per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 1 13 article M Malakootian m.malakootian@yahoo.com 1 B Hatami 2 University of Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman   Background: due to the resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics, using medicinal plants to achieve the new compounds and overcome them is essential. In this study the effective compounds and antibacterial effects of rosemary essential oil on Escherichia coli, as one of the most common pathogenic bacteria was investigated and its kinetics was determined.   Methods: After collecting plant from grown plants in Kerman's climate and drying it, the extraction of essential oil was done by hydrodistillation method. GC analysis was performed for Essential oil and compounds were identified. The antimicrobial activities were tested by the disc diffusion technique and were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The kinetic of the essential oil on bacteria was determined.   Results: Twenty compounds were identified in the rosemary essential oils, 82.09% of which contained 1,8 Cineole, Borneo, α -pinen, Camphor, Linalool, Camphene, limonene and Verbenone. The diameters of the inhibition zones obtained by 32 µg/Disc concentration of essential oil, was more than diameters of the inhibition zones of antibiotics gentamicin, penicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin. The MIC and MBC in the study were obtained as 3000 and 3200 respectively. Complete death time for destruction of E. coli was also 25 minutes.   Conclusion : Rosemary essential oil collected from Kerman with some pharmaceutical antibiotics revealed to have very good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli .    Rosmarinus officinalis, Essential oil, Escherichia coli, Microorganism, Antibacterial   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-453-en.pdf Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil Escherichia coli Microorganism Antibacterial per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 14 23 article N Bagheri 1 H Mozaffari-Khosravi mozaffari.kh@gmail.com 2 A Najarzadeh 3 E Salehifar 4 H Fallahzadeh 5 Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran   Background : Hypertension is one of the most important challenges in human health and is now the most important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases . Thus, using new approaches to manage and treat this problem is important . This study aimed to determine the effect of coenzyme-Q10 supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive patients.   Methods : This randomized clinical trial with a three-month supplementation and participation of 60 hypertensive patients was conducted . Patients were randomly divided into two groups Placebo (PG) and Experimental EG groups. EG received a capsule containing 100 mg coenzyme Q10 daily but PG did not. S ystolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured before and twelve weeks after the intervention.   Results : The median SBP before and after the intervention in SG, was 150 and 130 mmHg (P=0.002) respectively . The same figures in the PG was 150 and 147 mmHg (P=0.52), respectively. The median SBP was not significantly different between two groups before intervention , however at the end of the intervention it was significant (p=0.01). The median DBP before and after the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups, a nd also in each group before and after the intervention was not significant.   Conclusion : This study indicates that supplementation of daily 100 mg of coenzyme Q10 during 12 weeks with conventional treatment in patients with moderate hypertension produces a significant reduction in SBP. So it can be recommend to be used it as a supplement for hypertensive patients. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-454-en.pdf Hypertension Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Coenzyme Q10 per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 24 32 article R Golmohamadi 1 N Damyar damyar@umsha.ac.ir 2 I Mohamadfam 3 J Faradmal 4 Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Background: Today, occupational stress has developed as a global phenomenon which is more affecting all occupational groups and workplaces in all countries. The bus driving job is one of the most stressful occupations. The main objective of this study was the assessment of occupational stress level in Hamadan city-bus drivers. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in spring 1390. The participants, were all Hamadan city-bus drivers. Fifty four drivers were chosen using simple random sampling. The required data gathering was done using Philip el rice standard job stress questionnaire. Data analysis was per formed through Statistical tests such as t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The results indicated that 76% of the drivers are at a high, 16% at a middle and 8% at a low stress level. Job stress score had highest correlation with interpersonal relationships and physical stress, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the relationship between job stress and demographic characteristics was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: High stress level in studied drivers indicated that implementation of a comprehensive stress management program is required. To improve the drivers;#39 occupational stress, job promotion and security, establish of effective relationship between drivers and supervisors and also providing the conditions for their participation in decision-making should gain a priority. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1810-en.pdf Keyword: City-bus drivers Occupational stress Physical stress Interpersonal relationship. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 33 43 article MH Ehrampoush 1 D Hossein Shahi shahi5855@yahoo.com 2 A Ebrahimi 3 MT Ghaneian 4 MH Lotfi 5 SV Ghelmani 6 A Salehi Vaziri 7 SH Ayatollahi 8 P Talebi 9 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Water & Wasterwater Co of Yazd, Iran Water & Wasterwater Co of Yazd, Iran Islamic Azad University Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences   Background: Using natural methods such as constructed wetland is one of the methods for municipal wastewater treatment that has the capacity of reducing costs of treatment and improving environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of sub-surface constructed wetland in wastewater treatment in Yazd.   Methods: This is an experimental study aimed of to determine the efficacy of sub-surface constructed wetland for the removal of COD ,BOD5, TSS, PO4-P ,NH3-N ,NO3-N , Total coli form and Fecal coli form Parameters. For this two reactors were constructed as pilot with retention time for 4 days. Within 2 months, samples were taken from the input and output reactors according to standard methods and were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS ver 11.5 and Excel 2003 .   Results: The results showed that the removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, TSS, PO4-P, NH3-N, NO3-N, Total coli form and Fecal coli form Parameters in Cyperus Alternifolius was 74, 73, 84, 40, 36, 33, 70 and 38% respectively, and in control wetland was 44, 34, 77, 15, 0.3, 1, 17 and 26% respectively.   Conclusion: According to the findings, sub-surface constructed wetland has high efficiency in removing organic matter and solids and can be used, in Iran, for agriculture and irrigation . Also this plant has a high efficiency in removing nutrients and total Coli forms and fecal Coli forms . However more studies can be done on the effectiveness of this method to remove nutrients, heavy metals , parasites , parasite eggs and Intestinal virus .    Natural treatment, Wetland, Cyperus Alternifolius    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-457-en.pdf Natural treatment Wetland Cyperus Alternifolius per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 44 55 article S Hoseini Yazdi 1 GH Ahi ahighasem@yahoo.com 2 M Ahi 3 Islamic Azad University, Kashmar, Iran University of Allameh Tabatbai.Tehran,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran   Background : The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between economic stress , quality of life and happiness among cancer patients aged 20-35.   Method : The research sample was comprised of 60 (35 male and 25 female) cancer patients who were selected based on sampling. The questionnaires were completed and the results were collected and analyzed by multivariate regression analysis.   Results: Findings on relationship between economic stress with happiness revealed that economic stress (Economic Poverty Instrument - Money Subscale) and current economic stress is negatively associated with happiness. These relationships indicate that as economic stress (Economic Poverty Instrument -Money Subscale) and current economic stress increases, her level of happiness decreases.   Conclusions: Diagnosis ,Costs and treatment procedures cause psychological problems that can have a negative effect on quality of life and happiness in patients with cancer.     http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-458-en.pdf Economic stress Quality of life Happiness Cancer per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 56 66 article SS Mazloomy Mahmoodabad 1 S Norouzi norouzi62@yahoo.com 2 A Norouzi 3 A Hajizadeh 4 A ZareA 5 Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran   Background : Puberty as a stage of life is an important developmental process. Teen girls have numerous health care needs and their specific issues should be considered. This study was conducted determine the effect of health belief model in adopting prevention and control of health behaviors during puberty among female high school students in Ardakan city.   Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial of an intervention and non-intervention type. The parhicipants were the first grade secondary school students in the city of Ardakan. The sample was randomly selected. Sample size was 120 being estimated on the basis of similar studies. Data were collected by means of questionnaires. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, content validity and test-retest reliability were applied. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using indicators such as central tendency and dispersion, paired T-test, chi-square, Spearman correlation coefficient, and ANOVA analysis.   Results: After the intervention, the mean score, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and behavior of non-intervention in the intervention group had a statistically significant difference, but for the mean action, significant differences were not observed. Knowledge score, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and behavior before and after the intervention in the control group was statistically significant different, however, the mean score for perceived susceptibility, a cue to action, no significant difference was observed. The mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, action and behavior before and after the educational intervention showed statistically significant difference.   Conclusion: The efficacy and efficiency of the health belief model in adopting of preventive behaviors and controls in adolescent girls about puberty health is supported.         http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-459-en.pdf Adolescent health Health Belief Model Ardakan per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 67 77 article A Sheikmohammadi 1 M Manshouri 2 AR Yazdanbakhsh 3 M Sardar mahdiehsardar@yahoo.com 4 University of Medical Sciences,Khramabab,Iran. Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran. Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran. University of Medical Sciences,Khramabab,Iran.   Background: 4-Chlorophenol is used frequently in industries including refineries petrochemical, industries pesticide industries and many others. This compound causes damage to environment. The purpose of this research was the survey of 4-chlorophenole degradation by Fe°/H2O2 of synthetic wastewater and resulting intermediate compounds.   Methods: This study is an applied- experimental research which was performed in laboratory scale. The parameters such as pH, hydrogen peroxide, contact time, iron powder and mixing velocity were investigated in the removal of 4-chlorophenole. UV215 and COD indexes were studied related to produced intermediate compounds .   Results: The best conditions for the removal of 4-chlorophenol were achieved in pH 4, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to 4-chlorophenol 18.8, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to iron powder 0.4, contact time of 5min and mixing velocity of 180rpm. For investigating mineralization of 4-chlorophenol, COD index was used It was observed that 4-chlorophenol was not mineralized absolutely. Decrease of chlorinated properties and aromatic compounds in solution, as well as improve ment of 4- chlorophenol decomposition were achieved with increasing chloral ion and UV215 index in 5minute.   Conclusion : Regarding the results and considering the high resistance of 4-chlorophenole in biological treatment, can be used Fe°/H2O2 for producing compounds with high decomposition and low toxicity   Advanced oxidation process, Fenton-like, 4- chlorophenole, COD, Chemical degradation http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.pdf Advanced oxidation process Fenton-like 4- chlorophenole COD Chemical degradation per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 78 88 article MH Baghiani Moghadam 1 D Shojaeazadeh 2 A Mohamadloo azammohamadloo@yahoo.com 3 H Fallahzadeh 4 M Ranjbary 5 Shahid Sadoughi university of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran. Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran Shahid Sadoughi university of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran. Shahid Sadoughi university of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran. Payambaran Hospital , Tehran,Iran   Background :Urinary tract infection is the second common infection in children. In the first year of life, UTI is more common in boys than girls but thereafter the incidence rate becomes much more common in young girls. UTI complication in children is various, such as early hypertension, impaired glomerular function, proteinuria and finally, end stage renal failure.   Method: The objective of this descriptive study was to illustrate the effect of mothers' preventive behaviors on the Urinary tract infection of their girls using the Health belief model(HBM) in 2011-2012. For analyzing the data SPSS, software was used.   Result: The results indicated that the knowledge score was good only in 2/9% of cases. perceived susceptibility in 58/7% of cases, perceived severity in 66/7% of cases and Perceived barriers in 65/2% of cases. There was a direct correlation between the sensitivity, interests , behavior and self-efficacy Also, between intensity, threat, practice guide and self-efficacy, between interests and self-efficacy, between practice guide, behavior and self-efficacy, finally between behavior and self-efficacy. There was a significant inverse correlation between barriers, sensitivity, interests, practice guide and self-efficacy. And finally a significant correlation occurred between intensity and mother age, between threat and intensity, between behavior and self – efficacy and number of children, between behavior and mothers occupation, between practice guide, self – efficacy and family income and between practice guide, behavior, self – efficacy and history of child previous UTI.   Conclussion: In accordance with the data, using Health Belief Model as an education curriculum to improve UTI prevention behavior is effective. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf Health belief model Urinary tract infection Prevention Mothers per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 89 97 article MH Falah 1 G Heidari 2 Islamic Azad University, Yazd,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University  Background: The five components of emotional intelligenceare, intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management and general mood. Low levels of emotional intelligence can be increased through training. Researchers believe that happiness is a status of joy or satisfaction (positive emotions), being satisfied with life and lack of depression and anxiety (negative emotion). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of emotional intelligence training on the level of happiness amongfemale students living in dormitory. Methods:This study was conducted using a randomized clinical trial. There were two groups involved in this study and both groups were evaluated twice. In 2012, 443 female students all residing in dormitory of Islamic Azad University- Yazd were selected using appropriate sampling.Among students who got less than medium in their happiness score, 60 students were chosen randomly. (n = 30 control and 30 experimental group) Results: Data analysis shows that the average of difference between happiness scores obtained from pre-test and post-test within trial group was significantly different than the scores of happiness recorded from pre-test and post-test within control group.p </ 001.Therefor training of components of emotional intelligence for students in trial group had an effect on the pretest and posttest mean scores of happiness.On the other hand, analysis of covariance on the happiness variable using pretest score as covariate happiness and happiness the test score as the dependent variable is observed for both experimental and control groups with homogeneous variance using Leuven test showed significant difference between groups p </ 001.  Conclusion: Teaching components of emotional intelligence will help the person to cope with issues of living in dormitory in a better way and to have more happiness.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.pdf emotional intelligence happiness students per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 98 106 article MA Morowatisharifabad 1 S Norouzi saeedeh.norouzi@gmail.com 2 S Layeghy 3 A Norouzi 4 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd. Tehran University of Medical Sciences- Tehran Background: Cervix cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide after breast cancer. Health Belief Model (HBM) has been used as an exploratory model to assess why people do not use preventive health services. The aim of this study was to survey cervix cancer screening determinants in 20-65 year old women based on health belief model.Methods: In a cross-sectional design, a total number of 300 women entered in the study using cluster random sampling. Data were collected by a questionnaire which was designed based on HBM. A test-retest approved reliability of the questionnaire and data were analyzed via SPSS software.Results: Means and standard deviations of HBM constructs were as following: knowledge (7.12±2.75), perceived susceptibility (3.45±1.09), perceived severity (5.92±1.54), perceived benefits (2.33±1.22), perceived barriers (14.14±3.6) and cues to action (1.04±1.05). Only 37% had done pap smear test. Regression analysis revealed that knowledge and perceived barriers significantly predict the practicing of pap smear test. Moreover, the number of participants' doing pap smear was predicted by perceived benefits.Conclusion: As the number of participants'doing pap smear test was predicted only by the perceived benefits and the status of doing that was predicted only by knowledge and perceived barriers, and the other constructs of HBM were weak in predicting the behavior, investigating the application of other education models in future studies is recommended. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.pdf Health belief model Pap smear Cervix cancer per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 107 118 article MR Parsaee 1 M Jamshidi 2 M Moosazadeh cdctbmaz@yahoo.com 3 MR Amiresmaili 4 A Nezammahalleh 5 Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran  Background: In 1994, the USA Center for Disease Control and Prevention developed the principles of General precaution to minimize the possibility of contamination of health care workers with pathogens transmitted by blood. Therefore This study was implemented to identify the quality and implementation of General precautions in emergency clinics at selected hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences to provide the appropriate guidelines and recommendations to promote the use of General precautions. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional (descriptive - analytical) design. Totally 220 employees completed the checklists. After completion, data were entered into SPSS and were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential tests (Chi-square test, logistic regression. Results: Of the partieipants,45.5% and 54.5% of subjects were male and female respectively. General precautions overall compliance rate in male and female were 48.1% and 58.6% respectively. According to Chi square test results, the differences observed in the compliance with general precautions was significant regarding sex, working experience, job title, age group, participation in educational sessions and equipment /materials availability(P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings showed that the overall compliance rate adopted by the emergency clinie personnel with General precautions was at the intermediate level. Regarding that the risk of hepatitis B and HIV virus transmission in is very high among these employees, Implementing infection control standards, taking actions to improve staff compliance with personal protection issues, using engineering controls, cognitive approaches, strategies for behavior modification and combining theoretical education with experience are necessary to enhance skills necessary for applying the principles of general precautions. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.pdf General precaution Emergency Hospital Mazandaran Iran per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 119 132 article M Afkhami Aqda 1 Z Yazdanian pude 2 M Kamali Zarch 3 K Rastegar 4 M Falahti 5 Z Dehgan 6 E Hakimian 7 Dushanbe,Tajikistan Department of Educational Technology, ShahId sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran Peyamnour University,Yazd,Iran Peyamnour University,Yazd,Iran Peyamnour University,Yazd,Iran  Background: Job satisfaction may be an effective factor influencing marital satisfaction . So, the family is especially important for all institutes, organizations and social foundations, and all couples seek for enjoying their wedlock. Finally, job satisfaction is an important part of life satisfaction.  The aim of our study was to elucidate the association between job satisfaction and marital satisfaction in the employees of Welfare Organization of Yazd in 2011. Methods: This was a descriptive, analytical cross-sectional survey. The study population consisted of all the employees of Yazd Welfare Organization during the year 2011 selected by census method. There were 112 subjects totally, 102 of them were married. Previously verified for validity and reliability, The Minnesota and Enrich questionnaires were used to assess job and marital satisfactions respectively.  Data were analyzed through SPSS Win (ver. 13) by proper descriptive and inferential statistical methods using Spearman and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Our findings showed that 63.7% and 36.3% of the subjects were female and male respectively. Most of them had an educational level of bachelor degree or higher. The status of job satisfaction and marital satisfaction was different between the genders. There was a relationship between age and job s atisfaction and satisfaction in marital status and job background but none of them were significant.  Conclusion: Our results showed that some personality traits are correlated with job satisfaction and marital satisfaction. So, these traits must be particularly considered during employment to improve job and marital satisfaction simultaneously. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf Job satisfaction Marital satisfaction Welfare organization Yazd per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 133 142 article A Jannati 1 E Dadgar E.Dadgar@gmail.com 2 M GHolizadeh 3 L Alizadeh 4 MT KHodayari 5 University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran   Background :With the dramatic increase in private institutions and hospitals, health services market has become somewhat a competitive market in this position one of the most important duties of hospitals is to struggle to attract customer. So, the purpose of this research was to determine the most important factors that patients adopt to choose a public a or private hospital.   Methods: This research was a descriptive – analyical study. In this study, participants included patients who were in-patients in Shams and Emam Reza hospitals in Tabriz. By the sampling method, 376patients were chosen. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was made in 2 parts and its validity and reliability was confirmed. Finally Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, T-Test, fisher test.   Results: The results showed that among the factors influencing choice of hospital, emergency, doctor’s recommendation, family income, kind of inssurance, quality of hospital, and education presented to patient about illness, were the most important faehors.   Conclusion: According to the finding, al though factors such as family income, kind of inssurance, quality of hospital services and … were effecive on hospital choice, the role of patients was meager in choosing hospital.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.pdf Public hospital Private hospital Health services per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 143 154 article S Naseri 1 B Heibati 2 A Asadi 3 H Gholestani hafezgolstani@yahoo.com 4 A Dargahi 5 Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Pars Abad ,Moghan,,Iran   Background : The contamination of nitrate (NO3−) in potable water has become a serious concern in many parts of the world. Increasing nitrate concentrations in drinking water causes two adverse health effects: induction of “blue-baby syndrome” (methemoglobinemia), especially in infants, and the potential formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrate removal using modified pumice with iron and determining the adsorption isotherms and kinetic .   Methods : This fundamental and practical study was performed in batch conditions and room- temperature. Effects of the process parameters such as contact time, initial concentration and pH were investigated. In this study, Langmuir and Freudlich isotherms was survey to adsorption reactions and to calculate the equilibrium constant . Residual nitrate concentrations determined in 220 and 275 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV /VIS ( Shimadzo-1700, Japan.   Results : Results of literature indicated that removal nitrate depend on Freundlich (R2>0.998). In the study kf was 0.14 and amount of adsorbed nitrate was qm(mg/g)=0.65 for mass unit of modified Pumice. The pseudo second-order is found in the best fitness with the kinetic data.   Conclusion : The results indicate that modified pumice with iron can be employed as an effective adsorbed to removal of nitrate from water solutions .    Nitrate, Modified pumice with iron, Adsorption reactions, Kinetic equations   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf Nitrate Modified pumice with iron Adsorption reactions Kinetic equations per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 155 163 article SK Kazemeini 1 F Owlia dr.olia@ssu.ac.ir 2 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science ,Yazd. Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science ,Yazd. Iran   Background: Hepatitis B (HB) is one of the main health problems. Over 400 million people worldwide have been evaluated as infected patients or chronic carriers. Health care workers (HCWs) are of higher risk for infectious diseases including HBV infected patients. This study aims to evaluate the rate of HBS antibody among the HCWs of Shahid Sadoughi Burn hospital in Yazd.   Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 52 staff of the hospital approved vaccinated against HBV. HBS antibody was measured by ELISA in blood samples. Anti HBS titer of more than 10 lu/ml was considered positive. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS (16) software using descriptive data analysis and Fisher exact test.   Results: Among the 52 vaccinated staff of the hospital, 90.4% subjects had positive titers but 9.6% were negative. Females had higher titers (96%) than the males (85.2%).   There was not a statically significant correlation between age, sex, accurate vaccination intervals and titer of HBS antibody, (P >0.05), but a positive correlation was found between duration after the last dose of vaccine and titer of HBS antibody (P= 0.046)   Conclusion: More than 90% of the HCWS had immunity against HBV. Considering the importance of health care workers in transmission of blood born infections, a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine should be delivered to those not having acceptable HBS antibody titer against HBV. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.pdf Hepatitis B HBS antibody Health care workers per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 164 177 article E Moradi 1 H Vatandoost 2 KH Shemshad 3 M 3Salari gozam 4 G Rafinejad jrafinejad@tums.ac.ir 5 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  Background: Human has encountered lots of pathogen and non-pathogenic agents all over the history and has used lots of methods for the control and treatment of such diseases. Apitherapy is one of such measures.  Method: This article is a review one. The related investigations were searched from websites and reliable published texts. Different databases were explored based on appropriate key words.  Results: Historically, using honey bee and its products for treating several diseases is reflected to human recognition from this useful insect. Several honey bee products including honey, sting, pollen, royal jelly, propels, and wax are products that have used for treating different diseases such as allergy, blood diseases, pulmonary and nervous disease, diabetics, audit, eye, immunosuppressive diseases, cancer, psychiatric, dermatosis, and virus and giardia borne diseases, shagas and malaria.  Conclusion: This review article will introduce some new products of honey bee in control and treatment of different disease both in Iran and all over the world.   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.pdf Apitherapy honey bee sting royal jelly honey pollen per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-06 12 1 178 188 article SH Shirzadi 1 D Shojaeizadeh shojae5@yahoo.com 2 MH Taghdisi 3 F Hossein 4 P Doshmangir 5   Background: According to WHO these is priority for finding out the educational needs of women and yong women. Therefore it is essential to studyconcerning teen girls health and puberty health. the objective of this Study is to determine the effect of group discussion as a educational method on promoting the knowldeg of teen girls concerning puberty health who live in welfare boarding centers in Tehran.   Methods: This study is quasi-experimental study which conducted in welfare boarding centers of tehran among teen girls age 12-14 years old. Sixty and one eligible teen girls were selected for the study. To gather data a questionnaire was developed which included: Demographic information and awareness questions concerning puberty health which completed before and one month after training. Educational intervention was implemented for 3 month and the data was analysed using SPSS16 software and vilkaksun.   Results: After educational intervention it was found that the mean of knowledge score increased frome 12/85 ± 4/7 to 22/01 ± 2/17. Findings showed that there is statistical significant (P<0/001).   Conclusion: Group discussion as an educational intervention had a positive effect on improving the knowledge of teen girls concerning puberty health. It is concluded then that specific educational intervention can be applied related to puberty health of female adolescents.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.pdf Education Group discussion Female adolescents Physical puberty health Welfare Boardiing centers