per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 1 11 article M Aliabadi 1 M Farhadian 2 H Mahjub mahjub@umsha.ac.ir 3 G Atarieh 4   Background: The occupational exposure conditions such as dust concentration, exposure time, smoking status and use of respiratory protection device are effective on pulmonary function disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of pulmonary function disorder in the workers exposed to silica dust in the stone crushing by using Cox regression model.   Method: 117 of workers employed in the stone crushing workshops were selected through simple random approach. Information about history of occupational exposure was collected using the standard questionnaire. The results of p ulmonary function test which had been conducted using the Spirometer (Model –Vitalograph Spirotrav IV) were extracted.   Results: The result of the obtained model showed that the worker age, smoking status and use of respiratory protection device were effective in causing pulmonary function disorder. The hazard risk in the smokers was 8.44 higher (compared with non-smokers) and also in the workers without respiratory protection device was 3.3 higher (compared with the group who used the device).   Conclusion: Using the Cox model could practically determine the effect of worker exposure variables on the hazard risk of pulmonary function disorder. Accordingly, this study proposed that the hazard risk of different occupational diseases should be estimated using the Cox model in order to consider protective intervention programs.   Cox regression, Pulmonary disorder, Silica dust http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf Cox regression Pulmonary disorder Silica dust per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 12 20 article M Noori Shadkam 1 Z Eslami 2 H Mozaffari-Khosravi mozaffari.kh@gmail.com 3 F Zare 4 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran   Background : Child malnutrition is one of the common problems of health related to several factors . Food poverty is one of these factors . Child ren do not benefit from adequate food for their needs, and malnutrition and growth failure will ultimately emerge. This study aimed to determine the monthly supportive food basket delivered among families with children suffering from malnutrition.   Methods : This study as a field trial involving 300 children 1-6 years with growth disorder in Khatam and Taft cities in Yazd province . Totally 150 children in rural areas under Khatam nutrition education and monthly food baskets were studied while 150 children in a Taft rural area nutrition education were merely used. Anthropometric data including height and weight at six months and one year after the intervention were recorded and the various indicators such as weight and height for age Z score were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.   Results : 161 ( 53.6%) of children were girl and 139 (46.4 %) were boy . Average weight for age , height for age and weight for height Z score , height and weight of the children at the beginning of the intervention , six months and one year after the intervention showed no significant difference between the two study groups .   Conclusion : This study showed that the direct supportive food basket can not help to promotion growth status in children with growth disorder and it would be better to selected other supportive procedures.    G rowth Disorder , C hild M alnutrition , N utritional S upport   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf G rowth Disorder C hild M alnutrition N utritional S upport per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 21 31 article B Akbari-adergani analystchemist@yahoo.com 1 AM Attaran 2 M Veiskarami 3   Background: Distillery’s vinasse wastewater is problematic to be easily disposed of in environment due to its high BOD and COD content which imposes a great deal of costs on plant. The main aim of this scientific and applied research is reducing the organic load of distillery’s vinasse wastewater via concentration technology.   Method: In this research, concentration of vinasse technology was used for reduction of organic load and removing color and odor of its wastewater. In this process, it was considered three evaporators and three separators. The raw wastewater was passed through from a phase with higher pressure into the other phases with lower pressure. The effluent form of each phase was sampled and the COD and BOD factors were evaluated.   Results: The results revealed that the COD reduction for the first, second and third phases were 68.98, 85.68 and 99.97 percent respectively and this reduction for BOD factor were 68.75, 85.68 and 99.97 percent respectively. The odor and color of raw wastewater were removed step by step by passing through first to three phases.   Conclusion: C oncentration technology has a perfect efficiency in reducing organic load and removing odor and color of distillery’s vinasse wastewater. Considering production of feed and also bio-fuel as by-products, it can be concluded that this treatment process can be used for treatment of distillery’s vinasse wastewater and similar plants.    Distillery’s vinasse wastewater, Organic load, evaporator, Separator, Condenser http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf Distillery’s vinasse wastewater Organic load evaporator Separator Condenser per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 32 41 article SH Dowlatshahi 1 M Ahmadian 2 S Reshadat 3 F Nadri 4 N Rajabi Gilan Rajabi_nader@yahoo.com 5   Background: Due to discharge of industrial effluent into marine environment, background quantity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation in marine organism's body including fish is increasing. Thus, determination of mercury content in fish consumed by human is an essential thing.   Methods: In order to evaluate the mercury content of canned tuna fish marketed in Kerman, 70 canned tuna fish samples were purchased and their mercury content was determined by ICP-OES. All results were reported as µg g-1 on a wet weight basis.   Results: The range obtained for 70 tuna samples analyzed in µg g-1 was from 0.1±0.07 to 0.54±0.2 µg g-1 . The mean Hg concentration in the tuna was 0.29 µg g-1. The results of this study showed that 80% of tuna samples (8 types) from the Persian Gulf have average H g level below and 20% (2 types) above the WHO/FAO recommended levels.   Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study showed that most of the canned tuna fish marketed in Iran have average Hg concentration below WHO/FAO limit of 0.5 µg g-1. Two tuna samples, however, showed average concentration above the guidelines. In this respect, more attention should be paid to monitor Hg concentration of nation’s canned tuna fish and to force canned tuna industry to systematic monitoring as well as establishment of required standards for monitoring of this harmful heavy metal in foodstuffs.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf Canned tuna fish Mercury Food health Kerman per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 42 50 article J Sadeghizadehyazdi jsyazdy@yahoo.com 1 M MazaheriTehrani 2 MB habibi 3 MH Ehrampoush 4 H Fallahzadeh 5 University of Mashhad, International Branch, Mashhad, Iran Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Iran Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, yazd. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, yazd.  Background: Supplying the needed food of the world is the problem that humanity with all its power became unable. Today in most countries, soy food products have a special place in daily diets. Having relatively low price, lack of cholesterol and lactose, essential polyunsaturated fats and also decreasing the fat and cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis are the benefits and outstanding characteristics of soy food products. The purpose of this study was evaluating the sensory characteristics of soy yogurt, especially taste and texture by adding the flavors of banana, oranges,strawberry and modified starch to improve properties of soy yogurt such as texture and flavor.  Methods: This study was based on sensory evaluation of 120 students. Methodology of data collection was questionnaire. The modified starch at different concentrations (0/25, 0/75,1,1/25 percent) and accepted flavor and rate of synersis according to statistical tests of kruskalwallis and ANOVA were assessed.   Result: Sensory evaluation of flavor and texture was done on seventh day of maintenance. The results showed that the highest score of acceptable texture was related to concentrations of 1- 0/75- 0/5and1/25 percent respectively. The highest score of accepted flavor was related to flavors of oranges, banana and strawberry respectively.  Conclusion: using flavors in the soy yogurt causes removal of undesirable flavors and also bringing variety in products. With regard to the different capacity of water binding, vegetal and animal proteins the use of stabilizers can be effective in the improvement of appearance characteristics, especially texture of soy yogurt.    Soy yogurt , Flavor , Stabilizer http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf Soy yogurt Flavor Stabilizer per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 51 58 article MR Heydari heydari280@yahoo.com 1 R Davani 2 F Taghva 3 Shiraz University of medical Science Shiraz University of medical Science Shiraz University of medical Science   Background: The widespread use of detergents on the one hand and the lack of disposal on the other hand, increases the possibility of these materials to groundwater. In addition to causing toxicity in animals these materials also cause allergic diseases in people. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of detergent in drinking water in the city of Shiraz.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all drinking water sources in Shiraz (38 sources) was examined for two years:1387 & 1390. Water sample data were recorded in a checklist and samples after ring transfer to laboratory were tested with Polarymetr Volta.   Results: All samples were with normal range of detergent. In this study, statistical test was performed and showed that the amount of detergents in alluvial wells were significantly more than calcareous and network drinking water.No correlation was foured between the amount of detergent and other physical and chemical factors.   Conclusion: Although detergents and phosphate levels are rising but in none of the water resources of Shiraz, the amount of phosphate and detergent was higher than the standard range, but for high levels of nitrite and nitrate and the increasing process of the amount of phosphate and detergent in some wells, protecting wells and observing health and privacy sewage treatment is urgent.   Drinking water, Detergent, Chemical and physical factors         http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf Drinking water Detergent Chemical and physical factors per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 59 69 article MH Baghianimoghadam salehi.maryam98@yahoo.com 1 A Nadjarzadeh 2 M Askar shahi 3 M Salehi 4 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran  Background: Vitamins are organic compounds required as vital nutrients and vitamin deficiency is a venturesome condition for human body.Vitamin D deficiency is a world-wide epidemic and it’s widespread deficiency is a concern in Middle East countries. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency in many countries is the lack of sunexposure as a result of cultural norms of covering.  The aim of this study was to determine the Yazd high school students’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards vitamin D effects on human health.  Methods: A self-administered, structured, questionnaire, researcher made was conducted to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice of high school students. The questionnaires were given to 312 students (153boys and 159 girls) of 8 Yazd high schools. We used SPSS software and Paired t-test, ANOVA and chi2 test for analyzing the data.  Result: Of total participants, 49% were boys and 51% were girls. This study showed that among the 312 cases studied, 2.2% had good knowledge and 39.4% had average knowledge about vitamin D effects on human health. 21.5% of the cases had good attitude and 18.8% of them had goodpractice. Mean knowledge score was 15.11+- 4.83 of 31, mean attitude score was 18.94+-3.32 out of 28 scoreand, and mean practice score on vitamin D effects on human health was 13.69 +-2.71 of 20. There wasn’t a significant difference between knowledge and attitude among girls and boys but boys practice was better than girls and there was a significant difference in this case.  Conclusion:Lack of knowledge,attitude and practice could endanger people's health so developing some training programs seems to be necessary.      http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf knowledge Attitude Practice Vitamin D Health Students. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 70 80 article M Faraji amin@hlth.mui.ac.ir 1 MM Amin 2 M Sadani 3 , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Background: PCE is a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon which has been used in some industries. Industrial wastewaters polluted with PCE must be treated because of its possible carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine the PCE biodegradation potential in high concentration using Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) that thus far has not been used for biodegradation of this compound. Methods: An Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) was used in the type of lab scale with volume of 10 L which was divided into four compartments for biological degradation PCE in synthetic substrate. Startup was done using of anaerobic digested sewage sludge. After startup, performance of the reactor was evaluated in biodegradation of PCE in concentration of 100 mg/L. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 32 hours. Results: Optimum COD removal efficiency was obtained 98% with OLR equal to 3.1 g COD/L.d. Average COD removal for the whole activity period of reactor was 91.4%. For PCE removal, efficiency was observed 99.5%. Conclusion: According to information obtained from this study, it can be stated that with AMBR, providing full-scale studies and using real industrial wastewater polluted with PCE can be takenas simple, efficient and reliable method for treatment of PCE, even in high concentration. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) Industrial wastewaters Perchloroethylene per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 81 90 article SS Mazloomy Mahmoudabad 1 H Khani hossin8880@yahoo.com 2 F Kaseb 3 H Fallahzadeh 4 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-yazd Background: Cardivascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in the world contributing to one third of entire mortality in the world. This disease also has significant consequcnces. To prevent it implementing instructional programes is needed. Health volunteers are of potential capacity to improve mothers' knowledge, attitude, and performance. The aim of this study was is determining the effect of instruction of health volunteers on knowledge, attitude and performance of mothers Methods: This study is clinical trial conducted on 310 mothers learned by health volunteers. Mothers and health volunteers were selected randomly. The effect of the instruction on mothers was controlled 6 months after implanting the research spss 16 was used to analyse the data. Results: The results of study showed that the mean score of mothers knowledge before implementing the plan was 26.4 [from 38 (69/4%)] and after it, arrived at 31/2 (82/1%) (p=./…). mean score of mothers attitude was 24.2 [from 30 (80.6%)] and after instruction becom 27.6(92%)that is satisfactory (p=./…). The averge score of mothers on performance was 14.7 from 40 (37/7%) and after instruction become 17/2(44/1%) and the result of Tpaired test with p=./… showes significant relation. Conclusion: In this study, the effect of health volunteers' instruction on motheres was 12/7% increasing in knowledge, 11/4% increasing in attitude and 6/4% increasing in performance it seem, we need more studies to bring chage in performance of the subjects. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf knowledge performance health volunteers nutrition and healthy heart per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 91 102 article SK Kazemeini 1 F Mohammadi 2 F Owlia dr.olia@ssu.ac.ir 3 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science ,Yazd. Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science ,Yazd. Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science ,Yazd. Iran  Background: Patient satisfaction is an important concept of sovereignty as one of the important areas of clinical services. Patient's views on quality of service area, is taken as an image of our strengths and weaknesses. Applying patients' good ideas can improve quality of services and reduce imposing additional costs on hospital .  Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional trial consising of patients admitted in burn hospital during the first nine month of 2011. Sample size was 542 patients having been selected from discharged patients by appropriate allocation. Data were gathered by the questionnaire having 24 questions, which was then assessed using a likret rating scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and Amos 16 and descriptive and inferential methods. Resulth: overall 81/2% of the clients alleged good satisfaction18/6% moderate and 0/2% poor satisfaction. Most satisfaction related to medical services(93/3%) and lowest satisfaction was associated with facilities(80%). Conclusions: according to the results of this study, operating room, facilities and services had greatest impact on patient's satisfaction and there was a significant relationship between gender, education level & length of admission & overall satisfaction.   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf Patient satisfaction Patient Hospital per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 103 113 article MR Pahlavanzadeh 1 AA Jafari jafariabbas@ssu.ac.ir 2 H Ahadian 3 M Ghafourzadeh 4 F Mirzaei 5 Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran   Background : Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory complication of the candidiasis seen under the maxillary denture, which is observed in 70% of cases following a chronic trauma. Candidia species particularly Candida albicans are known as one of endogenous etiologic agent of denture stomatitis that may cause systemic opportunistic infection in immunosupressed subjects. The aim of present study was to determine frequency of oral candidiasis in patients with complete denture referring to Yazd dentistry school.   Methods : Totally 109 patients with denture referring to Yazd School of Dentistry were participated in the current cross-sectional descriptive study. The designed questionnaire was first completed and then the clinical assessment was carried out by the oral disease specialist in dental unit. Sample was collected from the oral mucosa and used for a direct smear and culture and finally the results were analyzed by using SPSS 13 soft ware.   Result : There wasn't any statistical significant differences between the Colonization of Candida on denture and sex (P=0.32). Statistical data showed a higher colonization of Candida albicans on the oral mucosal surface of denture users with oral disorder compared with denture users without oral complication (P=0.002). Tongue and maxillary denture showed the highest Candida colonization in current study .   Conclusion : Results of current study confirmed the major role of Candida in the incidence of denture stomatitis. The oral and denture hygiene and disinfection of denture can decrease Candida colonization and oral candidiasis in denture users.   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf Candidiasis Denture Candida colonization per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 103 113 article h h.rezakhani@arums.ac.ir 1 d 2 r 3 b 4 r 5 v 6 RezaKhani mogaddam Shojaezadah Sadeghi Pahlevanzadah Shakourimoghaddam Fatehi Background: and objectives: Smoking is considered as a worldwide public health problem that can reduce life expectancy and creativity in personal life. Also it can increase medical costs. The purpose of this study was surveying smoking habits and tendency to these materials among the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2010-11. Method: This was a cross- sectional study over 720 students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and Logistic regression test by using spss16 software. Results:The results showed the frequency of hookah and cigarette smoker were 22% and 23/3% respectively. The research also showed that the main cause of smoking was fun. frequency of Hookah and cigarette smoker in the schools of dentistry and pharmacy respectively were more than other schools significantly. Conclusion:Comparing this research and the results of similar researches showed that the use of cigarette, hookah are decreasing among the students of Tehran University of medical sciences in recent years. But we should continue the programs for training health care and prevention of diseases. Planning for these programs should be started in high school and followed at university. It is proposed to solve the problems of students in the term of entertainment. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf student cigarette hookah tendency per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 123 134 article M Nekoei-Moghadam 1 S Parva parva.6490@yahoo.com 2 Amiresmaili 3 MR Baneshi 4 Kearman University of Medical Sciences, Kearman, Iran. Kearman University of Medical Sciences, Kearman, Iran. Kearman University of Medical Sciences, Kearman, Iran. Kearman University of Medical Sciences, Kearman, Iran.   Background: Despite increasing concern on the effects of low health literacy, the influence of health literacy on health status and utilization of health services is not clear. The dim of this research is to assess health literacy and find out the relationship between health literacy and health services utilization.   Methods: The present study was performed cross-sectionally. One thousand literates from urban population aged 17- up were investigatoel. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, to study variables relationships statistical tests such as chi square, T test, one way ANOVA and linear regression were applied.  Results : The level of health literacy of 60% percent of the population was low (inadequate, boarder line). Education (p=0.001) and insurance coverage status (p=0.002) had the most correlation with health literacy. Health Literacy had influence on health services utilization. The groups with high score of health literacy walk on one health center (p=0.006). It was reported the people with low level of health literacy had more hospitalization (p=0.003). The effect of health literacy was confirmed on health services Utilization factors after removing the effect of confounding factors.   Conclusion: Health literacy was assessed low in Kerman. Enhancing health literacy may be an effective strategy for health improvement and health services utilization. Health literacy assessment for feedback of health literacy levels and appropriate demand from modern health care system should be measured by health care plans and policy making. The necessity of cultural and educational preparedness for promoting individual health literacy, improvement of blueprint in health services utilization, and the close cooperation and coordination among health system, education system and media is suggested.      http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf Health Literacy Health Services Utilization Kearman per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-03 11 4 135 149 article SH Kaveh kaveh@sums.ac.ir 1 A Najafi 2 N PourAlimohammadi 3 SHR Tabatabae 4 Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran.   Background: There are a few studies on the role of health volunteers in teaching women menopause-related self-care. The present study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the role of health volunteers in teaching women about menopausal health.   Methods: 48 health volunteers and 480 women in 8 from 70 urban health centers affiliated to Shiraz district health authority, selected through a multistage random sampling participated in this quasi-experimental study. An 8-hour workshop was conducted over two days for health volunteers. The volunteers, then, were asked to teach women about menopausal health. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting demographic data. Knowledge levels of volunteers and women were measured using a written test (CR20=0.66), composing of 30 multiple choices questions, before and after educational interventions. Research data were processed and analyzed, using nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests), in SPSS statistical software, version 11.5.   Results : The mean score of knowledge of health volunteers in experimental group increased from 17.1, before workshop, to 29.2 after that (p<0.001). Means of knowledge scores in volunteers control group in pretest and posttest were 16.3 and 14.7, respectively. The women's knowledge in the experimental group, significantly increased from 12.4, before training by volunteers, to 25.4, after that (p<0.001). The women's knowledge levels in the control group in the pretest and posttest were 15.1 and 14.9, respectively.   Conclusion: The findings of this study showed the effectiveness of training intervention in empowering health volunteers, as well as the volunteers ability in teaching community women about menopausal health. the study also suggests health authorities to consider the utilized protocol in their planned initiatives for promoting women's health.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf Menopausal health Teaching Health volunteers.