amrollahi, M}, title = {Application of Raw Russian Knapweed Flower Powder as a Natural Biosorbent in Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic Wastewater}, abstract ={ Background: One of the most recent concerns about industrial wastewaters is heavy metals arrival into the water and environment resources. Chromium is found in the trivalent and hexavalent oxidation state by the influence of electroplating and tannery industries. Hexavalent Chromium has proven several health hazards and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categories. The aim of this study was the evaluation of chromium (VI) removal efficiency by raw Russian knapweed plant Flower Powder from synthetic wastewater. Methods: In this study, the effect of initial chromium concentration, adsorbent dose, reaction time and PH on removal of chromium was investigated. The adsorbent prepared in lab conditions and Pulverized by using ASTM standard sieves with a particle size range of 40–60 mesh achieved. The study was performed on synthetic samples containg 2mg/ l and 10 mg/l concentration of chromium. The unknown concentration of Hexavalent Chromium by spectrophotometer set (UV/VisibleSP-3000 Plus-Japan) at 540 nm based on standard methods for testing water and wastewater book was determined. Results: According to the results removal, efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing pH solution and initial concentration of chromium. Data of this study showed the maximum adsorption capacity of Hexavalent chromium by raw Russian knapweed Flower Powder for 2mg/ l and 10 mg/l initial concentration 1.66 and 5.72mg/g respectively. Conclusion: Raw Russian knapweed Flower Powder is an effective adsorbent for removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. Although this plant is known as a herbicide but highly porous structure of this plant has caused it to have good adsorption ability. In addition, the adsorbent used the preparation and cost, using this adsorbant is very simple and cheap and has priority in comparison with the other natural and artificial adsorbents.}, Keywords = {Biosorbent, Adsorption, Hexavalent chromium, Russian knapweed Flower}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {19-28}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-179-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-179-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Setareh, H and Nikpay, A and Safari, A and Marzani, M}, title = {Methyl Iodide gas removal from the Air by Activeated Carbon imprignated with Amine Salts}, abstract ={  Background :Control of radioactive emissions from nuclear power plants , particularly radioactive iodine compounds before discharge to the environment is important .   Methods : In this study, methyl Iodide vapour adsorbtion capacity was evaluated on the basis of the activated carbon and TEDA (tri ethylene di amine), and HMTA (Hexa methylen tetra amine) impregnated activated carbon bed .   Results : The amounts of chemisorption and physical adsorption of methyl iodide were measured in different humidity levels (0 & 65%) for base and HMTA,TEDA-impregnated activated carbons. The physical adsorption of methyl iodide in the presence of water vapor was low. The significant amount of chemisorption even in high humidity conditions confirmed the effectiveness of TEDA-impregnation for trapping methyl iodide permanently.}, Keywords = {Impregnated activated carbon, Methyl iodide, Amine salts}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-37}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Pirsahe, M and Sharafi, K and Shayan, S}, title = {Household-Scale Production of Vermicompost by Earthworm Eisenia fetida}, abstract ={  Abstract   Background: Today, vermicompost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study is vermicompost production from urban waste by earthworm (Eisenia Fetida) in Household-scale.   Methods: In this experimental study, plastic tank of vermicompost production was first prepared, and then using the initial bed, soft soil, compostable waste, and Eisenia Fetida earthworms loading was attempted and after 30 and 90 days, sampling was carried out . In the samples, parameters such as, percent of organic matter, ash, pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorous, electrical conductivity and humidity was measured.   Results: The results showed the organic matter, ash, total carbon, and total nitrogen percentage, ratio of carbon to nitrogen, phosphorous percentage, electrical conductivity, moisture percentage and pH of ripe compost (90 days), 42% ± 2.8, 53% ± 0.17, 22% ± 0.17, 1.12% ± 0.003, 20 ± 0.25, 2.8% ± 0.26, 1200 ±200μs/cm, 56% ± 5.5 and 8.3± 0.2 repectively and all the parameters measured were consistant with the standards.   Conclusion: Considering the results it can be concluded that home owners, by using simple local features, can produce vermicompost with high quality consisting of standards that, in terms of environmental and economic, status, greatly helps municipal solid-waste management system and causes reduction more than 60-70% of domestic waste at its orgin.}, Keywords = {Vermicompost, Municipal solid waste, Eisenia Fetida, Earthworm, Household-scale }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-46}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-181-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-181-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Badeenezhad, A and Gholami, M and JonidiJafari, A and Ameri, A}, title = {Factors Affecting nitrate Concentrations in Shiraz Groundwater Using Geographical Information System )GIS(}, abstract ={ Background: Nitrate is one of the most prevalent contaminants in groundwater. Ingestion of nitrate in drinking water by infants can cause low oxygen level in the blood which is a potentially fatal condition. In this study the concentration of nitrate and nitrite and contaminant supply in shiraz groundwater by ArcView Geographical Information System 9.3was investigated. methods: In this descriptive study two hundred and twenty groundwater samples were collected from total fifty five Shiraz plain wells in dry and wet season. The concentration of nitrate and nitrite was measured by spectrophotometry. The results was analysis in SPSS, Arcview gis 9.3 Software.   Result: Results showed that NO3 concentration in winter ranged from 4 to 72 mg/L with an average of 31.65 mg/L. In sixty percent of samples, nitrate concentrations was higher than threshold value of 20 mg/L as nitrate and sixteen percent of the samples collected had nitrate concentrations higher than 10 mg/L as nitrogen. Conclusion: from the results, wells’ depth effect on nitrate concentration. Increasing well depth, decreasing Nitrate concentration. The maps showed Nitrate Concentration Increases west to East of the shiraz city. Also, the main Source of contamination in Groundwater was domestic wastewater. One of the important factors was Movement of Water from Karst Aquifer to limestone Aquifer}, Keywords = {Nitrrate contamination, Groundwater, Shiraz City, GIS}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {47-56}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-182-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-182-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Milani-BonabA, A and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H and Omidvar, H}, title = {Assessment of Content Validity and Internal Consistency and Reliability of Direct Experience-Based Elderly Food Insecurity Measurement Tool for Iranian Elders}, abstract ={  Background: Food security is recognized as one of the major health, social, economic and political issues. Different factors can affect food security status at different levels. Meanwhile, some special conditions pose a challenge for the elderly to enjoy food security. In this study, considering that there is no valid measurement tool for assessing food insecurity of the elderly in Iran, validity of the elderly food- security measurement tool was examined in terms of both content validity and internal consistency and reliability.   Methods: In this study, following the principles of HFIAS (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale Indicator Guide, Version 3) and ‘Technical Guide to Developing a Direct, Experience-based Measurement Tool for Household Food Insecurity’, five steps were taken for examining content validity and internal consistency and reliability including : translation into Farsi, reviewing with key informants, refining the questionnaire through interviewing with 20 representatives of the survey population, estimation of Cronbach's α and examining the back-translated items.   Results: The questionnaire was modified based on the results of each step. Cronbach's α of this questionnaire turned out to be 0.858. The results also showed that 7, 3, 5 and 5 participants considered food secure, food insecure without hunger, food insecure with moderate hunger, and food insecure with severe hunger respectively.   Conclusions: This study provides a content-valid and internally-consistent pre-measurement tool for assessment of food insecurity among the elderly in Iran. However, it is recommended that other validation processes including construct and criterion validation be carried out in a larger society in view of different factors which have an impact on food security status.}, Keywords = {Validation, Food security Measurement tool, Elderly}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-74}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-183-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-183-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Fallah, MH and Mangoli, A and Zareh, F}, title = {Examining the Effect of Teaching Religious Coping Style on Happiness of Parents}, abstract ={  Background : Studies have shown that parents of exceptional children have less happiness and life satisfaction. Coping styles are one of the most important psychosocial factors that go between stress and mental disorders. On the other hand, there is a meaningful relation between happiness and religious beliefs. Therefore, this study was carried out with the purpose of examining the effect of teaching Islamic coping styles on happiness of parents with exceptional children in the city of Khatam (Harat;Marvast).   Method: This is an exprimental research. The sample size was 24 persons chosen from among parents of exceptional children in Khatam city. They were then randomly assigned into two groups of trial and control. Islamic coping style was taught to the trial group. After one month of teaching, the data gathered from the research were analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics.   Results: Teaching Islamic coping styles, increased happiness of the parents with exceptinal children in such a way that the score of their happiness elevated from 26.41 before the study to 56.04 after study and then to 55 after one month of follow-up.   Conclusion: Considering the effectivness of Islamic coping styles on increasing happiness, teaching of these styles for decreasing and coping with stress is recommended.}, Keywords = {Islamic cping styles, happiness, parents of exceptional children, education}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {75-82}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zazouli, MA and Yousefi, Z and Eslami, A and BagheriArdebilian, M}, title = {Evaluation of the Different Fenton Processes Combined with Coagulation- Flocculation Pretreatment in Landfill Leachate Treatment}, abstract ={ Background: Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton and photo-Fenton that have been applied effectively to oxide the persistent organic compounds in leachate and converts them to unharmful materials and final products. However, there are a few data about application of Fenton-like process in leachate treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to treat the municipal landfill leachate by above processes.. Methods: This study was an experimental study that was conducted with set up a pilot system. The used leachate collected from a municipal unsanitary landfill of Qaem-shahr city that located in Mazandaran province. All examinations and samples were analyzed according to Stndard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.  Results: The results showed that the conventional coagulation & flocculation process with chloride ferric removed about 45% of COD in optimum conditions. The combining of pretratment with AOPs significantly increased removal efficiency so that the removal efficiency COD for Fenton, photo-Fenton and modified fenton processes was 89, 85.45 and 81.82 percent in the same conditions, respectively. After all processes, the biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) of treated leachate compared to raw leachate was increased and the highest increasing of BOD5/COD ratio was in the photo-Fenton process. Conclusion: The efficiency of the Fenton-like process is less than Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Instead, the Fenton-like process was done at the higher pH and will not have these problems.}, Keywords = {leachate treatment, advanced oxidation processes, photo-Fenton, Fenton, Fenton-like, landfill}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-97}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yazdanbakhsh, AR and Mahdipour, F and Ghanbari, F and Zamani, A and Sharifimaleksari, H and Safdari, M}, title = {Survey and Comparison of Aluminum Sulfate and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Treatment}, abstract ={  Background: Olive oil extraction in the world is considered an important economic activity . Environmental impacts of olive oil wastewater is related to the chemical contents and organic materials load that are resistant to biodegradation. Olive wastewater due to phenolic compounds, inhibitors, toxicity to microorganisms in municipal wastewater treatment units, unpleasant odor, high COD, high BOD, high suspended solids, high resistant compounds to biodegradation, the threat potential to surface and underground water resources is to be considered and paid attention to. So far, several studies in olive oil mill wastewater treatment are carried out. This study aimed to determine efficiency of coagulation process in olive oil wastewater treatment to reduce pollution load and improve the biological degradability.   Methods: This study was conducted in laboratory scale and Batch reactor on the real wastewater. Coagulation process using alum and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulants was done and the removal value of COD, TSS and total phenolic compounds was investigated.   Results: The results demonstrated that the highest removal efficiency of pollutants in the optimum pH and dose of PAC achieved turned out to be 7 and 1 000 mg/L respectively. In these conditions , the removal values of COD, TSS and total phenolic compounds by PAC achieved were 88 .3, 90.2 and 9 9 . 2 %, respectively. Also analysis of the ratio of BOD/COD showed that after coagulation process, the value could increase from 0.14 up to 0. 5 8.   Conclusion: This process can be regarded an effective and economical method in the reduction of pollution of this type of wastewater.}, Keywords = {Olive oil wastewater, Biodegradability improvement, Coagulation, PAC}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {98-106}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, F and AkhavanSepahi, A and Mohammadi, F and Amini, M}, title = {Bioremedation of water contaminated with crude oil per isolatin Bacillus from oily pound}, abstract ={  Background: Water poluted with crude oil or oil materials are one of the life enviorenment.Bioremedation is a simple method and economical for cleaning poluted water.the aim of this survey is to check the degradation of crude oil power with separated Bacillus from crude oil in Isfahan oil refinery.   Methods: For this purpose polluted water with crude oil is used in Isfahan oil refinery.choosing cases were cultured in the MSM medium and 10000 ppm oil are used in this as an only carbonated bacteries sources.this cultured medium was incubated in a shaker with 150 rpm and 35ₒ tempreture.   For separating generating biosurfactant bacterias,checking hemolytic activity as the first norm of separating and isolating.for checking the strength of crude oil degradation purified three strains and this three strain, s consortium put IR (infrared rey) test and GC-MS(gas chromatography - spectrometry). Purified Bacillus are reganized with biochemical and molecular diagnostic methods.   Results : Among twelve strains separating,eight strains were been able to lysis sheep erythrocytes and make hemolysis halo on medium blood agar.strains that had hemolytic activity were choosen for later studying.   Surface tension of three strains were acceptable.the consortium of this three strains was surveyed on Biosurfactant out put and purified three strains got numbers of 38,30,34 mN/m and consortium got 28 mN/m.when sequences above put in the BLAST program,the results showed similarity of 99.8 percent of separated bacterias with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Identified two Bacillus were only defferent in to six nucleotid.   Conclusion : The surveys showed that consortium function in the biodegradation is more effective of Bacillus culture was alone,in fact consortium worked effectively in comparison with only Bacillus in the crude oil biodegradation on the polluted waters.}, Keywords = {Biosurfactantt, surface tension, consortium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-118}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and Razavinia, M and Haerian-Ardakani, A and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {Study of Dental Anxiety among Patients Referred to Private Offices in Mashhad}, abstract ={ Background: Patient's anxiety and thus not referring to detal offices for receiving dental services may inappropriately affect inadequately on community development indicators. There are limited studies in this area, and the results are usually inconsistent. This study was then carried out with the aim of determining the dental anxiety among patients referred to private offices in Mashhad.  Methods: In this descriptive study, a total number of 400 patients who had referred to private dental offices in Mashhad entered in the study. Data were then collected using Dental Anxiety Scale. Validity and reliability of the scale was determined and approved in the previous studies. Data were analyzed through SPSS software using T-Test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Spearman Correlation Coefficient. Results:Of all the participants, 16.8% of participants had mild, 58.8% moderate and 24.8% severe dental anxiety. Mean score of dental anxiety was higher in women (12.4±3.91) than men (9.19±3.89) (p<0.001). Divorced and dead couple subjects (13.39±4) had a higher level of dental anxiety than the married and singles. Regarding the job, the highest level of dental anxiety was observed in the housewives (12.89±3.77).  Dental anxiety was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.125, p= 0.013), number of dental visit (r=-0.143, p=0.004), education level (ρ= -0.319, p<0.001) and income level (ρ= -0.415, p<0.001). Conclusion: As the rate of dental anxiety was higher among women especially housewives and also it was negatively correlated with age, education level and income, people with such characteristics should be addressed in educational programs in this area.}, Keywords = {Dental anxiety, Prevalence, Patients}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-130}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Malakootian, M and Fatehizadeh, A and Meydani, E}, title = {Investigation of Corrosion Potential and Precipitation Tendency of Drinking Water in the Kerman Distribution System}, abstract ={  Background : Occurrence of corrosion and deposition in drinking water in distribution system can leads to economic and health damages. The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion and precipitation potential of drinking water in Kerman distribution system.   Methods : This cross-sectional study was performed from September to November of 2011. For determining the chemical quality of Kerman drinking water, 40 samples with 2-4 L were taken in glass container and then were analyzed. The physical and chemical quality of samples was determined and the potential of corrosion and precipitation of waters were analyzed in terms of four corrosion indicesie. Langelier Index (LI), Ryznar Index (RI), Pockorius Index (POI) and Aggressiveness Index (LS). The test methods were adopted from “standard methods for water and wastewater examination” and the obtained data were analyzed with description parameters.   Results : Based on the results, chemical quality of water in Kerman Distribution system was under the Iranian national standard and WHO guideline. The results showed that the LI index for >90% was above zero and RI index indicated that >82% of samples was below 7. According to POI and LS index, the deposition rate was 60 and 90%, respectively. By survey of LI, RI, POI and Ls indexes, it was found that Kerman distribution system water has scaling (precipitation) potential.   Conclusion : The chemical quality of Kerman distribution system water is imbalance thus resulting in the scale formation in water distribution system and other equipments. In addition, to stop economical loss the planning for water quality stabilization is necessary.         }, Keywords = {Corrosion, Precipitation, Distribution system, Water quality, Kerman city }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MohseniTabrizi, AR and Kaldi, AR and Javadianzadeh, M}, title = {The Study of Domestic Violence in Marrid Women Addmitted to Yazd Legal Medicine Organization and Welfare Organization}, abstract ={  Background : Violence against women in families is a tormenting reality . This violence makes woman's living impossible and exerts many influences upon the children and adults as witness. In the families that children have experienced their mother's breathing, girls tend to tolerate spouse abuse and boys tend to beat their wives at adulthood.   The results of national plan's study regarding violence against women in 28 provinces conducted since 1996 to 80 indicates that there is an increase in of 23 present domestic violence in Yazd. The purpose of this research is to look for the main factors for domestic violence against women in Yazd.   Methods : This research is based on measurement the statistical population in the research are all the married women that by virtue of spouse abuse had referred to welfare and legal medicine center in Yazd province during the last 3 months in 1389. The sample included 142 women. The gathering data tool was questionnaire , inferential statistics and descriptive statistic.   Results : The findings indicate that age, belief in patriarchy and state of husband's life in childhood, and experiencing violence all have meaningful relation with violence against women.   Conclusion : The most important and appeal result is the cultural – training factor in relation with spouse abuse phenomenon so that the men who are witness in beating of their mothers tend to violate against women and the women who believe in patriarch at opinions and accept it , are under more harsh effects.}, Keywords = { Violence against women, Patriarch opinions, Observation of violence }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {11-24}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, MA and Fadaeevash, N and Allahverdipour, H and FallahzadehH, H}, title = {Study of Smoking Predictors Based on Prototype/Willingness Model omong High School Students in Maragheh}, abstract ={  Background: Regarding the young population in Iran and prevalence of smoking among them and the importance of determining predictors of smoking consumption in adaption and implementation of preventive behaviors programs, the study was conducted with the aim of determining predictors of smoking based on Prototype/Willingness Model among high school students in Maragheh city in west Azarbyjan.   Methods: In this analytical study carried out as cross-sectional, total number of 240 high school students were entered in the study with a two stage random sampling from 4 selected high schools of Maragheh city. Data were collected with a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and constructs of Prototype/Willingness Model and were completed with self report. Data were then analyzed with SPSS software using regression and correlation coefficient tests.   Results: Subjects earned 77.3, 91.4, 80.7, 33.4 and 41.4 percents from maximum scores of intention to not smoking, subjective norms, attitude, willingness and prototype respectively. There were statistically significant differences in mean scores of willingness to smoke, negative attitude to smoking and positive images to smoking by smoking status. There was a negative significant correlation between intention to not smoking and positive images to smoking and it had a positive significant correlation with social norms. Results also showed that willingness increases the chance of smoking experience more than intention (odd ratio=1.73 vs. 1.10).   Conclusion: Living conditions and social environment may causes some positive/negative images to smoking and those images could produce willingness to smoking experience, so special interventions aiming imagination and willingness to smoking are recommended.       }, Keywords = {Students, Prototype/Willingness model, Smoking. }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-35}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Amouei, AE and Mohammadi, AA and Ghaneian, MT and AmoueiOjaki, ME}, title = {Survey of Economical and Environmental Potential From Source Separation Plan of Municipal Solid Wastes in Zone 5 of Tehran}, abstract ={  Background: Region 5 of Tehran is a very large and important zone due to population, size, geographical position and number of areas. This region is appropriate for performing separation of solid wastes plan. This study investigated economical and environmental potential of municipal solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran.   Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2011. Data were collected from interview with the manager of solid wastes recycle in this region and studying documents and library searching. Data were then analyzed by SPSS 16.   Results: Paper and cardboard recycled contain 32.1% of total solid wastes recycled per month (1361 tons). Also, recycled percentage of waste bread, plastics and pet, metals, glass, and textiles were 13.7%, 16. 5%, 6.2%, and 4.3% respectively. Recycled papers (16332 tons per year) cause to save 3266400000 Rials due to selling of paper, 2345490000 Rials due to prevention of tree-cutting and 8201547648, 9933840 and 928998000 Rials from decreasing of energy and water using and reduction of collection and transportation costs of solid wastes respectively.   Conclusion : Considering these results, source separation and recycle plan of solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran is critical and can be resolve many economical and environmental problems.   }, Keywords = { Solid Waste, Source separation plan, Region 5, Tehran }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {36-44}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Hatamzadeh, N and Nazari, M and Ghahramani, L}, title = {Impact of Educational Intervention on Seat Belt Use among Drivers Based on Health Belief Model}, abstract ={  Background: Traffic accidents have the highest mortality rate in Iran and one of the main causes of deaths (63%) in traffic accidents is unused seat belt. There are Strong evidences about the effectiveness of using safety belts in reducing the severity of traffic accidents consequences. Providing theoretical based training programs, is the main focus in health education. In this study, the effectiveness of a health belief model based educational program on using seat belt by drivers has been investigated.   Methods: In the quasi-experimental study, among health care workers in Ahwaz,153 drivers who owned cars were participated. The participants were divided in two groups, personnel of East Health Center (80 cases) and West Health Center (73 cases). They were randomly selected for intervention and control groups respectively and followed up for two months. After the diagnostic evaluation, educational programs about the use of safety belts were conducted and then post test was done. In both pre- and post test, data were collected via a researcher designed self administered questionnaire based on HBM, which its validity assessed by experts panel and for assessing its reliability Cranach alpha coefficients were calculated in a pilot study. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods using SPSS-17.   Results: Background and demographic variables of both groups were similar and it is found that before interventions, two groups have no statistically significant differences in their model constructs scores. But after the training program, scores for health belief model constructs and behavior among intervention group unlike the control group, significantly increased (P< 0.05). A significant relationship between using educational program and the cues to action constructs were observed in both groups.   Discussion: The results indicate promote health belief model and behavior of structures in the use of safety belts after completing the training program is among the intervention group and the requirement to provide training based on health belief model indicate.       }, Keywords = {Safety belts, drivers, Health Belief Model }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {45-55}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ramazani, AA and Faraji, A and Fatemi, M and Solooki, M}, title = {The Effects of Pre-marriage Education and Consultation on Knowledge and Attitude of Couples Regarding to Reproductive Health}, abstract ={  Background: Couples need to attain appropriate and exact information about various aspects of reproductive health in initiation of joint life. The aim of this study was to determine of effect of pre-marriage education and consultation on knowledge and attitude of couples regarding reproductive health.   Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 250 couples participating in pre-marriage counseling classes in Zabol's Health Counseling Center in 2010. The sampling was performed by simple non-randomized method. The instrument for data collecting was a questionnaire consisting of 3 sections: demographic information, knowledge questions and attitude questions. This education plan was conducted by health professionals presented in the from of lecture regarding reproductive health. Then data were then analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistics such as pair T-Test, one-way variance analysis, independent T-Test and X2.   Results: Mean age of the participants was 21.78+3.89 years. Mean score of the participants' knowledge before presenting education was 5.85+ 2.44 which increased to 8.92+ 2.87 after education (p< 0.05). Mean score of attitude before education was 10.25+1.75 which increased to 11.12+1.71 after education (p< 0.05).The results also showed that the difference of mean of knowledge and attitude before and after intervention with variables such as sex job, and educational level was statistically significant(p< 0.05).   Conclusion: Although pre-marriage education and consulting plan affects on knowledge and attitude of couples but this plan needs to be revised basically and the most important principle in quality promotion of this plans is selection of a comprehensive educational content based on educational need assessment and prime difficulties of couples in pre-marriage and dedication of more time for these classes.  }, Keywords = { Pre-marriage, Education and counseling, Couple, Knowledge, Attitude and reproductive health}, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {56-65}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Gholizadeh, AM and Kermani, M and Gholami, M and FarzadkiaM, M}, title = {Comparative Investigation of 2-Chlorophenol and 4-Chrorophenol Removal Using Granulated Activated Carbon and Rice Husk Ash}, abstract ={  Background : Industrial wastewaters contain organic pollutant such as dyes, halogenated hydrocarbon, phenolic compounds and so on Rice husk is a cheap material which is new available in our country. The aim of this study is removal efficiency comparing rice husk ash performance with commercial granulated activated carbon in removal of 2-CP and 4-CP from aqueous solutions.   Methods : Experiments were carried out in dual laboratory-bench scale to evaluate the effect of f actors including adsorbent dosage, pH, equilibration time and phenolic compound concentration regarding the effect of selected pollutant adsorption for removing this phenolic compound and comparing these methods. Spectrophotometeric measurements were carried on in wave lengths of 274 and 280 nm for 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol respectively. The adsorption parameters were determined using both of isotherm and kinetic models.   Results: The Results showed that the activated carbon efficiency for selected compounds was rather more than rice husk ash. However rice huck ash (RHA) efficiency for these compounds was comparable with activated carbon. It was shown that a rapid equilibration could be achieved at pHs as low as 5 and 7 for RHA and GAC, respectively. The adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing the initial phenolic concentration and decreased with decreasing the adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherm studies clearly indicated that the adsorption process is on surface of RHA and fits into the Freundlich model. Also GAC adsorption isotherm for 2-Chorophenol fit into the Langmuir isotherm and for 4-chlorophenol fit into Freundlich model. The applicability of Ritchie, pseudo first order and pseudo secound order kinetic model was also been investigated. It was indicated that both methods were correlated with pesoudo secound order kinethic model.   Conclusion : Activated carbon and RHA exhibit reasonable adsorption capacity for the phenolic compounds and as to the results, RHA was found to be a useful agricultural waste product for the removal of some phenolic compounds.   }, Keywords = {Adsorption, Rice husk ash, Activated carbon, Phenolic compounds, Isotherm }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {66-78}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-326-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ehrampoush, MH and Mahvi, AH and Fallahzadeh, H and Moussavi, SP}, title = {The Evaluation of Efficiency of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Humic Acid Adsorption in Acidic Conditions From Aqueous Solution}, abstract ={  Background : The presence of humic acid in water resources is the most health problems of many communities. In recent years, various methods have been focused on for decreasing or removing humic acid that is in water resources and is one of the Trihalomethanes (THMs) precursors. The aim of this study is investigation the use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent at humic acid adsorption process in acidic conditions from aqueous solution.   Methods : This experimental study was done in batch system to investigate the effects of Variations such as contact time, humic acid concentration and dose of nanotubes in removal of humic acid. In this study, humic acid concentration was determined during various steps of research using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 254 nm.   Results : The Results of this study showed that maximum surface adsorption of humic acid onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes was 31.37 mg/gr and maximum adsorption had occurred at acidic pH (pH = 4). This study also had determined that appropriate time for receiving maximum adsorption of humic acid and equalization state is 3 hours. By increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.04 to 0.08 gr per 100 ml, removal efficiency of humic acid solution with 20 mg/l initial concentration increased from 93.5 to 96.8 %. By decreasing humic acidinitial concentration from 30 to 5 mg/l, removal efficiency increased from 91.5 to 96.9 % at pH=4 after 3 hours.   Conclusion : This adsorbent could be effective for removal of humic acid due to small size, large surface area, crystal shape and exclusive network arrangement and consequently very high reactivity and noticeable performance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent in removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution.       }, Keywords = {Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Surface adsorption, Humic acid, Water }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {79-90}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zafarzadeh, and Bina, and Nikaeen, and MovahedianAttar, and HajianNejad,}, title = {Kaldnes(k1) Moving bed Biofilm Reactors Performance for Organic and Nitrogen Compounds Removal From Wastewater with Iimited Dissolved Oxygen}, abstract ={  Background: Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is one of the new hybrids biological systems that are used in treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic and nitrogen pollutant. In this study, the continuously operated laboratory scale Kaldnes(k1) moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) was investigated.   Methods: In this system, two series as Anoxic reactor (R1) and aerobic (R2) have a size 3.5 and 10 liters, respectively. This system was operated at temperature 28.5 oC , pH=7-8, DO= 1-1.5 mg/l and internal recycle ratio in continuously. All tests based on the standard methods were performed. The Anoxic and Aerobic reactors were filled to 40 and 50 %( v/v) to attach and retain biomass with k1 biofilm carriers, respectively. Statistical analysis software was SPSS and EXCEL.   Results: During operation, the average dissolved oxygen in the aerobic reactor was 1-1.5 mg/l. The average removal efficiency of soluble organic carbon (SCOD) was obtained over 95% at different load organic matter (300-2000 mg/l) in the anoxic reactor. The average removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) occurred in the range of 80-99.4% at different load nitrogen (25-250 mg/l) and maximum removal efficiency based on biofilm surface area occurred close 92% at loading rate of 0.127-0.181 mg-N/m2.day. The results show that nitrification rate was increased to increase loading rate of nitrogen compounds but the rate of nitrification was decreased at high loading rate. Probably this was due to an excessive accumulation of nitrite ion in the aerobic reactor.   Conclusions: This investigation showed that the process of removal organic and nitrogen compounds in the MBBRs system under pre-denitrification without recycle sludge and external carbon source has an acceptable performance for treatment of wastewater with high load organic carbon and organic nitrogen compounds.          }, Keywords = {Wastewater, Organic and nitrogen compounds,Oxygen limited, Moving bed biofilm reactors, Kaldnes (k1 ). }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {91-102}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Barkhordari, A and Shirazi, J and Halvani, GH}, title = {Identification of Hazardous and Risk Assessment of Tunneling Process Using JSA Method in the Dam & Power plant site}, abstract ={  Background: There is no doubt that one of the effective factors in implementation of projects that have potential hazard can cause irreversible losses. Therefore recognizing potential hazards is of paramount importance.   Method: The present descriptive-analysis study was conducted at Rudbar Lorestan Dam constructional projects. For recognizing potential hazard in tunneling activities, job safety analysis (JSA) was performed according to OSHA 3071 method and for observing this purpose, the risk assessment matrix was carried out on the basis of MIL-STD-882E standard. Combination of severity and probability of each risk makes it possible to determine the risk level and the priority of control measures, qualitatively rating from 1-24.   Results: Generally, a total of 232 risk factors were identified in different activities. As results show, %15.9 of recognized risks were serious, %17.3 almost serious, %38.4 medium and %28.4 were in low level. Therefore more than one-third hazards are assessed as unacceptable. Work at heights without using proper lifting, lack of equipment of tunneling treatmentolagy, delay in unstable rock mass support can be enumerated as the causative factors.   Conclusion: A llocating a percentage of the budget of every construction project to provide safety and rescue equipment as well as experienced safety experts can significantly reduce the risk level.   For assessment criteria, MIL-STD-882E standard was used and four indices were presented for decision making: serious, almost serious, medium, and low.}, Keywords = { JSA, Risk Assessment, Tunneling, Hazard identify }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-112}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ahadi, z and Mozaffari–Khosravi, H and AfkhamiArdekani, M and Jalali-Khanabadi, BA and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Green and Sour Tea on Blood Glucose and Lipids Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, abstract ={ Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease its incidence of which in increasing for machine life development in most parts of the world. Dyslipidemia is one of the common disorders in this malady causing development and progression of short and long term complications. One of the usual approaches for controlling and preventing the complications of DM is using herbal products such as green and sour tea. The aim of this study was compare the effect of these teas on glucose and lipid profile in type 2 DM with overweight and obesity. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 type 2 diabetic patients in Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2011. The diabetic patients were randomly divided into green(GG) and sour tea(SG) groups. Two groups used tea for 4 weeks, three times a day, 150 ml two hours after each main meals. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipids and lipoproteins were measured at the beginning and the end of the intervention. Results: Ninety four patients completed the study. The mean of FBG, lipids and demographic variables did not significantly differ between two groups at the beginning and the end of intervention. Only the mean for HDL-C significantly increased at the end of intervention in both groups, so that in SG the mean from 37.1 ± 8.4 at the beginning reached 41.8 ± 8.8 mg/dl at the end of intervention (16.6% increase) and in GG the related figures were 38.7 ± 9.1 and 43 ± 13 mg/dl (14% increase) respectively.  Conclusion: This study revealed that both sour tea and green tea consumption caused significantly increase of HDL-C in both groups. Regarding this effect and another useful reported effects by similar studies, consumption of these can be recommended for dyslipidemic patients especially in patients with diabetes.  }, Keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Sour tea, Green tea, Lipid profile }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {113-124}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MazloomyMahmoodabad, SS and Zeynolabedini, M and Noorbala, M and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of People toward Skin Cancer in Yazd}, abstract ={  Background : Skin cancers including non-melanoma (NMSC) and melanoma are the most frequent skin cancers in the world. Skin cancer is the most common type of skin cancer in Iran too. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of Yazd people concerning skin cancer and sun protection.   Methods : A questionnaire was used to 360 participants aged 18- 55 years.   Results: Of the 358 participants who completed the questionnaire,44% were male and 56% female. Mean of knowledge score was 12.7 ± 5.04, mean of attitude score was 28.94 ± 2.95, and mean of performance was 8.37 ± 1.75. This study showed that knowledge was significantly associated with age, gender, education, and job (P< 0.05).Attitude toward skin cancer was significantly associated with education and job (P< 0.05), and performance was significantly associated with education (P< 0.05). Also there was a significant relationship between knowledge of skin cancer with attitude and performance , and between attitude with performance.   The mass media was the main source of information about skin cancer for participants.   Conclusion: This study highlights the role of knowledge on attitude and performance and the role of attitudes on performance as well as people’s level of knowledge, attitude and performance as they are influenced by several factors including gender, age, education and job. These factors should be kept in mind when designing intervention programs concerning skin cancer and take steps to protect against it.       }, Keywords = {knowledge, attitude, performance, skin cancer, people }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {125-137}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Aliabadi, M and Farhadian, M and Mahjub, H and Atarieh, G}, title = {Risk Prediction of Pulmonary Function Disorder of Workers Exposed to Silica Dust in the Stone Crushing Workshops Using Cox Regression Model}, abstract ={  Background: The occupational exposure conditions such as dust concentration, exposure time, smoking status and use of respiratory protection device are effective on pulmonary function disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of pulmonary function disorder in the workers exposed to silica dust in the stone crushing by using Cox regression model.   Method: 117 of workers employed in the stone crushing workshops were selected through simple random approach. Information about history of occupational exposure was collected using the standard questionnaire. The results of p ulmonary function test which had been conducted using the Spirometer (Model –Vitalograph Spirotrav IV) were extracted.   Results: The result of the obtained model showed that the worker age, smoking status and use of respiratory protection device were effective in causing pulmonary function disorder. The hazard risk in the smokers was 8.44 higher (compared with non-smokers) and also in the workers without respiratory protection device was 3.3 higher (compared with the group who used the device).   Conclusion: Using the Cox model could practically determine the effect of worker exposure variables on the hazard risk of pulmonary function disorder. Accordingly, this study proposed that the hazard risk of different occupational diseases should be estimated using the Cox model in order to consider protective intervention programs.   Cox regression, Pulmonary disorder, Silica dust}, Keywords = {Cox regression, Pulmonary disorder, Silica dust}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {NooriShadkam, M and Eslami, Z and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H and Zare, F}, title = {Effect of Delivery of Supportive Food Basket of relief-committee-of-Imam Khomeini on the Growth Status of Children 1-6 years old}, abstract ={  Background : Child malnutrition is one of the common problems of health related to several factors . Food poverty is one of these factors . Child ren do not benefit from adequate food for their needs, and malnutrition and growth failure will ultimately emerge. This study aimed to determine the monthly supportive food basket delivered among families with children suffering from malnutrition.   Methods : This study as a field trial involving 300 children 1-6 years with growth disorder in Khatam and Taft cities in Yazd province . Totally 150 children in rural areas under Khatam nutrition education and monthly food baskets were studied while 150 children in a Taft rural area nutrition education were merely used. Anthropometric data including height and weight at six months and one year after the intervention were recorded and the various indicators such as weight and height for age Z score were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.   Results : 161 ( 53.6%) of children were girl and 139 (46.4 %) were boy . Average weight for age , height for age and weight for height Z score , height and weight of the children at the beginning of the intervention , six months and one year after the intervention showed no significant difference between the two study groups .   Conclusion : This study showed that the direct supportive food basket can not help to promotion growth status in children with growth disorder and it would be better to selected other supportive procedures.    G rowth Disorder , C hild M alnutrition , N utritional S upport  }, Keywords = { G rowth Disorder , C hild M alnutrition , N utritional S upport }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {12-20}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Akbari-adergani, B and Attaran, AM and Veiskarami, M}, title = {Optimization of Parameters in Concentration Technology for Treatment and Reduction of Organic Load in Distillery’s Vinasse}, abstract ={  Background: Distillery’s vinasse wastewater is problematic to be easily disposed of in environment due to its high BOD and COD content which imposes a great deal of costs on plant. The main aim of this scientific and applied research is reducing the organic load of distillery’s vinasse wastewater via concentration technology.   Method: In this research, concentration of vinasse technology was used for reduction of organic load and removing color and odor of its wastewater. In this process, it was considered three evaporators and three separators. The raw wastewater was passed through from a phase with higher pressure into the other phases with lower pressure. The effluent form of each phase was sampled and the COD and BOD factors were evaluated.   Results: The results revealed that the COD reduction for the first, second and third phases were 68.98, 85.68 and 99.97 percent respectively and this reduction for BOD factor were 68.75, 85.68 and 99.97 percent respectively. The odor and color of raw wastewater were removed step by step by passing through first to three phases.   Conclusion: C oncentration technology has a perfect efficiency in reducing organic load and removing odor and color of distillery’s vinasse wastewater. Considering production of feed and also bio-fuel as by-products, it can be concluded that this treatment process can be used for treatment of distillery’s vinasse wastewater and similar plants.    Distillery’s vinasse wastewater, Organic load, evaporator, Separator, Condenser}, Keywords = { Distillery’s vinasse wastewater, Organic load, evaporator, Separator, Condenser }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-31}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Dowlatshahi, SH and Ahmadian, M and Reshadat, S and Nadri, F and RajabiGilan, N}, title = {Mercury Content of Canned Tuna Fish Marketed in Iran}, abstract ={  Background: Due to discharge of industrial effluent into marine environment, background quantity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation in marine organism's body including fish is increasing. Thus, determination of mercury content in fish consumed by human is an essential thing.   Methods: In order to evaluate the mercury content of canned tuna fish marketed in Kerman, 70 canned tuna fish samples were purchased and their mercury content was determined by ICP-OES. All results were reported as µg g-1 on a wet weight basis.   Results: The range obtained for 70 tuna samples analyzed in µg g-1 was from 0.1±0.07 to 0.54±0.2 µg g-1 . The mean Hg concentration in the tuna was 0.29 µg g-1. The results of this study showed that 80% of tuna samples (8 types) from the Persian Gulf have average H g level below and 20% (2 types) above the WHO/FAO recommended levels.   Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study showed that most of the canned tuna fish marketed in Iran have average Hg concentration below WHO/FAO limit of 0.5 µg g-1. Two tuna samples, however, showed average concentration above the guidelines. In this respect, more attention should be paid to monitor Hg concentration of nation’s canned tuna fish and to force canned tuna industry to systematic monitoring as well as establishment of required standards for monitoring of this harmful heavy metal in foodstuffs.   }, Keywords = {Canned tuna fish, Mercury, Food health, Kerman}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {32-41}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sadeghizadehyazdi, J and MazaheriTehrani, M and habibi, MB and Ehrampoush, MH and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {The Effect of Stabilizer and Flavors on the Sensory Characteristics of Soy Yogurt(2012)}, abstract ={ Background: Supplying the needed food of the world is the problem that humanity with all its power became unable. Today in most countries, soy food products have a special place in daily diets. Having relatively low price, lack of cholesterol and lactose, essential polyunsaturated fats and also decreasing the fat and cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis are the benefits and outstanding characteristics of soy food products. The purpose of this study was evaluating the sensory characteristics of soy yogurt, especially taste and texture by adding the flavors of banana, oranges,strawberry and modified starch to improve properties of soy yogurt such as texture and flavor.  Methods: This study was based on sensory evaluation of 120 students. Methodology of data collection was questionnaire. The modified starch at different concentrations (0/25, 0/75,1,1/25 percent) and accepted flavor and rate of synersis according to statistical tests of kruskalwallis and ANOVA were assessed.   Result: Sensory evaluation of flavor and texture was done on seventh day of maintenance. The results showed that the highest score of acceptable texture was related to concentrations of 1- 0/75- 0/5and1/25 percent respectively. The highest score of accepted flavor was related to flavors of oranges, banana and strawberry respectively.  Conclusion: using flavors in the soy yogurt causes removal of undesirable flavors and also bringing variety in products. With regard to the different capacity of water binding, vegetal and animal proteins the use of stabilizers can be effective in the improvement of appearance characteristics, especially texture of soy yogurt.    Soy yogurt , Flavor , Stabilizer}, Keywords = {Soy yogurt , Flavor , Stabilizer }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {42-50}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Heydari, MR and Davani, R and Taghva, F}, title = {Detergents in Drinking Water of Shiraz}, abstract ={  Background: The widespread use of detergents on the one hand and the lack of disposal on the other hand, increases the possibility of these materials to groundwater. In addition to causing toxicity in animals these materials also cause allergic diseases in people. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of detergent in drinking water in the city of Shiraz.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all drinking water sources in Shiraz (38 sources) was examined for two years:1387 & 1390. Water sample data were recorded in a checklist and samples after ring transfer to laboratory were tested with Polarymetr Volta.   Results: All samples were with normal range of detergent. In this study, statistical test was performed and showed that the amount of detergents in alluvial wells were significantly more than calcareous and network drinking water.No correlation was foured between the amount of detergent and other physical and chemical factors.   Conclusion: Although detergents and phosphate levels are rising but in none of the water resources of Shiraz, the amount of phosphate and detergent was higher than the standard range, but for high levels of nitrite and nitrate and the increasing process of the amount of phosphate and detergent in some wells, protecting wells and observing health and privacy sewage treatment is urgent.   Drinking water, Detergent, Chemical and physical factors        }, Keywords = {Drinking water, Detergent, Chemical and physical factors }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {51-58}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Baghianimoghadam, MH and Nadjarzadeh, A and Askarshahi, M and Salehi, M}, title = {Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Yazd City High School Students on the Role of Vitamin D in Health}, abstract ={ Background: Vitamins are organic compounds required as vital nutrients and vitamin deficiency is a venturesome condition for human body.Vitamin D deficiency is a world-wide epidemic and it’s widespread deficiency is a concern in Middle East countries. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency in many countries is the lack of sunexposure as a result of cultural norms of covering.  The aim of this study was to determine the Yazd high school students’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards vitamin D effects on human health.  Methods: A self-administered, structured, questionnaire, researcher made was conducted to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice of high school students. The questionnaires were given to 312 students (153boys and 159 girls) of 8 Yazd high schools. We used SPSS software and Paired t-test, ANOVA and chi2 test for analyzing the data.  Result: Of total participants, 49% were boys and 51% were girls. This study showed that among the 312 cases studied, 2.2% had good knowledge and 39.4% had average knowledge about vitamin D effects on human health. 21.5% of the cases had good attitude and 18.8% of them had goodpractice. Mean knowledge score was 15.11+- 4.83 of 31, mean attitude score was 18.94+-3.32 out of 28 scoreand, and mean practice score on vitamin D effects on human health was 13.69 +-2.71 of 20. There wasn’t a significant difference between knowledge and attitude among girls and boys but boys practice was better than girls and there was a significant difference in this case.  Conclusion:Lack of knowledge,attitude and practice could endanger people's health so developing some training programs seems to be necessary.     }, Keywords = { knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Vitamin D,Health , Students.}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {59-69}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Faraji, M and Amin, MM and Sadani, M}, title = {Survey on Possibility of Biodegradation of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in High Concentration Using Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR)}, abstract ={Background: PCE is a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon which has been used in some industries. Industrial wastewaters polluted with PCE must be treated because of its possible carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine the PCE biodegradation potential in high concentration using Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) that thus far has not been used for biodegradation of this compound. Methods: An Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) was used in the type of lab scale with volume of 10 L which was divided into four compartments for biological degradation PCE in synthetic substrate. Startup was done using of anaerobic digested sewage sludge. After startup, performance of the reactor was evaluated in biodegradation of PCE in concentration of 100 mg/L. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 32 hours. Results: Optimum COD removal efficiency was obtained 98% with OLR equal to 3.1 g COD/L.d. Average COD removal for the whole activity period of reactor was 91.4%. For PCE removal, efficiency was observed 99.5%. Conclusion: According to information obtained from this study, it can be stated that with AMBR, providing full-scale studies and using real industrial wastewater polluted with PCE can be takenas simple, efficient and reliable method for treatment of PCE, even in high concentration.}, Keywords = { Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR), Industrial wastewaters, Perchloroethylene}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {70-80}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MazloomyMahmoudabad, SS and Khani, H and Kaseb, F and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {The Effect of Nutrition and Health Heart Instruction of Health Volunteers on Knowledge, Attitude and Performance of Mothers}, abstract ={Background: Cardivascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in the world contributing to one third of entire mortality in the world. This disease also has significant consequcnces. To prevent it implementing instructional programes is needed. Health volunteers are of potential capacity to improve mothers' knowledge, attitude, and performance. The aim of this study was is determining the effect of instruction of health volunteers on knowledge, attitude and performance of mothers Methods: This study is clinical trial conducted on 310 mothers learned by health volunteers. Mothers and health volunteers were selected randomly. The effect of the instruction on mothers was controlled 6 months after implanting the research spss 16 was used to analyse the data. Results: The results of study showed that the mean score of mothers knowledge before implementing the plan was 26.4 [from 38 (69/4%)] and after it, arrived at 31/2 (82/1%) (p=./…). mean score of mothers attitude was 24.2 [from 30 (80.6%)] and after instruction becom 27.6(92%)that is satisfactory (p=./…). The averge score of mothers on performance was 14.7 from 40 (37/7%) and after instruction become 17/2(44/1%) and the result of Tpaired test with p=./… showes significant relation. Conclusion: In this study, the effect of health volunteers' instruction on motheres was 12/7% increasing in knowledge, 11/4% increasing in attitude and 6/4% increasing in performance it seem, we need more studies to bring chage in performance of the subjects.}, Keywords = {knowledge, performance, health volunteers, nutrition and healthy heart }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {81-90}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kazemeini, SK and Mohammadi, F and Owlia, F}, title = {Evaluation of Satisfication Rate of Patients Admitted to Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi Burn Hospital in First Nine Months of the year 2011}, abstract ={ Background: Patient satisfaction is an important concept of sovereignty as one of the important areas of clinical services. Patient's views on quality of service area, is taken as an image of our strengths and weaknesses. Applying patients' good ideas can improve quality of services and reduce imposing additional costs on hospital .  Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional trial consising of patients admitted in burn hospital during the first nine month of 2011. Sample size was 542 patients having been selected from discharged patients by appropriate allocation. Data were gathered by the questionnaire having 24 questions, which was then assessed using a likret rating scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and Amos 16 and descriptive and inferential methods. Resulth: overall 81/2% of the clients alleged good satisfaction18/6% moderate and 0/2% poor satisfaction. Most satisfaction related to medical services(93/3%) and lowest satisfaction was associated with facilities(80%). Conclusions: according to the results of this study, operating room, facilities and services had greatest impact on patient's satisfaction and there was a significant relationship between gender, education level & length of admission & overall satisfaction.  }, Keywords = {Patient satisfaction, Patient, Hospital}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {91-102}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Pahlavanzadeh, MR and Jafari, AA and Ahadian, H and Ghafourzadeh, M and Mirzaei, F}, title = {Survey the frequency of Oral Candidiasis in Denture Users Referred to Yazd School of Dentistry}, abstract ={  Background : Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory complication of the candidiasis seen under the maxillary denture, which is observed in 70% of cases following a chronic trauma. Candidia species particularly Candida albicans are known as one of endogenous etiologic agent of denture stomatitis that may cause systemic opportunistic infection in immunosupressed subjects. The aim of present study was to determine frequency of oral candidiasis in patients with complete denture referring to Yazd dentistry school.   Methods : Totally 109 patients with denture referring to Yazd School of Dentistry were participated in the current cross-sectional descriptive study. The designed questionnaire was first completed and then the clinical assessment was carried out by the oral disease specialist in dental unit. Sample was collected from the oral mucosa and used for a direct smear and culture and finally the results were analyzed by using SPSS 13 soft ware.   Result : There wasn't any statistical significant differences between the Colonization of Candida on denture and sex (P=0.32). Statistical data showed a higher colonization of Candida albicans on the oral mucosal surface of denture users with oral disorder compared with denture users without oral complication (P=0.002). Tongue and maxillary denture showed the highest Candida colonization in current study .   Conclusion : Results of current study confirmed the major role of Candida in the incidence of denture stomatitis. The oral and denture hygiene and disinfection of denture can decrease Candida colonization and oral candidiasis in denture users.  }, Keywords = { Candidiasis, Denture, Candida, colonization }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-113}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Survey of Prevalence and Causes of the Trend of Hookah Smoking in Tehran University Students of Medical Sciences 2010-2011}, abstract ={Background: and objectives: Smoking is considered as a worldwide public health problem that can reduce life expectancy and creativity in personal life. Also it can increase medical costs. The purpose of this study was surveying smoking habits and tendency to these materials among the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2010-11. Method: This was a cross- sectional study over 720 students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and Logistic regression test by using spss16 software. Results:The results showed the frequency of hookah and cigarette smoker were 22% and 23/3% respectively. The research also showed that the main cause of smoking was fun. frequency of Hookah and cigarette smoker in the schools of dentistry and pharmacy respectively were more than other schools significantly. Conclusion:Comparing this research and the results of similar researches showed that the use of cigarette, hookah are decreasing among the students of Tehran University of medical sciences in recent years. But we should continue the programs for training health care and prevention of diseases. Planning for these programs should be started in high school and followed at university. It is proposed to solve the problems of students in the term of entertainment.}, Keywords = {student, cigarette, hookah, tendency}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-113}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nekoei-Moghadam, M and Parva, S and Amiresmaili, and Baneshi, MR}, title = {Health Literacy and Utilization of health Services in Kerman urban Area 2011}, abstract ={  Background: Despite increasing concern on the effects of low health literacy, the influence of health literacy on health status and utilization of health services is not clear. The dim of this research is to assess health literacy and find out the relationship between health literacy and health services utilization.   Methods: The present study was performed cross-sectionally. One thousand literates from urban population aged 17- up were investigatoel. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, to study variables relationships statistical tests such as chi square, T test, one way ANOVA and linear regression were applied.  Results : The level of health literacy of 60% percent of the population was low (inadequate, boarder line). Education (p=0.001) and insurance coverage status (p=0.002) had the most correlation with health literacy. Health Literacy had influence on health services utilization. The groups with high score of health literacy walk on one health center (p=0.006). It was reported the people with low level of health literacy had more hospitalization (p=0.003). The effect of health literacy was confirmed on health services Utilization factors after removing the effect of confounding factors.   Conclusion: Health literacy was assessed low in Kerman. Enhancing health literacy may be an effective strategy for health improvement and health services utilization. Health literacy assessment for feedback of health literacy levels and appropriate demand from modern health care system should be measured by health care plans and policy making. The necessity of cultural and educational preparedness for promoting individual health literacy, improvement of blueprint in health services utilization, and the close cooperation and coordination among health system, education system and media is suggested.     }, Keywords = { Health Literacy, Health Services Utilization, Kearman}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {123-134}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kaveh, SH and Najafi, A and PourAlimohammadi, N and Tabatabae, SHR}, title = {Effect of a menopausal health training led by health volunteers on community women\'s knowledge an interventional study}, abstract ={  Background: There are a few studies on the role of health volunteers in teaching women menopause-related self-care. The present study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the role of health volunteers in teaching women about menopausal health.   Methods: 48 health volunteers and 480 women in 8 from 70 urban health centers affiliated to Shiraz district health authority, selected through a multistage random sampling participated in this quasi-experimental study. An 8-hour workshop was conducted over two days for health volunteers. The volunteers, then, were asked to teach women about menopausal health. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting demographic data. Knowledge levels of volunteers and women were measured using a written test (CR20=0.66), composing of 30 multiple choices questions, before and after educational interventions. Research data were processed and analyzed, using nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests), in SPSS statistical software, version 11.5.   Results : The mean score of knowledge of health volunteers in experimental group increased from 17.1, before workshop, to 29.2 after that (p<0.001). Means of knowledge scores in volunteers control group in pretest and posttest were 16.3 and 14.7, respectively. The women's knowledge in the experimental group, significantly increased from 12.4, before training by volunteers, to 25.4, after that (p<0.001). The women's knowledge levels in the control group in the pretest and posttest were 15.1 and 14.9, respectively.   Conclusion: The findings of this study showed the effectiveness of training intervention in empowering health volunteers, as well as the volunteers ability in teaching community women about menopausal health. the study also suggests health authorities to consider the utilized protocol in their planned initiatives for promoting women's health.   }, Keywords = {Menopausal health, Teaching, Health volunteers. }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {135-149}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd}, url = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html}, eprint = {http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf}, journal = {Tolooebehdasht}, issn = {1728-5127}, eissn = {2538-1598}, year = {2013} }