per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 1 11 article GH Pourtaghi ghpourtaghi@yahoo.com 1 A Rezaee 2 A Khavanin 3 F Valipour 4 Baghiyatollah University of Medical Sciences Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor   Background: Homogenous texture and strong network of bacterial cellulose indicate that it can be used as filter and adsorbent. In this research bacterial cellulose was produced by Acetobacter Xilinum. Bacterial cellulose was used for reduction of toluene vapors from the air.     Methods: To measure adsorption capacity, 6 grams of bacterial cellulose in column glass with volume of 20 ml was used and concentration of 150 ppm of toluene vapors passed through the bed absorber. The air flow was 0.2 ml / min at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.   Results: One gram of turgid and dried microbial cellulose in mesh 20 can adsorb (0.95 mg) toluene vapors during 13 minutes and reach full saturation.   Discussion: Overall, although the bacterial cellulose in the same volume capacity was less than the activated carbon, its density was much less. Ability of bacterial cellulose by weight is higher than activated carbon to adsorb toluene vapors.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.pdf Air pollution Adsorbent Bacterial Cellulose Adsorbtion isotherm per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 12 21 article M Vafaeinasab 1 M Zarezadeh Mehrizi zamomehdi@yahoo.com 2 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital   Background: In view of high expences in the hospitals especially governmental Hospitals and need for regulations in the financials aspect makes it necessary to evaluate the effect of every factors effective in health services marketing(Internal and external customers attitude) the management can plan and design according to the role and effects of these factors in regulation of the hospitals, departments and sections under their control.   Method: This is a descriptive study to determine the role of management in relation to degree of aplication of each effective factors in health services marketing( Internal customers attitude) during this fall 1390 was carried out.   In this study hospital administrators, heads of nursering services. Heads of financial department, educational suprevisors , heads of pharmacy, heads of laboratory, heads of radiology were studied.   Data was collected by questionaire complemeted by managers and analysis carried out by spss and statistica software   Results: According to this study following results were obtained: maximum frequency the role of management in relation to degree of aplication of service or product factor was evaluated within the limits of intermediate and was dependent to heads of laboratory. Price factor evaluated low and was dependent to heads of administrative and financial. place and time factor ,intermediate and was dependent to heads of laboratory . Promotion factor , lowly and was dependent to heads of administrative and financial. people factor , high and was dependent to heads of radiology. Physical evidence factor, high and was dependent to hospital managers. process factor ,high and was dependent to egucational superwisers.productivity and quality factor , intermediate and was dependent to heads of laboratory.   Conclusion: According to this study results maximum frequency the role of management in relation to degree of aplication of service or product factor and people, physical evidence , productivity and quality, process was dependent to metrons. Maximum frequency the role of management in relation to degree of aplication of Promotion factor was dependent to heads of radiology. Frequency the role of management in relation to degree of aplication of price factor was dependent to heads of farmacology. According to this study following results were obtained hospital managers believed to high and intermediate rol in relation to degree of aplication of effective factors in health services.   Marketing, service, hospital, superior manager, mix marketing     http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.pdf Marketing service hospital superior manager mix marketing per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 22 32 article M Safdari 1 MH Ehrampoush 2 MT Ghaneian 3 MA Morowatisharifabad 4 A Mohammadloo 5 M Mirzaei Alavijeh mehdimirzaiea@yahoo.com 6 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences  Background: Today, recycling is one way to save humanity from the clutches of the mass of waste that is generated . In fact recycling means a system with the aim of optimizing use of different resources in order to achieve greater overall benefits with less waste is produced. The aim of this study is to determine knowledge, attitude and performance among housewives Yazd city about recycling solid material.  Methods: This is a descriptive - analytical, cross-sectional study and the research community were housewives in the city of Yazd selected in random sampling (300 people) chosen from five regional cities including: North, South, East, West, and Central. From every region two clusters (each cluster containing an area that examined with 30 households) were selected . The data collection tool in this study was a valid researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability, in four parts of demographic, knowledge, attitude and performance that were completed through interviews and self report by trained experts .  Results: Mean and standard deviation of the age of housewives was 41.84 ± 15.21, 32.7% (98 people) had high school graduates, 88% (264 people) had average economic status, 84% (252 people) married, and 50.3% (151 people) were housewives, 83.3% (250 people) with state-owned housing. The mean and standard deviation scores of knowledge, attitude and performance, were 8.21 ± 1.91, 36.59 ± 4.47 respectively and job and knowledge (p<0.001) 1.89 ± 0.67. Between level of education and knowledge (p<0.001) and attitude (p=0.004) was a significant relationship. The Pearson test showed significant correlations between mean score on knowledge and attitude (0.283**), knowledge and performance (0.122*) and performance and attitude (0.241**).  Conclusion: This study showed that the level of women's Knowledge, attitude and peractice was at an acceptable level but with greater emphasis on the educational aspects , especially by municipalities we can see better performance among women . Also to create incentive programs and partnerships between families and municipalities we can promote environmental activities.   Knowledge, Attitude, Performance, Recycling, Solid waste, Women. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.pdf Knowledge Attitude Performance Recycling Solid waste Women. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 33 43 article SS Mazloomy Mahmodabad 1 M Mirzaei 2 M Mirzaei Alavijeh mehdimirzaiea@yahoo.com 3 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University   Background: Considering the importance of health community, transmission and prevalence of disease in different ways such as those involved in the procurement, production and distribution of food and according to the holding courses on guilds health education during the last 12 years in the country and because the Kirkpatrick evaluation model is an important model for determining the value of training, this study was performed with aim to determine effectiveness of guilds health education courses based on Kirkpatrick model.   Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 900 workers of the guilds that had certificate of health guilds institute. Samples were identified, selected, and interviewed by available randomized methods of the fifteen provinces in the country. Data collection tool was a questi onnaire based on Kirkpatrick model. It consisted eight questions for background and demographic variables, 35 questions on knowledge, five items on attitude specifically about the importance and necessity of holding the guilds educational courses, 21 questions on practice based on a number of Provisions Forms of Guilds bylaw and 10 items on satisfaction. Data were then analyzed by SPSS-18 and through descriptive statistics and analytical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient was set at α=0.05.   Results: Mean age of the participants was 55.13±36.3 years. Total score and maximum frequency of participants in each level respectively were: Knowledge (open response) 67.18 & 59.7 (good) percent, Knowledge (Multiple Choice) 77.62 & 64.8 (average) percent, total Knowledge 61.02 & 68.8 (average) percent, satisfaction 58.62 & 49.3 (good) percent, Attitude 67.5 & 57.3 (average) percent and practice 74.80 & 75.1 (good) percent. By increase in attitude, all variables had significantly increased: knowledge, satisfaction, behavior, numbers of class participation, age and work experience.   Conclusion: According to Kirkpatrick model , effectiveness of health education in each level of training courses has shown to be "average" and "good" thus requiring the necessity of teaching and learning process promotion at each educational level.     http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.pdf Education Environment Health Food Hygiene Knowledge Attitude Practice Kirkpatrick Model. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 44 58 article A Rahbar 1 M Barouni 2 MA Bahrami aminbahrami1359@gmail.com 3 A Saber Mahani 4 Qom University of Medical sciences , Kerman University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi university of Medical Sciences , Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Background: The rising expenditure of drugs is a worldwide policy concern. This research aimed to estimate drug demand function in Iranian urban population in order to help effective policy making for drug consumption rationalization. Methods: This is a descriptive–analytical research. The required data were gathered from the published statistics of Iran Statistics Center, Iran Central Bank and Food and Medication deputy of Iran health and Medical Education Ministry at a time series of 20 years. Data analysis was carried out using E-Views software and regression analysis. Results: The findings of research indicated that drug demand in Iranian urban populations’ drug demand function is an intrinsic variable that is influenced by households’ income, price index of drugs and the cost of physician visit. Price-elasticity, income-elasticity and cross-elasticity in relation with physician visit cost for drug demand were calculated as 0.56, 0.42 and 0.18, respectively. Conclusion: The low estimated price- and income-elasticity of drug describes that drugs have the role of essential goods in Iranian urban population. Based on this finding, it is concluded that drug consumption rationalization and controlling policies should consider other-than-price strategies in theIranian society. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.pdf Drug demand Price-elasticity Income-elasticity Cross-elasticity per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 59 68 article A Barkhordari 1 R Amini rolzax@yahoo.com 2 mj Zare 3 j Zavarreza 4 m Mirzaei 5 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences   Background : Occupational exposure to dust generated in the process of carpet weaving which can lead to pulmonary complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to carpet dust size and parameters of lung function.   Method : This retrospective case-control study was performed on 95 carpet weaver City Khomein. The total exposure inhaled carpet dust using air sampled was determined by gravimetric method. Spirometry parameters including FVC, FEV1, PEF and FEF25-75weaving of pulmonary function and related parameters such as temperature and humidity in the working environment were collected. The total dust exposure associated with lung function parameters were studied.   Result : Results showed that the total dust concentration in the study group vs. 2.47 ± 4.69 mg per cubic meter, compared with the control group (1.33 ± 2.89 mg per cubic meter) were significantly higher. Comparison of total dust concentration in lung function observed a significant relationship between these two parameters (P-value = 0.321). Environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature and ventilation of the workshops showed that the workshops were in need of reform to reduce dust. Studies showed an inverse relationship between the experience and FVC, FEV1 and PEF, and FEF25-75 criteria exist indices decreased with increasing years of work provided.   Conclusion : These results indicate that the survival of the project study area, contact Kelly carpet dust as an occupational risk factor, there is still a high rate. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf Weaving total dust lung function parameters Spirometry environmental parameters City Khomein. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 69 83 article B Akbari-adergani analystchemist@yahoo.com 1 AM Attaran 2 Z Taghimolla 3 Shoeibi 4 Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Payame-Noor University, Center of Delijan,Iran Payame-Noor University, Center of Delijan,Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran   Background: Precise determination of organic load is one of the major and important parameters in selecting appropriate treatment process for industrial and domestic wastewaters . Performing chemical oxygen demand (COD) test in real samples is always subject to interferences, insufficient sample digestion and consuming high levels of chemical pollutants. The main aim of this scientific and applied research is modification of digesting system in COD test with silver nano particles for determination of organic load in effluent of pharmaceutical industries   Method: In this research silver nano-particles with 20nm in average size was used instead of silver sulfate in COD test. Optimizing some parameters such as digestion time, digestion temperature and catalyst dose was considered and the entire figure of merits was calculated for theproposed method. Then in optimized condition, the COD of pharmaceutical wastewater including domestic, industrial and mixed wastewaters were determined and their results were compared with the reference method.   Results: The results reveal that with only 16 percent of silver mass in reference method, high efficient and throughput results can be obtained for digestion of pharmaceutical wastewater and some slow-digesting chemicals. Minimum level investigations for digestion time and temperature reveal that in optimized condition and in presence of silver nano particles, the digestion process can be completed in 120 min and 150 ◦ C respectively. The proposed method enjoyed a 4.03 in mean of RSD% and 5.06 in relative error (n=12) which were better than the reference method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 5.0 and 15.0 mg/l respectively with a 15-300 mg/l dynamic linear range.   Conclusion: Considering the efficiency of deterministic COD system based on digesting of organic compounds in the presence of silver nano particles for determination of organic load in pharmaceutical wastewater samples, as well as having high repeatability, compatibility with reference method, high dynamic range, consuming very low levels of silver mass and more environmental compatibility, it can be concluded that this test method can be used for determination of organic load in pharmaceutical wastewater and similar industries. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.pdf Chemical oxygen demand Pharmaceutical wastewater Organic load Silver nano particle per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 84 94 article M Morowatisharifabad morowatishaif@yahoo.com 1 H Hajizadeh 2 S Akhavan Karbasi 3 H Fallahzadeh 4 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd,Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences-Yazd,Iran Background: Exclusively breast-fed up to six months is the best status for children providing them with physical, physiological and mental needs and causes decreasing some infections among them. This is less addressed in research up to now. The study thus aimed to determine prevalence of exclusive breast feeding up to six months and some of its related factors in Ardakan. Methods: In a descriptive, cross-sectional study in July 2011,a total number of 413, 6-12 months children from 4 urban health care centers of Ardakan were included in the study through census. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire including demographic information and questions about child nutrition status in the first six months of life. All of the eligible mothers participated in the study voluntarily. Results: Of the studied children 50.8% were male and 49.2% were female. Exclusive breast feeding rate up to six months was 6.1% and exclusive breast feeding with hot water rate was 34.6%. Duration mean of the former was 3.49± 2.22 months and the latter 4.55± 1.79 months. There was a significant relationship between exclusive breast feeding and growth stop and growth decline. The most important reported barriers for exclusive breast feeding were the child unknown crying and mothers;#39 perceived insufficiency of their milk. Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding rate is low and most mothers do not know enough about sufficiency of mothers;#39 breast milk for their children up to six months and they report some unacceptable reasons for stopping breast feeding which indicates their knowledge level in this area is low. Moreover, literate people are more successful in exclusive breast feeding than low literate people. All of the above points indicates that increasing mother;#39s knowledge in this domain is necessary. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1812-en.pdf Keywords: Exclusive Breast Feeding Growth Stop Growth Reduction Barriers per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 95 105 article H Ladonni 1 A Paksa a.paksa@yahoo.com 2 H Nasirian 3 A Doroudgar 4 MR Abaie 5 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,   Background: German cockroach, Blattella Germanica, is a mechanical vector of various pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasite eggs. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility level of German cockroach to bendicarb and carbaryl from carbamate insecticides, and malathion and chlropyrifos from organophosphorous insecticides.   Methods: In this study, after collecting wild German cockroach strains from several hospitals and dormitories in Tehran, they were transferred to Cockroach Insectarium and were reared under the same laboratory conditions. Then the susceptibility level of these wild strains were compared by discriminating dose of bendicarb, carbaryl, malathion and chlropyrifos insecticides which were estimated by susceptible strain via surface contact method.   Results: Results from the effect of discriminating dose against wild German cockroach strains showed that the lowest and the highest concentration of discriminating dose was allocated to chlropyrifos (6.63 mg/m2) and carbaryl (390.11 mg/m2), respectively. Most wild strains showed a degree of resistance and tolerate to bendicarb, carbaryl, malathion and chlropyrifos insecticides.   Conclusion: This study shows that the carbamate insecticides, especially carbaryl do not currently have efficiency against German cockroach, so application of these insecticides should be stopped as a recommendation. Due to their malathion resistance and possible cross-resistance among them, organophosphorous insecticides are also recommended not to be used. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-706-en.pdf Blattella Germanica Resistance Carbamat Oregano Phosphorus per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 106 115 article MH Ehrampoush 1 M Tabatabaee 2 MT Ghaneian 3 M Askar Shahi 4 M Amrollahi moamrollahi@gmail.com 5 B Jamshidi 6 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Chemical Engineering, Azad University of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences   Background: The heavy metals are the most important pollutants their concentration of which in the environment is increasing in connection with cities and industrials development. One of these metals is chromium which, in the trivalent and Hexavalent oxidation state, is used in industries such as electroplating, glass, ceramic, tannery and leather. Hexavalent Chromium has proven several health hazards such as being carcinogenic. The aim of this study was to investigate nano-alumina modified with Schiff base ligands in removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution in acidic conditions.   Methods: This study is experimental which was performed in batch reactor at 20 ° C temperature to investigate the effect of initial chromium concentration, adsorbent dose and reaction time on removal of chromium by nano-alumina. For adsorbent preparation, nano-alumina was purchased from Nano Kimia Pajoh company, and for increasing adsorption power, it was modified with Schiff base ligands in the presence of proper surfactant. The study was performed on the synthetic samples containing 2 and 5 mg/L concentration of chromium . The unknown concentration of Hexavalent Chromium was detected by spectrophotometer set (UV/VisibleSP-3000 Plus-Japan) at 540 nm.   Results: According to the results, removal efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing initial concentration of chromium. Results of this study indicated that Hexavalent chromium adsorption by nano-Alumina modified with Schiff base ligands reaches equilibrium at 30 minutes and maximum capacity will be obtained. The maximum removal efficiency, and adsorption capacity in optimum conditions (adsorbent dose=0.1mg/L ,pH=3), with chromium initial concentration of 5mg/L at 180 minute, were 83.4% and 4.17 mg/L respectively.   Conclusion: Nano-alumina modified with Schiff base ligands is an effective adsorbent in removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-707-en.pdf Nano-alumina Surface adsorption Hexavalent chromium Schiff base ligands per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 116 127 article A Abdolahnejad 1 A Ebrahimi a_ebrahimi@hlth.mui.ac.ir 2 N Jafari 3 M Vahid dastjerdi 4 H Nourmoradi 5 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Abstract Background: To protect against the adverse effects of heavy metals on human health, investigation of heavy metal contents in cigarettes and aromatic tobaccos is essential. The aim of this study was to assess heavy metals in some highly-used samples of cigarettes and aromatic tobaccos in the Iranian market. Methods: In this study, 9 cigarette and 3 aromatic tobacco samples found in the Iranian market were selected because of their very high use and their level of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe) were determined. Heavy metal contents of the samples were detected by using acid digestion method and with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). To determine confidence and accuracy of the results, all testes were carried out twice by two series of samples. Results: The Fe (473.45±78.28) and chromium (1.33±0.03) had maximum and minimum average concentrations in all cigarette samples, respectively. Statistical tests did not show any significant difference between average concentrations of heavy metals in Iranian and imported cigarettes and aromatic tobaccos samples (P >0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the heavy metals are present in some highly-used samples of cigarettes and aromatic tobaccos found in the Iranian market. Thus regarding the importance of human health, this problem should be considered seriously.                                                                    .   http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1813-en.pdf Keywords: Heavy metals Cigarettes Aromatic tobaccos per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 128 139 article MH Baghianimoghadam 1 Z Sharif poor zahrasharifpoor@yahoo.com 2 M Lotfizadeh 3 A Najarzadeh 4 H Fallahzadeh 5 S Nasiri 6 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord, University of Medical SciencesIran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,   Background: Threat appraisal process in Protection Motivation Theory evaluates the factors associated with the behavior that potentially creates danger, including the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards accompanying the behavior, the severity of the danger, and ones vulnerability to it. Coping appraisal is a cognitive mediating process which evaluates one's ability to cope with or to avert threatened danger including perceived self efficacy, response efficacy and perceived costs of protective behavior. There are some evidences regarding their effects on intention and behavior of some safety areas but there isn’t any study on intention and behavior of Nutritional Prevention of Cancer . The purpose of this study was to compare Coping Appraisal and Threat Appraisal in predicting Nutritional Prevention of Cancer behaviors and intention among Women in Yazd city.   Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total number of 220 w omen referring to health centers - therapy were studied . A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection. It was a self-report questionnaire including demographic variables and subscales for measuring coping appraisal, threat appraisal, Nutritional Prevention of Cancer intention and behavior. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined and approved. The data were then analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Liner Regression statistical tests.   Results: There was a significant negative correlation between threat appraisal and intention and Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer and positive significant correlation between coping appraisal and intention and Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer at 0.01 level. Coping and threat appraisal both predicted %23/2 of variance in Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer in which the coping appraisal (ß=0 . 28) exceeded the threat appraisal (ß=0.24). The prediction of variances in Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer intention through coping Appraisal and Threat Appraisal came to 28/4%. Only coping appraisal was statistically significant.   Conclusion: Cognitive mediating process of coping appraisal was a more powerful predictor of intention than Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer . Therefore decreasing perceived cost, and increasing self efficacy and response efficacy aimed at facilitating the acceptance of safe behavior could be note-worthy as a principle in education.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-709-en.pdf Coping appraisal Threat appraisal Nutritional behavior Prevention of Cancer intention . per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 140 148 article Z Ahadi 1 L Nabizadeh-Asl l.nabizade@ssu.ac.ir 2 M Akbari 3 H Mozaffari-Khosravi 4 A Nadjarzadeh 5 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran   Background: Consumption of dairy products in teenagers is very important for achieving optimum growth. Accordingly, the related government offices have distributed free-milk in schools in recent years. This study was designed to determine the acceptance of this intervention among the girl high schools in Yazd.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 703 students were selected randomly from the two educational regions of Yazd city. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and questionnaires about the number of weekly consumed milks, knowledge and attitude. Data were then analyzed by SPSS version 16.   Results: The results showed that 37% of the students did not consume milk at all. There was no correlation between the knowledge and acceptance of milk although there was a correlation between the attitude and acceptance of milk among the students. Among those who had consumed milk, 63 % noted benefits of milk for their health as the reason for its consumption. Of the students who had not consumed milk, 64% did not drink it for its bad taste.   Conclusion: Considering the results, acceptance of distributed milk was not good and according to this study, the major reason of not using distributed milk was its undesirable flavor. Therefore enhancement of quality and taste of milk distributed by the government can help boosting the student's interest to consume it and to obtain most advantage of the program. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-710-en.pdf Milk program Acceptance Knowledge Attitude per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 149 160 article GR Azari 1 AH DavudianTalab amirhosaindavudian@yahoo.com 2 E Mazlomi Mahmudabad 3 AA Mofidi 4 A DavudianTalab 5 University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation sciences Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, behbahan, Tehran. Allameh Tabatabaie University Tarbiat Modarres Yasuj University of Medical Sciences   Background: Undoubtedly, Job stress and musculoskeletal disorders are directly related to the staff health . According to the Department of Social Therapy, Musculoskeletal diseases contribute to 4.14 % of overall disability in Iran. Also the maximum number of referrals to primitive medical commission of Social Security Organization has been due to musculoskeletal disorders . The aim of this study was to determine complains of pain in upper extremity and to investigate its relationship with job stress in office workers.   Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The sample in this study was 320 with 37% male and 62 . 6% female from administrative staff of medical sciences of Shahid Beheshti and Social Welfare and Rehabilitation University of Tehran, Iran. The tools used in the study were Body Discomfort Chart, HSE job stress and open-ended response questionnaire. Stratified random sampling method was used according to population in each university. SPSS 16 was used for the statistical analysis.   Result: The results showed that the greatest musculoskeletal disorders are related to back (about 28/2%) , and the lowest related to arm and forearm (about 4 . 7%). There was a significant difference between male and female samples in terms of complaints of back, arm, neck and shoulder . For subscales related to psychosocial factors , t he highest rate of stress was related to Relationship (73.1%) and the lowest was related to Control (2.5%). No significant different was found between psychometric characteristics and complaints of pain in the upper extremities.   Conclusion: The results of this study showed that stress and pain in the upper extremity was high in the sample. However, no significant relationship was found between stress and pain in the upper extremity. According to high levels of stress and musculoskeletal disorders in this sample and regarding that the previous studies have proved the role of stress and musculoskeletal disorders in productivity, absence from work, and job satisfaction, prevention of these factors seems to be highly essential .       http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.pdf Musculoskeletal Disorders Job stress Office Workers ergonomics. per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 161 167 article AR Vahidi arvahidi@ssu.ac.ir 1 M Afkhami 2 MY Vahidi 3 ME Rezvani 4 , Research and Clinical Center For Infertility and Herbal Research Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences   Background: Diabetes has been shown to be a metabolic disease and the fourth most common cause of death in the world. Defects in the nutrient metabolism, insulin insufficiency or resistance are some causes of diabetes mellitus. Prevalence of diabetes in Yazd province (4.7%) is‪ far more than that of the people of other areas (2.3%) in Iran. High intake of sweets containing blankyt ( Na2So2O4 ) as a bleacher can be a risk factor of diabetes incidences. This study conducted to determine the possible role of blankyt in the diabetes development.   Methods: In the experimental model, 30 male albino rats weighing 200-250 g were assigned to 5 groups of 6. Control and treatment groups were received blankyt at doses of 0, 4, 20,100 or 200 ppm respectively. After 15, 30 and 90 days, using capillary tubes, blood was collected from the inner canthus of the eye under light ether anesthesia. Glucose concentration was measured. Data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA followed by post hoc unpaired t-test.   Results: Our results indicated that administration of blankyt at different doses leads to a significant increase in fasting blood sugar in dose dependent manner (P=0.001).   Conclusion :Chronic intake of blankyt dose dependently can produce hyperglycemia in normal rats. Therefore, chronic intake of blankyt may be an accelerating factor in diabetes incidences.    http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-712-en.pdf Blankyt FBS Rat per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 168 183 article M Malakootian m.malakootian@yahoo.com 1 B Hatami 2 SH Dolatshahi 3 A Rajabizadeh 4 Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences   Background: Concerns about energy crisis coupled with climate change and increased global warming is drawing more attention to producing biodiesel from microalgae. Cell growth, biomass production and lipid accumulation in microalgae determine economic performance of biodiesel . The aim of this study was to investigate the role of medium to enhance the efficiency factors.   Methods: Microalgae were cultured in four culture media of Walne, F/2, Sato and TMRL. Cell growth was determined by spectrophotometry on a daily basis by measuring the cell density. Biomass production and lipid accumulation of microalgae in the logarithmic growth phase and stationary growth measurements and constituents were identified by gas chromatography. Quality of oil extracted from each culture for biodiesel production was determined by iodine values through standards.   Results: The results showed the highest rate of cell growth and biomass production in walne culture media to be 0.2616 day-1 and 2.652gl-1 respectively. Most amount of converting biomass into lipids in TMRL culture media equal to 37.22% of the cell dry weight was obtained. Walne culture media is also the most efficient lipid the productivity of which equaled 0.1057 gl-1day-1 and the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was obtained in Walne culture media in the logarithmic growth phase and equal to 42.99% of the fatty acids. The highest amount of triacylglyceride was obtained in Sato medium in the stationary growth phase and equal to 75.25% of the fatty acids.   Conclusion: Nannochloropsis Oculata show maximum efficiency for aquaculture purposes and human consumption and biodiesel production, respectively, in the logarithmic growth phase and stationary growth in Walne medium. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-714-en.pdf Microalgae Nannochloropsis Oculata Biodiesel Medium Lipid productivity per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 184 193 article A Haerian- Ardakani 1 M Mohmedi 2 SS Mazloomi Mahmodabad 3 S Akbari 4 D Zare d_za80@yahoo.com 5 , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.   Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a dental student’s education and health volunteers' education on the knowledge, attitude, performance of housewives.   Methods: In this study first a questionnaire and a booklet containing oral health instructions were prepared. Then 80 women attending two health centers were chosen for the study.   Health volunteers received oral health instructions. Women were allocated into 2 groups group A received oral health education from a dental student, while group B was trained by health volunteers.   Both groups completed the questionnaire and the plaque index scores were recorded. After this step all participant were supplied by the oral health instruction booklet. The filling of the questionnaires and recording the plaque index scores were repeated after 3 months.   Using Wilcoxon ranks test and Mann-Whitney test the data were then analyzed.   Results: The results of this study showed a significant increase in knowledge, attitude and performance while the plaque index decreased after 3 month. Comparing the effect of oral health education there was no significant difference between a dental student and health volunteers.   Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated that health volunteers could serve as oral health trainers in the community.       http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-715-en.pdf Health volunteer Oral health education Dental student per Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Tolooebehdasht 1728-5127 2538-1598 2013-12 12 3 194 204 article AA Nasiripour 1 P Raeissi 2 R Nagaf Bagy 3 A Adabi adabi.alimohammad@yahoo.com 4 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Tehran University , Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. , Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.  Background: The first important issue underlying any organization is its structure. Among structural factors, complexity, formalization and centralization are more important than others and are considered as main factors. The main purpose of this research is determining structural factors(compelexity, formalization and centralization ) and the preferred structure with a mechanic and organic approach in General hospitals of Yazd. Methods: In this research, 263 personnel at 8 General hospitals were selected by stratified Random sampling.The Standard questionnaire of preferred structure design by Veiga and Yanouzas and a questionnaire by Stephen Rabinz for determining complexity, formalization and centralization were used for data collection . Collected data were then analyzed both descriptively and inferentially l(Binomial Test and ANOVA) by SPSS software version 19th. Results: The result of the research showed the personnel's complexity and formalization average scores in hospitals as above and centralization score as moderate . Also the staff preferred mechanic structure in desired status.(p=0/001) Conclusion:All in all we can achieve a preferred structure with changing in elements of structural factors. However, presenting a fixed and specific structure for hospitals is impossible. Therefore we must create contingency structure for hospitals to be suitable for future changes.     http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-716-en.pdf Organization structure Mechanic structure Organic structure Contingency structure