per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 0 0 article http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.html per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 1 14 article A Takdastan 1 A Eslami 2 Z Ramezani 3 H Taghi Moheb taghimoheb@yahoo.com 4 University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Khuzestan University, Sciences and Research Branch, Ahvaz, Iran, Introduction: Since the existing methods to remove the hazardous material are associated with problems, recently, the tendency is to use Biosorption methods by Low-cost adsorbents: this was investigated in our project. This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption of lead and zinc from aqueous solution by using powdered excess sludge (biosolid) from sludge drying beds of municipal wastewater. Methods: Experiments were carried out as batch system with the shaker device at 20 to 26ºC and a stirring rate of 200 rpm by preparing solutions in 100 ml of sludge powder. The experiments were carried out with synthetic effluent prepared by zinc and lead standard solutions. Parameters affecting the adsorption of this research was determined by solution pH at 2 to 6, contact time 5 to 300 minutes, initial metal ion concentration 50, 100 and 150mg/l as well as determining the equilibrium adsorption. The pretreatment of biosolids consisted of dewatering, grinding and grainsizing with sieves (mesh dimensions between 120 and 230). Results: According to the results of biosorption process, maximum lead adsorption efficiency in 150 mg/l concentration was 98.8% at 5 minutes contact time, and maximum zinc adsorption efficiency in 50mg/l concentration, 35.6% at 30 minutes. The equilibrium time for lead ion was observed after 120 minutes, and 300 minutes for zinc ion. Optimum pH was found 4 and 6 for lead and zinc ions respectively. Optimum concentration of biosolid was observed in 2g/l with maximum adsorption efficiency of 98.7% and 4g/l with maximum adsorption efficiency of 72.7% for lead and zinc ions respectively. Freundlich Isotherm was an appropriate method to describe the adsorption for both metals. Langmuir isotherm is highly appropriate for zinc linear regression, and the results out of lead adsorption were far-reaching. Conclusion: According to the results, excess municipal sludge can be used as an available and very excellent adsorbent for lead ions, and also an appropriate adsorbent to remove zinc from effluents with average concentration in biosolids with low initial concentration of zinc. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.pdf Biosorption Lead Zink Biosolid Adsorption Isotherms per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 15 28 article M Hassanpour 1 A Jonidi Jafari a.jonidi@modares.ac.ir 2 M Farzadkia 3 M Gholami 4 Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran,Iran EngineeringTarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran Introduction:Acidic sludge is a by-product of used motor-oil reprocessing industries which is disposed of in the environment as hazardous waste material. The polymer bitumen under certain conditions is produced from mixing Bentonite soil, polymer styrene - butadiene – styrene(SBS) and acidic sludge.The aim of this study was retrieval of acidic sludge from polymer bitumen using additives such as bentonite soil and polymer SBS. Methods: In this experimental study, the effect of additives with different weight percentages on the performance parameters of bitumen was evaluated. At first, spilled oil phase into the acidic sludge was isolated with centrifugal concentrator. Acidic sludge and additives with a high shear mixer 2500 rpm were mixed together for 30 minutes at 180 °C. Finally, performance tests on acidic sludge and obtained products were performed.The obtained data were analyzed using Excel microsoft 2007. Results: The results indicated that the performance parameters such as softening point temperature, weight loss , penetration degree , PI , Frass breaking point and thermal sensitivity increased from 37 °C, 1/3 %, 230 dmm, -0.07854, -5 °C and 0.0451 to 54 °C, 1%, 130 dmm, 2/7094, -11 °C , 0.02721 respectively. Conclusion: The bentonite soil and SBS polymer in weight percentages of 2 and 4 respectively were the suitable additives in retrieval of acidic sludge from the polymer bitumen. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1711-en.pdf Acidic sludge Polymer bitumen Additives Used-engine oil per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 29 39 article R Khosravi 1 B Barikbin 2 M Fazlzadeh :m.fazlzadeh@gmail.com 3 A Taghizadeh 4 ,Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran , Birjand,Iran Introduction:Cr (VI) is a common and very toxic pollutant thus essential to be removed from contaminated wastewater before disposal into the environment. The aim of this study was removal of Cr (VI) from wastewater by granular and powdered seeds of Peganum Harmala. Methods: Peganum Harmala grains were first collected, cleaned and sieved. Then, Granular grains with 10 mesh size were used as the granular Peganum Harmala. Some Granular grains were powdered by grinder and 60 mesh size particles were used as powdered Peganum Harmala. A stock solution of Cr (VI) was prepared by K2Cr2O7 and a colorimetric method was used to analyze the Cr (VI) concentration using a UV/VIS T80+ spectrophotometer. The chemicals used in this study were obtained from Merck, Germany. Results: The result showed that the maximum removal of Cr (VI) was observed at pH 1.5 for both adsorbents, and with increasing amount of adsorbent, removal efficiency increased as well, but the adsorption capacity decreased. In all experiments the amount of chromium absorption by powdered Harmala Peganum was much more than the granular Harmala Peganum. Conclusion: The research results showed that the powdered seeds of Peganum harmala have the higher ability to absorb chromium. Thus, the powdered seeds of Peganum harmala can be considered as an inexpensive adsorbent in the removal of chromium http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1712-en.pdf : Peganum harmala Chromium Adsorbent per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 40 50 article M Asadi :asadimhd@yahoo.com 1 AH Mahvi 2 analysis Laboratory of water and wastewater Company of Shiraz. Shiraz,Iran , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran Introduction: The contamination of water resources resulting from industrial output discharge is a serious threat to the water-living organisms. Chemical and physical examinations are not enough to evaluate the potential effects of these pollutants on aquatic life. Biological tests can provide appropriate and direct measure of toxicity as a complete physicochemical criterion of wastewater quality. Methods : The requierd Daphnia was provided in fish breeding centers of Esfahan and after preparing different concentrations of raw wastewater and decolorated samples in eight percent of the differents volume, 10 Daphnia was added to all containers containing samples of raw wastewater, decolorated and control samples rinsed with diluted water. All samples were observed after 48 hours and the number of dead animals in each test container was counted. In the final experiments, acute toxicity units, LC50 - 48h and efficiency of toxicity removal on the optimum conditions of Electro Fenton process were calculated. Results: Based on the results of toxicity tests it was determined that LC50 - 48h in synthetic wastewater samples with dye concentration in 40mg/L increased from 18% before decoloration reached 70% after decoloration, samples of wastewater synthetic concentrations dye 100 mg/L from 14 to 50%, wastewater synthetic with concentrations dye of 200mg/L from 10 to 35 % and in samples containing of 300 mg/L the dye concentrations of 6.8 reached 20 % respectively. The efficiency of toxicity removal for different dye concentrations reached 76, 72, 71 and 66 % respectively. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, it can be stated that to evaluate the potential toxicity of colored wastewaters discharged into surface waters and to determine the quality criteria for contaminant permissible concentrations, bioassay is a simple, quick and effective procedure. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1714-en.pdf : Bioassay Daphnia Magna toxicity units LC50 per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 51 60 article P Saki parastoo.saki27@yahoo.com 1 R Mafigholami 2 A Takdastan 3 E Khoshkhoo 4 , Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch Khuzestan, Iran Azad University Branch Ahvaz, Iran Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch Khuzestan, Iran Introduction: One of the main environmental pollutants is the existence of heavy metals in the industrial wastewater. Chromium is among the heavy metals found in industrial wastewater. It is toxic and dangerous for people and environment. The steel slag is the main by-product of steel industry. The aim of this study was removing heavy metal such as Chromium by using the steel slag as a low-cost adsorbent from aquatic environment. Methods: Some factors that affect the process of Chromium removal by steel slag such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and cadmium initial concentration were studied. Standard solution of synthetic wastewater including Chromium was prepared by adding Potassium Dichromate to distilled water and concentrations in the range of 5-25 mg/l. Results: The results showed that in optimum conditions, the removal of Chromium from aqueous solution with concentration of 25mg/l, pH=7, adsorbent equal to 3gr and 60min contact time is about 99%. The experimental data of adsorption equilibrium were analyzed on the basis of adsorption kinetics models and Freundlich and Langmiur adsorption isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacity by Langmiur model was./97mg/g and correlation factor in kinetic pseudo-second order model turned out to be1. The physical, chemical and morphological features of the steel slag were also determined by XRD, XRF and SEM techniques. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful in using steel slag for removing Chromium from aqueous solution. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1715-en.pdf slag steel Chromium adsorption the kinetic model the isotherm model per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 61 73 article GH Kiani 1 AH Mahvi ahmahvi @yahoo.com 2 MH Dehghani 3 R Nabizadeh 4 , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Introduction: Untreated leachate is being discharged into the environment in many countries worldwide. Leachate treatment methods have not been unified so far due to variable composition of leachate in different sites. Lack of control as well as disregarding leachate treatment and disposal of it can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to investigate the Coagulants' effect on the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demond) and TSS(Total Suspended Solids) removal from Isfahan composting leachate. Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride,Poly ferric sulfate, Alum and Poly aluminium chloride were used in addition to two cationic and anionic commercial co-coagulants. Methods: In this experimental study, leachate samples were collected from the Isfahan composting leachate collection ponds. At first, Leachate characteristics were measured according to standard methods. Jar-test experiments were carried out to examine the effects of changing coagulants' dosage (0/5,1,1/5,2,2/5 and 3 g/l) and PH values (4,5,6,7,8,9,11 and 12) on COD and TSS removal. As a result, the effective dosage, optimum pH and the most convenient coagulant were identified. Results: According to the results, polyferric sulfate reached the highest COD and TSS removal efficiency were at pH= 11, with 2 g/L of poly ferric sulfate, the COD removal efficiency was 49% while the dosage of 2.5 g/l of this coagulant levelled at 51% of TSS removal efficiency.The co-coagulant K350CF, while used along with polyferric sulfate, reached the highest level in COD and TSS removal efficiencies which were 53% and 52% respectively.The highest COD removal efficiency using co-coagulant LT25 was related to poly-aluminum chloride, equal to 49% . Conclusion: The most effective coagulant for COD and TSS removal was polyferric sulfate which contributed to better results with an alkaline pH. From the results obtained, it may be stated that Coagulation-flocculation can be used as a convenient inexpensive pretreatment process to treat Isfahan composting leachate, processing the leachate for a better and more convenient treatment compared with other methods. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1716-en.pdf Waste Chemical Precipitation COD TSS Isfahan Compost Leachate Coagulant per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 74 83 article MH Ehrampoush 1 MT , Ghaneian 2 SP Moussavi seyedeparvin.mosavi@yahoo.com 3 Shahid Sadoughi Univercity of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Shahid Sadoughi Univercity of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi Univercity of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Introduction:The textile industry produces a colored effluent with different characteristics that needs to be treated. Adsorption is one of the methods for removing dyes. The aim of this study was to evaluate application of bone char as natural adsorbent for removal of acid orange 7 from synthetic textile wastewater. Methods:In this study, the effect of variations such as contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and agitation rate on efficiency of dye removal was investigated. At first, the solution of acid orange 7 was prepared. Dye removal efficiency was measured by UV/visible spectrophotometer and at 484 nanometer. Results:According to the results, pH can enjoy an important role in contaminant removal by this adsorbent so that by decreasing pH, dye adsorption rate increases. The maximum of dye adsorption capacity on bone char has taken place 0.74 mg/g at pH:3. The results showed that by decreasing initial dye concentration and by increasing adsorption rate, the amount of adsorbed pollutant at adsorbent mass unit decreased. By increasing adsorbent dose from 0.5 to 4 g/100 ml, dye removal efficiency increased. By decreasing initial dye concentration from 100 to 25 mg/l at pH:3 at 180 min, removal efficiency increased from 10% to 96%. At 25 and 50 mg/l concentration, by increasing agitation rate from 40 to 120 rpm, capacity of dye adsorption at adsorbent mass unit also increased. The appropriate time to get the maximum of dye adsorption and equilibrium state was 180 min. Conclusion:Due to easy preparation, ample initial matter and significant function of bone char as a natural adsorbent for removal of pollutants from textile wastewater, this adsorbent is effective for dye removal. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1717-en.pdf Bone char Surface adsorption Acid orange 7 Dye Wastewater Textile per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 84 95 article MH Ehrampoush 1 MM , Aamin 2 HR Pourzamani 3 MT GHaneian 4 M Pezeshki 5 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Research Center Isfahan university of medical sciences, isfahan.Iran Research Center Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Introduction: Benzene is a volatile compound in petroleum products and a major concern is its carcinogenic effects. The purpose of this study was to survey benzene removal ability of multi-walled carbon nano tubes by surface modified with calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite from aqueous solution. Methods:The removal of benzene was evaluated by aqueous solution by hybrid multi-walled carbon nano tubes modified surface by calcium hypochlorite, and nano-silica, and multi walled carbon nano tubes(MWCNT) and its modified surface by calcium hypochlorite (MWCNT(Ca(OCl)2)) and nano-silica. Synthetic samples were analyzed by GC. Conclusion: In this study, nano materials dose of 0.5 g/l, contact time (1hr and 2hr) with benzene concentration of 100 mg/l , and pH 7 were chosen. The equilibrium amount (qe) and removal efficiency (R) for benzene were 192.46 mg/g and 96.23% respectively, with HCNT higher than (MWCNT(Ca(OCl)2)) (qe =188.58R=%94.92) nano-silica.(qe =182.6R=%91.3) Conclusion: The HCNT can effectively adsorb benzene from water and can thus be used as efficient adsorbents to purify waters and wastewaters pollutants by petrochemicals http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1718-en.pdf : Hybrid Modified Carbon Nano Tube Nano-Silica Benzene Aqueous Solution Calcium Hypochlorite. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 96 103 article M Dehghani 1 M Safinia Falah 2 H Hashemi hashemi@hlth.mui.ac.ir 3 N Shamsadini 4 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Introduction: Many countries are considered tourism industry as the source of income. This study aimed to determine environmental health indicators of accommodating centers of Shiraz and the role of health advisor and degree of hotel management in raising the amount of health indicators of the accommodating centers in Shiraz, 2011. Methods: This study was descriptive and case study. For determining indicators of environmental health places with regard to the law of food, drinking water, cosmetics according to the ministry of Health and Medical Education. The list included 52 questions for motels and 83 questions for hotels and hotel apartments. Then the list was completed via interview and visiting of all accommodating places of Shiraz included 141 places, in 2011. After evaluating the questioner (the scores over 80 are categorized as healthy, scores in the range of 40-79 is categorized as sanitation and the scores under the 40 are considered as unhealthy) the accommodating places are categorized. Data analysis was done be K square and Fisher tests. Results: The results of this study showed that 58.2 percent of the accommodation places in Shiraz are categorized as healthy, 31.9 percent of the places are in sanitation condition and 9.9 percent are in healthy condition. Conclusion: The environment health of Shiraz hotels that have health advisor are in an ideal heath situation of health. So by making the hotels having health advisor, the indicators of environmental health at the hotel are upgraded. In addition having the certificate for hotel management might also increase the environmental health indices http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1719-en.pdf Index of Environmental Health Hotel Shiraz Tourism per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 104 112 article GH Kiani 1 AH Mahvi ahmahvi@yahoo.com 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Introduction: Cyanide, an environmental pollutant which is found in many different industrial effluents, causes water resources pollution being hazardous to human and environment. Cyanide can be removed from aqueous solutions by different methods but most of them are very expensive. In this study, Lewatit FO36 exchange resin was used to remove Cyanide in a batch system. Methods: Removing the cyanide from the aqueous solutions with the Lewatit FO36 exchange resin was studied via considering the effects of absorbent dose, initial cyanide concentration, contact time and pH in batch phase. Results: The Batch ion-exchange process reached equilibrium inr about 90 minutes of contact. The ion-exchange process, which is pH dependent showed maximum removal of CN in the pH range 5.0-9.0 for an initial CN concentration of 1 mg L-1. Lewatit FO 36 showed high bonding constant. Equilibrium constant which depends on the ion-exchange capacity was calculated using Longmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that the maximum ion-exchange capacity for Lewatit FO36 was achieved at optimum pH value of 6.5. The ion exchange of CN on this cation-exchange resin followed first-order reversible kinetics. Conclusion: According to the results, for its regeneration characteristic, Liwatit FO36 resin can be used as a convenient option to reduce the level of CN from the aqueous solutions. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1721-en.pdf Cyanide Iron Nano Particle(LewatitFO36) Ion exchange Aqueous solutions per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 113 122 article HR Vahidi arvahidi@ssu.ac.ir 1 SM Ghoreishian 2 N Bashardoost 3 F Sadeghipanah 4 M Soltani 5 , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Isfahan university of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,Iran Isfahan university of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus(DM) is the most common metabolic disease in the world. Before insulin drugs that regulating blood sugar the patient with DM were be treated with herbal medicine. Now there is different drugs to regulating blood sugar but for incomplete treatment of this disease the use of herbal medicine is rising in treatment of DM. therefore it is important to show people adverse effect and benefit of herbal medicine. The aim of this study is the attitude and information sources of yazd's people to consume of herbal medicine in treatment of DM Methods: a descriptive cross sectional study has been designed on 300 person who are 15 to 65 years old that collected accidental in 10 area of yazd. Data was collected by a reliable and validated questionnaire and analysis data with spss software. Results: this study indicated that attitude of man and woman is the same in consume of herbal medicine in treatment of DM and both of them have a better attitude about consume of herbal medicine. people with old age have better attitude than other (p value:0.020) people with higher level of education show descending in attitude(p value:0.026). Conclusion: this issue show that we need more education for them. also this study indicated that the people with DM have better attitude in consuming and know the kind of herbal medicine and generally find data from parents and first class family. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1722-en.pdf Believe Information source Herbal medicine Diabetes per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 123 134 article Meghdad Pirsaheb 1 M Moradi 2 k Sharafi 3 Z Atafar 4 T Babaeian 5 N Nori 6 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences ,Tehran, Iran Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Introduction: Aerobic treatment processes with fixed growth has attracted attention of the engineers and designers of wastewater treatment due to the separation of organic materials in sewage and also to nitrification (conversion of ammonium to nitrate).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Submerged Biofilm Reactor to removal of organic matter (BOD and COD), turbidity and suspended solids (TSS) from wastewater of Farabi Hospital of Kermanshah. Methods:In this study, first it was attempted to build the reactor, to startup and to load the activated sludge fixed growth with bed submerged systems and then to evaluate efficiency of the system for removal of the organic materials( BOD, COD), turbidity and total suspended solids in three different retention times (2.9 h. aeration and 1.1 h. anaerobic, 3.6 h. aeration and 1.4 h. anaerobic, 4 h. aeration and 1.5 h. anaerobic), 135 samples were performed. Results:Results showed that the highest level of removal of COD, BOD, TSS and turbidity was in the Phase III of the system (4 h aeration and 1.5 h anaerobic) so that the percentage of removal average of the mentioned parameters were 82, 95, 98.4 and 98% respectively. Also comparison of removal efficiency of these parameters showed no significant differences (except BOD and turbidity). Conclusion:According to the results, by proper operation and maintenance, the Submerged Biofilm Reactor has high performance in COD, BOD, TSS and turbidity removal from hospital wastewater, without the need for biological solids to be returned http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1723-en.pdf Organic matter Turbidity TSS Submerged Biofilm Reactor Hospital wastewater per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 150 162 article S Sobhanardakani 1 SH Einolghozati shiva_einolghozati67@yahoo.com 2 R Sahraee 3 , Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. , Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran , Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Abstract Introduction: Dyes in industrial wastewater are major pollutants that are difficult to treat due to their complex molecular nature and synthetic origin. EBT is one of azo dyes that has been used in the cosmetics, health and medicine products. Due to its high solubility in aqueous environments and high shelf life, the inseparability of the biological magnification by organic compounds in the environment is a major pollutant in the aquatic environment, especially in the receptive waters. The extensive use of dyes often causes pollution problems in the form of colored wastewater discharged into environmental water bodies. In addition, they create free annular radicals that are highly carcinogenic. EBT being a naphathol azo dye is‌ recalcitrant to oxidative biodegradation. Biological treatment would be cost-effective but most dyes are resistant to bacterial degradation and a considerable percentage of these dyes go into the effluent during the dying the process as they are highly soluble in water and cannot be separated by filtration. Therefore developing new methods for their treatment is important. Methods: In this study, the effects of major variables governing the efficiency of the process such as, temperature, initial dye concentration, CNTs dosage and pH were investigated. Results: The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm model. pH=3, and 0.01 g absorbent, absorption capacity rates were 98% for removal of EBT. Conclusion: The results of absorption studies showed that removal rates would increase with decreasing pH and temperature, On the basis of the results, MWCNTs can absorb EBT dye appropriately and efficiency of the process is higher in acidic pH. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes can contribute to environmental pollutant removal, and more pollutant absorption on nanotubes in acidic condition. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1724-en.pdf Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Dye EBT Industrial Wastewater Treatment Ferundlich Isotherm per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 163 174 article A Goli 1 M Shabani 2 AR Talaie atalaie@jami.ac.ir 3 , Department of Mechanical, Iran Department of chemical, Iran , Institute of Environmental and Water Resources Introduction:Among the pollutants in waste gases, volatile organic carbons (VOCs) are very harmful for human, animals and plants. Formaldehyde is a member of VOCs family and is very toxic, mutagen and carcinogen. For removing formaldehyde, Some biological methods for treating waste gases such as bio-trickling filter reactor (BTFR) have been developed by scientists. The aim of this study was to evaluate BTFR usability for formaldehyde vapor removal. Methods: In this study, bio-film was developed on polyethylene tubes as supporting material in BTFR. Formaldehyde removing efficiency was evaluated during three different hydraulic retention time (HRT) using a digital formaldehyde meter. Results: The results showed that BTFR can reduce 99% of formaldehyde in hydraulic retention time equal to 126 seconds. To have the best efficiency, the optimum pH was also 5 to 8. The efficiency will decrease if bio-trickling filter is conducted on the pH less than 5. Also microbiological investigation showed that Salmonella and Serratia strains are predominant throughout the bio-trickling filter. Based on the results, an empirical model was developed to design full scale bio-trickling filter. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that bio-trickling filter is an applicable and economic way to treat air stream contaminated by formaldehyde. Based on the importance of air pollution in the world, the results of this experiment can be used to reduce air pollution http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1725-en.pdf Bio-filter Formaldehyde Biodegradation Microorganisms Organic loading rat per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 175 189 article SR Fani 1 J Javanshah 2 M Moradi moradi@pri.ir 3 Research Centre of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan Introduction: Contamination of pistachio nuts of Aspergillus species and their toxins is the most serious health threat for human and animal. Sorting out contaminated pistachios is critical to reduce the sources and levels of aflatoxins in pistachio nuts. Distribution of aflatoxin in processed pistachios was determined in the fifth and twentieth of September and fifth of October. Methods: Samples were collected from dried sinking (final, small, and yellow shell discoloration pistachios) and floater pistachios. The final and small pistachios were categorized in stained, deformed, and non-stained (healthy) pistachios, while the yellow shell discoloration and floater pistachios were divided into deformed, stained, and yellow shell discoloration. Aflatoxins in the samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results: Overall, there was significant differences (p=0.05) between aflatoxin amounts in evaluated pistachios. The results showed that the presence or frequency of deformity and shell staining in pistachio offered to the markets are critical factors and their aflatoxin B1 content ranged from 0.76 to 251.6 ng/g and 1.46 to 85.3 ng/g, respectively. In small pistachios, aflatoxin levels varied from 1.23 to 241.55 ng/g, depending on the presence or frequency of shell staining and deformity. On the other hand, there was no relation between shell staining and aflatoxin in small pistachios. The highest content of aflatoxins belonged to yellow shell discoloration (5214 ng/g) in floater pistachios. Normally, these pistachios are sorted out by their density in floatation tanks during processing. The levels of aflatoxins increased by the time of sampling and the highest amounts were associated with sampling in October fifth. The amount of aflatoxin increased by 2 to 30 times in delayed harvesting pistachios. Conclusion: The results could be applied to sort out contaminated pistachio as well as early harvest to reduce the risk of aflatoxin in pistachios. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1726-en.pdf Aflatoxin Food safety High performance Liquid chromatography per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 190 201 article K Moeenian : khalilollah@yahoo.com 1 R RostamiDehjalali 2 Z Rezaee 3 Z Rezaee 4 A Ahmadi 5 , Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran , Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran , Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran , Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran. Introduction: Ozon is increasingly used for swimming pools disinfecting in Iran. The scope of this cross-sectional study was to the determine ozonation eficiency and influence of pool depth and swimmers gender on the six microbial quality indices. Methods: In this investigation, total Coliform, E.Coli, Heterotrophic bacteria, Streptococcus Feacalis, Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeroginosa were examined. Sampling was performed six times in every three points (the surface, middle and the end part of the swimming pool), in both men and women' swimming-turn, at the busy time (most costumers' presence) and from the 10-30 centimeters deep in water. Results: The number of Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Heterotrophic Plate Count were always higher than the Iranian standard level. The number of Staphylococcus Aureus in the all samples of men's turn were lower than the Iranian standard level, but in the women's turn, 10% of the samples were higher than the Iranian standard level. In all the samples, the number of E.Coli and Feacal streptococcus were respectively higher and lower than the Iranian standard level. Conclusion: The observed high pollution levels can be related to inadequate ozone concentration, inappropriate treatment and/or ozone injection points. Although the statistical analysis did not show significant differences between men and women's swimming-turn (a≤ 0/05), there is need for more control in the women's turn because the mean of the most indices in women's turn was higher than that of the men's turn. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1727-en.pdf Swimming Pool Ozonion E.Coli Heterotrophic Bacteria Feacal Streptococcus Staphylococcus aerus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 202 214 article A Seid-mohammadi 1 M Zivari 2 G Asgari Asgari@umsha.ac.ir 3 AR Rahmani 4 MR Samarghandi 5 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Abstract Introduction: Chromium is an extremely important heavy metal which is used in different industries. It can be found in water resources due to insufficient treatment of industrial wastewater. The goal of this study was to survey the feasibility of application of hexavalent chromium reduction using granular magnesium as reducing agent and to investigate the affects of various operational parameters. Methods: In this experimental study, zero-valent magnesium was used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. Synthetic solution of chromium was prepared from dionized water. Several experimental steps was done in 250 ml glass beakers in a shaker incubator device and different operational parameters such as pH of solution, initial concentration of chromium, temperature, contact times, magnesium dose and intercurrent factors were investigated. Concentration changes of chromium were determined with spectrophotometer at an absorbance wavelength of 540 nm. Results: The results indicated that chromium removal efficiency, using zero-valent magnesium, increases with contact times, magnesium dose, initial concentration of chromium and temperature. However, chromium removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH of solution. The highest removal efficiency was achieved in pH 3, initial concentration of chromium at 150 mg/L and magnesium at dose of 0.7 g/L, respectively. In addition, the presence of humic acid, hardness and alkalinity in solution extensively decreased the chromium removal efficiency. Conclusion: The results showed that zero-valent magnesium, due to high oxidation and reduction potential, can be extensively effective for removing hexavalent chromium in aqueous solution http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1728-en.pdf Hexavalent chromium Reduction Zero-valent magnesium Aqueous solution per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 215 230 article E Bazrafshan 1 F , Kord Mostafapour Ferdos_66@yahoo.com 2 M Rezaie 3 , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Science and Research Branch, Bandar-Abbas, Iran Introduction: Dyes are one of the most important existing pollutants in textile industrial wastewater. These compounds are often toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and non- biodegradable. Carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of some azo dyes as a category of common dyes in different types of industries has been reported. Reactive red 198 is one of the azo dyes that are currently used in the textile industry. This study was performed to investigation of reactive red 198 dye removal by multi-wall carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) from synthetic textile wastewater and also determination of adsorption isotherms. Methods: This study was performed experimentally in laboratory scale and in a batch system. In this research the effect of initial dye concentration (10, 50, 100, 200 mg/L), absorbent dosage (0.01-0.05 g/100ml) reaction time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 min) and pH (2,3,4,5,7,9,11) were investigated. The dye concentrations were measured via spectrophotometer (518 nm wavelengths). Adsorption isotherms were determined and correlated with Longmuir, Freundlich and Bet models. Results: The maximum adsorption capacity of reactive red 198 onto MWCNTs was 1000 mg/g. According the results of this study, the most removal efficiency of dye equal 74.4% (372.02 mg/g) was obtained at initial dye concentration 50 mg/l at pH=4 , also, the best time for equilibrium was 3 hr. Also, the findings of this study well fitted with Longmuir isotherm (R2=0.9996), towards Freundlich and Bet models. Conclusion: According to results of this study, it was concluded that the MWCNTs has high ability to remove Reactive Red 198 dye from aqueous solutions and textile industry wastewaters http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1729-en.pdf Reactive Red Carbon nano tubes Textile effluents per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 231 241 article MT Ghaneian 1 AA Najafpoor 2 MH , Ehrampoush 3 H Esmayli 4 H Alidadi 5 GH Solaymani Khomartash ms88solaymani@yahoo.com 6 M Amrolahi 7 , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. . Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. . Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences ,Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences ,Yazd, Iran Abstract Introduction: The heavy metals are the most important pollutant that their concentration in environment is increasing with cities and industrials developing. One of this metals is chromium that in the trivalent and hexavalent oxidation state used in industries such as electroplating, glass, ceramic, tannery and leather. Hexavalent chromium has proven several health hazards such as a carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was survey the efficacy of oxidized multi walled and single walled carbon nano tubes in removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. Methods:This study was experimental which investigated the effect of initial chromium concentration,pH, adsorbent dose and reaction time on removal of chromium by oxidized multi and single walled carbon nano tubes. Oxidized carbon nano tubes were purchased from Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (R.I.P.I). The study performed on the synthetic samples contain 0.5,1 and 2 mg/l concentration of chromium(VI) . The unknown concentration of hexavalent chromium detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: According to the results, adsorption capacities (qe) increased with increasing of initial Cr(VI) concentrations and reaction time and decreased with increasing adsorbent dose and increasing of pH. Maximum adsorption capacities of Hexavalent chromium by OSWCNTs and OMWCNT at 120 minutes, pH=3, initial Hexavalent chromium concentration 2mg/l and adsorbent dose 0.4g/l were obtained 3.94 and 3.74 mg/g respectively. Conclusion: Oxidized single walled Carbon Nano tubes( SWCNTs) is more efficient than oxidized multi walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) in removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1730-en.pdf Carbon nano tubes adsorption hexavalent chromium aqueous solution per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2014-03 12 4 242 255 article MH Salmani 1 M Abedi mabedi50@yahoo.com 2 SA Mozaffari 3 MH Ehrampoush 4 Shahid Sadoughi university of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Abstract Introduction: Researches have been shown if water and wastewater treatment systems properly managed, it provides a major part of water reservoirs for the needs of developing countries. Because of the uncontrolled increase in concentrations of fine particle materials, organic and inorganic compounds and especially heavy metals in water, the conventional methods of treatment is not able to remove contaminants and it require a relatively new process. Recently, removal processes of industrial and agricultural wastewater pollutants have improved by development of new technologies such as nanotechnology. This study reviews the application of nanotechnology innovations for removing pollutants from waste water which published in this area from 2000-2013. We have searched through internet by following keywords Application of nanotechnology, nanothechnology and wastewater treatment, and nanofiltration. Conclusion: Extensive studies have been evaluated to obtain low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents. Most of researchers used nanomaterials due to the high specific area and unique chemical properties for removing contaminates from aqueous media directly or after modification and functionalization. They used nano-filtration, nano-photocatalysts, zero-valent iron nano-particles and magnetic nanoparticles to control and remove pollutants from water and wastewaters. According to the capabilities and high capacity of nano-sized practices, they introduced them as a superior technology. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, due to easy separation with a magnet, have been considered for removing pollutants as an effective and efficient process. Based on these considerations, nanotechnology can efficiently affect the cost and time of treatment process and is suggested instead of conventional process for treatment of water and waste waters. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1735-en.pdf : Nanothechnology Nanoadsorption Nanofiltration Magnetic nanoparticles Zero valant iron nanoparticles Waste water treatment