Volume 20, Issue 6 (1-2022)
TB 2022, 20(6): 85-99 |
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Ethics code: R.IAU.K.REC.1400.01
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Hamedani Z, Ahmadi G. Investigating Knowledge and Attitude of Karaj Students in the Field of Reproductive Health and Its Related Factors in 2021. TB 2022; 20 (6) :85-99
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3291-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3291-en.html
Islamic Azad University , golnooshahmadip@gmail.com
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Investigating Knowledge and Attitude of Karaj Students in the Field of Reproductive Health and Its Related Factors in 2021
Zeinab Hamedani(B.S)1, Golnoosh Ahmadi(Ph.D) 2
1.B.S. Student, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
2.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Clinical cares and health promotion research center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. Email:golnoosh.ahmadi@kiau.ac.ir Tel:09121614127
Abstract
Introduction: Reproductive health is the complete physical, mental, emotional, and social health associated with the reproductive system. According to the statement of the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, young people have the right to know and have access to reproductive health services, so that they can make informed decisions about their fertility issues, and governments are required to provide these services. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of Karaj students in the field of reproductive health in 2021.
Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted by a researcher-made questionnaire on 401 students of different fields and levels of study in Karaj.
Results: Knowledge in 36.8% of the participants was at a good level (score more than 75%), in 60.9% of them was moderate (score 25-75%) and in 2% was poor (score less than 25%). In terms of attitudes toward premarital sex, 23.2% agreed with boys having sex before marriage, 26.4% had no opinion, and 54.1% disagreed. Moreover, 19.5% agreed with girls having sex before marriage, 21.9% had no opinion, and 54.1% disagreed.
Conclusion: According to the findings, policy-making is a necessity in order to develop formal reproductive and sexual health education programs for young people.
Keywords: Student, Reproductive Health, Knowledge, Attitude, Performance
Conflict of Interests: The authors declared that there is no confflict of interest.
References
1-WHO. Reproductive Health. Available from: www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/reproductive-health. Accessed February 4.2020.
2-UNFPA O. Reproductive Rights are Human Rights; A Handbook for National Human Rights Institutions. United Nations: The Danish Institute for Human Rights Copenhagen; 2014. Accessed February 29.2020.
3-Organization WHO. High rates of unintended pregnancies linked to gaps in family planning services: New WHO study. October. 2019;25:2019.
4-UNFPA. Sexual & reproductive health. Available from: www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health#readmore-expand. accessed February 2.2020.
5-International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach: Unesco Publishing.2018; 2.
6-Yarmohammadian M, Bahrami S, Foroughi AA. Health Directors and Experts, and proper need assessment models. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2003;3(1):71-78. [Persian]
7-UNFPA. Comprehensive Sexuality Education: Advancing Human Rights, Gender Equality and Improved Sexual and Reproductive Health. UNFPA New York; 2010. Accessed February 15.2020.
8-Abareshi S, Sheikhzadeh A, Masoodi G. A study of the degree of awareness of and attitude towards sexual maturity hygiene among students at Zahedan Medical University in 1386. Beyhagh. 2015;12(2):22-6.[Persian]
9-Aghdak P, Majlesi F, Zeraati H, Eftekhar Ardebili H. Reproductive Health And Educational Needs Among Pre-Marriage Couples. Payesh.2009;8(4):379-85. [Persian]
10-Moodi M, Zamanipour N, Sharifirad GR, Shahnazi H. Evaluating puberty health program effect on knowledge increase among female intermediate and high school students in Birjand, Iran. Journal of education and health promotion.2013;13(4):9-15.[Persian]
11-Dolatian M, Hajian S, Simbar M, Alavi-Majd H. Knowledge and attitude of nonmedical students regarding reproductive health. Advances in Nursing and Midwifery. 2008;16(56):3-16. [Persian]
12- Ansari-Lari M, Hadi N. Knowledge of high school girls regarding reproductive health in Shiraz, Iran. Armaghane danesh.2003;8(2):55-63. [Persian]
13-Simbar M, Tehrani F, Hashemi Z. Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of Iranian college students. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.2005; 11 (5-6):888-97.
14- Mazloumi Mahmoudabad S, Rahaei Z, Mirzaei Alavijeh M, et al. The Survey of Knowledge and Attitude of University Students on Reproductive Health in the City of Yazd in 2010. Toloue behdasht. 2012;10(3):139-49. [Persian]
15-Abdolahi F, Shaaban Khani B, Khani S. Study Of Puberty Health Educational Needs Of Adolesecents In Mazandaran Province In 2003. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.2004;14(43):56-63. [Persian]
16-Boromand Far K, Abedi M, Hasanzadeh A. Investigation of High School Boys' Educational Needs Concerning Adolescence Period, in Isfahan City, 2002. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2002;2(2):15-20. [Persian]
17-Mohammadi MR, Mohammad K, Farahani FK, Alikhani S, Zare M, Tehrani FR, et al. Reproductive knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran. International family planning perspectives. 2006:35-44.
18- Damari B, Akrami F. Sexual Health Challenges in Iran and the Strategies for its Improvement. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.2021;27(2):216-33. [Persian]
19- Mirzaii Najmabadi K, Babazadeh R, Mousavi S, Shariati M. Iranian adolescent girls’ challenges in accessing sexual and reproductive health information and services. Journal of Health. 2018;8(5):561-74. [Persian]
20-Kohan S, Mohammadi F, Mostafavi F, Gholami A. Exploring the characteristics of public reproductive health services in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspectives of unmarried women: what needs to be changed? EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016;22(2):116-23.
21-Roudsari RL, Javadnoori M, Hasanpour M, Hazavehei SMM, Taghipour A. Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran. Iranian journal of reproductive medicine. 2013;11(2):101.
22-Fathi E. A look at the past, present and future of the Iranian population. Available from: srtc.ac.ir/analytical-reports/ID/5112/. Accessed December 8.2021.
23-General population policies: Information base of the Office of the Supreme Leader. Available from: www.leader.ir/fa/content/11847. Accessed .2021;16.
24-Farih M, Khan K, Freeth D, Meads C. Protocol study: sexual and reproductive health knowledge, information-seeking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi women: a questionnaire survey of university students. Reproductive health. 2014;11(1):1-5.
25-WHO. Asking young people about sexual and reproductive behaviours. Available from: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/adolescence/sample_core_instruments.pdf?ua=1
26-Speziale HS, Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2011:96.
27-Institute HERaP. Higher education statistics in Iran [Available from: irphe.ac.ir/files/Statistic/files/Amar1Negah/1399-1400.pdf.
28- Khaleghinejad K, Abbaspour Z, Afshari P, Attari Y, Rasekh A. Educational needs in premarital counseling: viewpoints of couples referring to health care centers in mashhad. Iranian Journal of Medical Education.2009;8(2):247-53.
29-Moodi M, Zamanipour N, SharifZadeh G, Akbari-Bourang M, Salehi S. Evaluating Puberty health program effect on knowledge increase among female intermediate and high school students in Birjand. Journal of Birjand university of medical sciences. 2006;13(4):9-15.[Persian]
30- Pourmarzi D, Merghati Khoii E, Solaymani-Dodaran S, Mosavi mehraban A, Safari S. Pre-marrital reproductive health educational needs of the youth. Scientific Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2012;10(1):11-23.[Persian]
31- Shakour M, Yamani N, Ehsanpou S, Alizadeh S. Reproductive health needs assessment of girl and boy teenagers. Armaghane danesh. 2016;21(8):816- 29.[Persian]
32- Kaptanoglu AF, Suer K, Diktaş H, Hıncal E. Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour towards sexually transmitted diseases in Turkish Cypriot adolescents. Central European journal of public health.2013;21(1):54-8.
33-Kamarulzaman A. Fighting the HIV epidemic in the Islamic world. The Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2058-60.
34-Zakaria M, Karim F, Mazumder S, Cheng F, Xu J. Knowledge on, Attitude towards, and Practice of Sexual and Reproductive Health among Older Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(21):7720.
35-Nikkelen SW, van Oosten JM, van den Borne MM. Sexuality education in the digital era: Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of online sexual information seeking among youth. The Journal of Sex Research.2020;157(2):189-99.
36-Mc Leod S. Attitudes and Behavior. updated 2018. Available from:
www.simplypsychology.org/attitudes.html. accessed December8. 2021.
37-Motamedi M, Merghati-Khoei E, Shahbazi M, Rahimi-Naghani S, Salehi M, Karimi M, et al. Paradoxical attitudes toward premarital dating and sexual encounters in Tehran, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health. 2016;13(1):1-10.
38-Ghaffari M, Gharghani ZG, Mehrabi Y, Ramezankhani A, Movahed M. Premarital sexual intercourse-related individual factors among Iranian adolescents: A Qualitative study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2016;18(2).
39- Mehrolhassani MH, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Mirzaei S, Zolala F, Haghdoost AA, Oroomiei N. The concept of virginity from the perspective of Iranian adolescents: a qualitative study. BMC public health. 2020;20:1-8.
40-Mokhtari S, Shariat SV, Ardebili ME, Shalbafan M. Iranian students’ attitudes toward premarital sex, marriage, and family in different college majors. Journal of American College Health.2020:1-9.
41- Khalesi ZB, Simbar M, Azin SA. A qualitative study of sexual health education among Iranian engaged couples. African health sciences.2017;17(2):382-90.
42-Course Description Of Family Knowledge and Population, 500/3357 (2020).
43-Van Enk A. International conference on population and development in Cairo. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.1994;138(45):2259-61.
44-WHO. From Evidence to Policy: Expanding Access to Family Planning Optimizing the health workforce for effective family planning services. Available from:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75164/WHO_RHR_HRP_12.19_eng.pdf;jsessionid=AE73CFBD5CB7A044DDBB82931448D0E4?sequence=1. Accessed April 15.2020.
Zeinab Hamedani(B.S)1, Golnoosh Ahmadi(Ph.D) 2
1.B.S. Student, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
2.Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Clinical cares and health promotion research center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. Email:golnoosh.ahmadi@kiau.ac.ir Tel:09121614127
Abstract
Introduction: Reproductive health is the complete physical, mental, emotional, and social health associated with the reproductive system. According to the statement of the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, young people have the right to know and have access to reproductive health services, so that they can make informed decisions about their fertility issues, and governments are required to provide these services. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of Karaj students in the field of reproductive health in 2021.
Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted by a researcher-made questionnaire on 401 students of different fields and levels of study in Karaj.
Results: Knowledge in 36.8% of the participants was at a good level (score more than 75%), in 60.9% of them was moderate (score 25-75%) and in 2% was poor (score less than 25%). In terms of attitudes toward premarital sex, 23.2% agreed with boys having sex before marriage, 26.4% had no opinion, and 54.1% disagreed. Moreover, 19.5% agreed with girls having sex before marriage, 21.9% had no opinion, and 54.1% disagreed.
Conclusion: According to the findings, policy-making is a necessity in order to develop formal reproductive and sexual health education programs for young people.
Keywords: Student, Reproductive Health, Knowledge, Attitude, Performance
Conflict of Interests: The authors declared that there is no confflict of interest.
References
1-WHO. Reproductive Health. Available from: www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/reproductive-health. Accessed February 4.2020.
2-UNFPA O. Reproductive Rights are Human Rights; A Handbook for National Human Rights Institutions. United Nations: The Danish Institute for Human Rights Copenhagen; 2014. Accessed February 29.2020.
3-Organization WHO. High rates of unintended pregnancies linked to gaps in family planning services: New WHO study. October. 2019;25:2019.
4-UNFPA. Sexual & reproductive health. Available from: www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health#readmore-expand. accessed February 2.2020.
5-International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach: Unesco Publishing.2018; 2.
6-Yarmohammadian M, Bahrami S, Foroughi AA. Health Directors and Experts, and proper need assessment models. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2003;3(1):71-78. [Persian]
7-UNFPA. Comprehensive Sexuality Education: Advancing Human Rights, Gender Equality and Improved Sexual and Reproductive Health. UNFPA New York; 2010. Accessed February 15.2020.
8-Abareshi S, Sheikhzadeh A, Masoodi G. A study of the degree of awareness of and attitude towards sexual maturity hygiene among students at Zahedan Medical University in 1386. Beyhagh. 2015;12(2):22-6.[Persian]
9-Aghdak P, Majlesi F, Zeraati H, Eftekhar Ardebili H. Reproductive Health And Educational Needs Among Pre-Marriage Couples. Payesh.2009;8(4):379-85. [Persian]
10-Moodi M, Zamanipour N, Sharifirad GR, Shahnazi H. Evaluating puberty health program effect on knowledge increase among female intermediate and high school students in Birjand, Iran. Journal of education and health promotion.2013;13(4):9-15.[Persian]
11-Dolatian M, Hajian S, Simbar M, Alavi-Majd H. Knowledge and attitude of nonmedical students regarding reproductive health. Advances in Nursing and Midwifery. 2008;16(56):3-16. [Persian]
12- Ansari-Lari M, Hadi N. Knowledge of high school girls regarding reproductive health in Shiraz, Iran. Armaghane danesh.2003;8(2):55-63. [Persian]
13-Simbar M, Tehrani F, Hashemi Z. Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of Iranian college students. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.2005; 11 (5-6):888-97.
14- Mazloumi Mahmoudabad S, Rahaei Z, Mirzaei Alavijeh M, et al. The Survey of Knowledge and Attitude of University Students on Reproductive Health in the City of Yazd in 2010. Toloue behdasht. 2012;10(3):139-49. [Persian]
15-Abdolahi F, Shaaban Khani B, Khani S. Study Of Puberty Health Educational Needs Of Adolesecents In Mazandaran Province In 2003. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.2004;14(43):56-63. [Persian]
16-Boromand Far K, Abedi M, Hasanzadeh A. Investigation of High School Boys' Educational Needs Concerning Adolescence Period, in Isfahan City, 2002. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2002;2(2):15-20. [Persian]
17-Mohammadi MR, Mohammad K, Farahani FK, Alikhani S, Zare M, Tehrani FR, et al. Reproductive knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran. International family planning perspectives. 2006:35-44.
18- Damari B, Akrami F. Sexual Health Challenges in Iran and the Strategies for its Improvement. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.2021;27(2):216-33. [Persian]
19- Mirzaii Najmabadi K, Babazadeh R, Mousavi S, Shariati M. Iranian adolescent girls’ challenges in accessing sexual and reproductive health information and services. Journal of Health. 2018;8(5):561-74. [Persian]
20-Kohan S, Mohammadi F, Mostafavi F, Gholami A. Exploring the characteristics of public reproductive health services in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspectives of unmarried women: what needs to be changed? EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016;22(2):116-23.
21-Roudsari RL, Javadnoori M, Hasanpour M, Hazavehei SMM, Taghipour A. Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran. Iranian journal of reproductive medicine. 2013;11(2):101.
22-Fathi E. A look at the past, present and future of the Iranian population. Available from: srtc.ac.ir/analytical-reports/ID/5112/. Accessed December 8.2021.
23-General population policies: Information base of the Office of the Supreme Leader. Available from: www.leader.ir/fa/content/11847. Accessed .2021;16.
24-Farih M, Khan K, Freeth D, Meads C. Protocol study: sexual and reproductive health knowledge, information-seeking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi women: a questionnaire survey of university students. Reproductive health. 2014;11(1):1-5.
25-WHO. Asking young people about sexual and reproductive behaviours. Available from: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/adolescence/sample_core_instruments.pdf?ua=1
26-Speziale HS, Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2011:96.
27-Institute HERaP. Higher education statistics in Iran [Available from: irphe.ac.ir/files/Statistic/files/Amar1Negah/1399-1400.pdf.
28- Khaleghinejad K, Abbaspour Z, Afshari P, Attari Y, Rasekh A. Educational needs in premarital counseling: viewpoints of couples referring to health care centers in mashhad. Iranian Journal of Medical Education.2009;8(2):247-53.
29-Moodi M, Zamanipour N, SharifZadeh G, Akbari-Bourang M, Salehi S. Evaluating Puberty health program effect on knowledge increase among female intermediate and high school students in Birjand. Journal of Birjand university of medical sciences. 2006;13(4):9-15.[Persian]
30- Pourmarzi D, Merghati Khoii E, Solaymani-Dodaran S, Mosavi mehraban A, Safari S. Pre-marrital reproductive health educational needs of the youth. Scientific Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2012;10(1):11-23.[Persian]
31- Shakour M, Yamani N, Ehsanpou S, Alizadeh S. Reproductive health needs assessment of girl and boy teenagers. Armaghane danesh. 2016;21(8):816- 29.[Persian]
32- Kaptanoglu AF, Suer K, Diktaş H, Hıncal E. Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour towards sexually transmitted diseases in Turkish Cypriot adolescents. Central European journal of public health.2013;21(1):54-8.
33-Kamarulzaman A. Fighting the HIV epidemic in the Islamic world. The Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2058-60.
34-Zakaria M, Karim F, Mazumder S, Cheng F, Xu J. Knowledge on, Attitude towards, and Practice of Sexual and Reproductive Health among Older Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(21):7720.
35-Nikkelen SW, van Oosten JM, van den Borne MM. Sexuality education in the digital era: Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of online sexual information seeking among youth. The Journal of Sex Research.2020;157(2):189-99.
36-Mc Leod S. Attitudes and Behavior. updated 2018. Available from:
www.simplypsychology.org/attitudes.html. accessed December8. 2021.
37-Motamedi M, Merghati-Khoei E, Shahbazi M, Rahimi-Naghani S, Salehi M, Karimi M, et al. Paradoxical attitudes toward premarital dating and sexual encounters in Tehran, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health. 2016;13(1):1-10.
38-Ghaffari M, Gharghani ZG, Mehrabi Y, Ramezankhani A, Movahed M. Premarital sexual intercourse-related individual factors among Iranian adolescents: A Qualitative study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2016;18(2).
39- Mehrolhassani MH, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Mirzaei S, Zolala F, Haghdoost AA, Oroomiei N. The concept of virginity from the perspective of Iranian adolescents: a qualitative study. BMC public health. 2020;20:1-8.
40-Mokhtari S, Shariat SV, Ardebili ME, Shalbafan M. Iranian students’ attitudes toward premarital sex, marriage, and family in different college majors. Journal of American College Health.2020:1-9.
41- Khalesi ZB, Simbar M, Azin SA. A qualitative study of sexual health education among Iranian engaged couples. African health sciences.2017;17(2):382-90.
42-Course Description Of Family Knowledge and Population, 500/3357 (2020).
43-Van Enk A. International conference on population and development in Cairo. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.1994;138(45):2259-61.
44-WHO. From Evidence to Policy: Expanding Access to Family Planning Optimizing the health workforce for effective family planning services. Available from:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75164/WHO_RHR_HRP_12.19_eng.pdf;jsessionid=AE73CFBD5CB7A044DDBB82931448D0E4?sequence=1. Accessed April 15.2020.
Type of Study: Applicable |
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Received: 2022/01/3 | Accepted: 2022/02/12 | Published: 2022/01/30
Received: 2022/01/3 | Accepted: 2022/02/12 | Published: 2022/01/30
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