Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2021)
TB 2021, 20(3): 12-27 |
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Zareei H, Zarei F. Causes and Consequences of Early marriage and the Occurrence of Child Marriage in Female Students in Yazd Province: Grounded Theory Study. TB 2021; 20 (3) :12-27
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3180-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3180-en.html
, h.zareei@yazd.ac.ir
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Causes and Consequences of Early marriage and the Occurrence of Child Marriage in Female Students in Yazd Province: Grounded Theory Study
Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi (Ph.D.)1, Fateme Zarei(M.A)2
1.Corresponding Author: Associate professor, department of Psychology, Yazd university. Yazd. Iran.
Email :zareei_h@yahoo.com Tel:3531233570
2.M.A in Social worker, Educational System, Yazd , Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Among the threats that change the family structure are early marriage and the phenomenon of child marriage.
The World Health Organization considers early marriage as the marriage under the age of eighteen.
Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to examine the causes and consequences of early marriage and the occurrence of child marriage in female students of Yazd province.
Method: This qualitative study was conducted based on the grounded theory. The research environment included all divorced female high school students in the academic year of 209-2010 in Yazd province. Of the participants and based on theoretical, targeted, and snowball sampling, in-depth semi-structural interviews were conducted on them and until the theoretical saturation was reached, 11 people were finally selected.
Result: The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin method with three steps of open, axial, and selective coding. Finally, from open coding 550 initial concepts, from axial coding 27 categories, and finally 8 main categories were extracted. The main categories included lack of communication, irresponsibility, lack of marital intimacy, lack of socio-moral maturity, psychological turmoil, risks and consequences of divorce, academic challenges and interpersonal problems.
Conclusion: The results showed that early marriage has many disadvantages, including divorce. Communication problems were at the top of students' problems at the time of marriage. This lack of communication leads to problems, such as marital intimacy, interference of others, educational problems, and sometimes infidelity.
Keywords: Early Marriage, Child Marriage, Students, Grounded Theory
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest.
References
1-Asghari Sh. Early Marriage in Iran: A Pragmatic Approach, Journal of Human Rights Practice.2019; 11(3) :569–88.
2- Montazeri S, Gharache M, Mohammadi N, Alagheband J, Eftekhar H. Determinants of Early Marriage from Married Girls’ Perspectives in Iranian Setting: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health . 2016;8: 8615929.
3-Valadkhani M, Mahmoudpour A, Farahbakhsh K, Salimi H. The Effects of Partner-Selection Patterns, Marriage Age, and Age Differences between Spouses on Marital Quality of Married Women in Tehran.2016;7(25):173-90.[Persian]
4-Yuksel K,Ilknur. Early Marriage. Journal of Family Issues.2014;35. 1707-24.
5-Faryabi Z, Zareei MahmoodAbadi H. Comparative study of marital adaptation, happiness and divorce inclination in traditional and non-traditional marriages.2015;14(3):83-94.[Persian]
6-Otoo-Oyortey N, Pobi S. Early Marriage and poverty:Exploring links and key policy issues, Gender and development.2003;11(2):42-51.
7- Zareei Mahmoodabadi H. the effectiveness of retraining attribution styles on dimensions of family functioning in divorce applicant couples. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2014;4(3):367-87.[Persian]
8-Kalamar A, Lee-Rife S, Hindin, M. Interventions to Prevent Child Marriage Amongst Young People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Published and Gray Literature. Journal of Adolescent Health.2016;59: 16-21
9- Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Zarei F. The Effect of Divorce Counseling based on Gottman's Approach on the Self-Efficacy in Divorce Management of Couples Applying for Divorce. SBRH. 2018;2 (2):219-27
10-UNICEF. “Child marriage fact sheet; Child and forced marriage”, early marriage: A harmful traditional practice, New York: United Nations.2005:477-89.
11-Sabbe A. Determinants of child and forced marriage in Morocco: stakeholder perspectives on health policies and human rights. BMC International Health and Human Rights.2013;13(43):1-12.
12-Avani M, Zareei mahmoodabadi H. Investigation on the Reasons and Backgrounds of Women's Extramarital Relations from Men's Perspective: A Grounded Theory. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2020,10(1):125-50.[Persian]
13-Ministry of Interior National Organization for Civil Registration of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2020,Available from: https://www.isna.ir/news/1400043122265/
14-Cherri Z, Gil Cuesta J, Rodriguez-Llanes JM, Guha-Sapir D.” Early marriage and barriers to contraception among Syrian refugee women in Lebanon: a qualitative study International journal of environmental research and public health”.2017; 14(8):836-42.
15-Heidari H, Kimiaei SA, Khoyinejad Gh, Mashhadi A. Discovering the Factors Affecting Divorce in Early Marriages: A Systematic Qualitative Study. J Res Behav Sci. 2019; 17(2): 314-23. [Persian]
16-Meghdadi MM, Javadpour M. Impact of Early Marriage on Children's Sexual Health and Mechanisms of Deal with It. Iran J Med Law. 2017; 11(40): 31-60. [Persian]
17-Javadian S, Shomali Ahmadabadi E, Torkashvand moradabadi M., Abedi, M. The Context and Consequences of Early Marriage of 13-16 Years Old Girls in Ardakan. Journal of Iranian Social Studies.2019; 13(4): 31-54.
18-Eftekharzadeh Z. Lived Experiences of Female Victims of Child Marriage.social worke research.2015;2(3):108-56.[Persian]
19-Biaggi C, Mbaleka S. Grounded Theory: A Practical Overview of the Glaserian SchoolJPAIR Multidisciplinary Research.2018; 32(1):1.
20-Zareei Mahmoodabadi H. Examination of attachment styles and personality factors as predictors of divorce in normal and divorce applicant couples in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2013;2(4):554-72
21-Zareei Mahmoodabadi, H. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychology’s Training on Marital Intimacy and Life Expectancy in Women. J Tolooebehdasht Sci.2017; 16(2):98-109.[Persian]
22-Seyfizadeh Arany H, Zareei mahmoodabadi H, Bakhshayesh A. The Reletionship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Marital Adjustment with Mediation Fear of Intimacy in Married People. Journal of Family Research.2020;5(4):467-86.[Persian]
23-Pourmovahed Z, Ardekani SMY, Mahmoodabad, SSM, Mahmoodabadi HZ. Implementation of the McMaster Model in Family Therapy: Effects on Family Function in Married Couples. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry.2021;16(1):60-7.
24-Mahmoodabadi HZ, Bahrami F, Ahmadi A, Etemadi O, Zadeh MSF. The effectiveness of retraining attribution styles (cognitive therapy) on dimensions of family functioning in divorce applicant couples. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2012;4(2):257-63.
25-Abebe YM. Lived Experiences of Divorced Women in Rural Ethiopia. A Special Focus in Hulet Ejju Enessie Woreda: Addis Zemen Kebele. International Journal of PoliticalScience and Development.2015;3(6): 268-81.
26-Pourmovahed Z, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Tavangar H, Yassini Ardekani SM, Vaezi AA. Deficiency of Self-Efficacy in Problem-Solving as a Contributory Factor in Family Instability: A Qualitative Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):32-9.
27-Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Nasirian M, Sardadvar N. Effectiveness of Psycho Educational Intervention on Improving Symptoms of Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and General Family Functioning of Companions. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal.2018; 20(2).
28-Bernardi F ,Martinez-Pastor JI.(2011).Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain. Demographic Research.2011;24:771-800.
Full-Text: (3420 Views)
Causes and Consequences of Early marriage and the Occurrence of Child Marriage in Female Students in Yazd Province: Grounded Theory Study
Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi (Ph.D.)1, Fateme Zarei(M.A)2
1.Corresponding Author: Associate professor, department of Psychology, Yazd university. Yazd. Iran.
Email :zareei_h@yahoo.com Tel:3531233570
2.M.A in Social worker, Educational System, Yazd , Iran.
Abstract
Introduction: Among the threats that change the family structure are early marriage and the phenomenon of child marriage.
The World Health Organization considers early marriage as the marriage under the age of eighteen.
Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to examine the causes and consequences of early marriage and the occurrence of child marriage in female students of Yazd province.
Method: This qualitative study was conducted based on the grounded theory. The research environment included all divorced female high school students in the academic year of 209-2010 in Yazd province. Of the participants and based on theoretical, targeted, and snowball sampling, in-depth semi-structural interviews were conducted on them and until the theoretical saturation was reached, 11 people were finally selected.
Result: The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin method with three steps of open, axial, and selective coding. Finally, from open coding 550 initial concepts, from axial coding 27 categories, and finally 8 main categories were extracted. The main categories included lack of communication, irresponsibility, lack of marital intimacy, lack of socio-moral maturity, psychological turmoil, risks and consequences of divorce, academic challenges and interpersonal problems.
Conclusion: The results showed that early marriage has many disadvantages, including divorce. Communication problems were at the top of students' problems at the time of marriage. This lack of communication leads to problems, such as marital intimacy, interference of others, educational problems, and sometimes infidelity.
Keywords: Early Marriage, Child Marriage, Students, Grounded Theory
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there is no Conflict interest.
References
1-Asghari Sh. Early Marriage in Iran: A Pragmatic Approach, Journal of Human Rights Practice.2019; 11(3) :569–88.
2- Montazeri S, Gharache M, Mohammadi N, Alagheband J, Eftekhar H. Determinants of Early Marriage from Married Girls’ Perspectives in Iranian Setting: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health . 2016;8: 8615929.
3-Valadkhani M, Mahmoudpour A, Farahbakhsh K, Salimi H. The Effects of Partner-Selection Patterns, Marriage Age, and Age Differences between Spouses on Marital Quality of Married Women in Tehran.2016;7(25):173-90.[Persian]
4-Yuksel K,Ilknur. Early Marriage. Journal of Family Issues.2014;35. 1707-24.
5-Faryabi Z, Zareei MahmoodAbadi H. Comparative study of marital adaptation, happiness and divorce inclination in traditional and non-traditional marriages.2015;14(3):83-94.[Persian]
6-Otoo-Oyortey N, Pobi S. Early Marriage and poverty:Exploring links and key policy issues, Gender and development.2003;11(2):42-51.
7- Zareei Mahmoodabadi H. the effectiveness of retraining attribution styles on dimensions of family functioning in divorce applicant couples. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2014;4(3):367-87.[Persian]
8-Kalamar A, Lee-Rife S, Hindin, M. Interventions to Prevent Child Marriage Amongst Young People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Published and Gray Literature. Journal of Adolescent Health.2016;59: 16-21
9- Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Zarei F. The Effect of Divorce Counseling based on Gottman's Approach on the Self-Efficacy in Divorce Management of Couples Applying for Divorce. SBRH. 2018;2 (2):219-27
10-UNICEF. “Child marriage fact sheet; Child and forced marriage”, early marriage: A harmful traditional practice, New York: United Nations.2005:477-89.
11-Sabbe A. Determinants of child and forced marriage in Morocco: stakeholder perspectives on health policies and human rights. BMC International Health and Human Rights.2013;13(43):1-12.
12-Avani M, Zareei mahmoodabadi H. Investigation on the Reasons and Backgrounds of Women's Extramarital Relations from Men's Perspective: A Grounded Theory. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2020,10(1):125-50.[Persian]
13-Ministry of Interior National Organization for Civil Registration of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2020,Available from: https://www.isna.ir/news/1400043122265/
14-Cherri Z, Gil Cuesta J, Rodriguez-Llanes JM, Guha-Sapir D.” Early marriage and barriers to contraception among Syrian refugee women in Lebanon: a qualitative study International journal of environmental research and public health”.2017; 14(8):836-42.
15-Heidari H, Kimiaei SA, Khoyinejad Gh, Mashhadi A. Discovering the Factors Affecting Divorce in Early Marriages: A Systematic Qualitative Study. J Res Behav Sci. 2019; 17(2): 314-23. [Persian]
16-Meghdadi MM, Javadpour M. Impact of Early Marriage on Children's Sexual Health and Mechanisms of Deal with It. Iran J Med Law. 2017; 11(40): 31-60. [Persian]
17-Javadian S, Shomali Ahmadabadi E, Torkashvand moradabadi M., Abedi, M. The Context and Consequences of Early Marriage of 13-16 Years Old Girls in Ardakan. Journal of Iranian Social Studies.2019; 13(4): 31-54.
18-Eftekharzadeh Z. Lived Experiences of Female Victims of Child Marriage.social worke research.2015;2(3):108-56.[Persian]
19-Biaggi C, Mbaleka S. Grounded Theory: A Practical Overview of the Glaserian SchoolJPAIR Multidisciplinary Research.2018; 32(1):1.
20-Zareei Mahmoodabadi H. Examination of attachment styles and personality factors as predictors of divorce in normal and divorce applicant couples in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy.2013;2(4):554-72
21-Zareei Mahmoodabadi, H. The Effectiveness of Positive Psychology’s Training on Marital Intimacy and Life Expectancy in Women. J Tolooebehdasht Sci.2017; 16(2):98-109.[Persian]
22-Seyfizadeh Arany H, Zareei mahmoodabadi H, Bakhshayesh A. The Reletionship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Marital Adjustment with Mediation Fear of Intimacy in Married People. Journal of Family Research.2020;5(4):467-86.[Persian]
23-Pourmovahed Z, Ardekani SMY, Mahmoodabad, SSM, Mahmoodabadi HZ. Implementation of the McMaster Model in Family Therapy: Effects on Family Function in Married Couples. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry.2021;16(1):60-7.
24-Mahmoodabadi HZ, Bahrami F, Ahmadi A, Etemadi O, Zadeh MSF. The effectiveness of retraining attribution styles (cognitive therapy) on dimensions of family functioning in divorce applicant couples. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2012;4(2):257-63.
25-Abebe YM. Lived Experiences of Divorced Women in Rural Ethiopia. A Special Focus in Hulet Ejju Enessie Woreda: Addis Zemen Kebele. International Journal of PoliticalScience and Development.2015;3(6): 268-81.
26-Pourmovahed Z, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Tavangar H, Yassini Ardekani SM, Vaezi AA. Deficiency of Self-Efficacy in Problem-Solving as a Contributory Factor in Family Instability: A Qualitative Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):32-9.
27-Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Nasirian M, Sardadvar N. Effectiveness of Psycho Educational Intervention on Improving Symptoms of Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and General Family Functioning of Companions. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal.2018; 20(2).
28-Bernardi F ,Martinez-Pastor JI.(2011).Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain. Demographic Research.2011;24:771-800.
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Received: 2021/02/20 | Accepted: 2021/09/13 | Published: 2021/09/1
Received: 2021/02/20 | Accepted: 2021/09/13 | Published: 2021/09/1
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