Volume 22, Issue 2 (7-2023)
TB 2023, 22(2): 15-30 |
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Didehban N, Afshani S. The Effectiveness of Traplay on Depressive Symptoms and Grief of Bereaved Children in COVID-19 Epidemic. TB 2023; 22 (2) :15-30
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3304-en.html
URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3304-en.html
Azad Islamic University , didehbanneda@gmail.com
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The Effectiveness of Traplay on Depressive Symptoms and Grief of Bereaved Children in COVID-19 Epidemic
Neda Didehban (MA)1, SeyedAlireza Afshani (Ph.D.)2
1.Corresponding Author: M.A. Student of Clinical Psychology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
Tel: 09133578201 Email: didehbanneda@gmail.com
2.Professor, Department of Cooperative and Social Welfare, Faculty of Social science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
1.Ph.D. Student of Health Education, School of Health, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2. Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3. Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student of Health Education, School of Health, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email: saeiderastjoo@yahoo.com Tel: 03533122801
Abstract
Introduction: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic disease are undeniable and as an important health care event, it has led to the spread of anxiety, depression, fear, and chronic worrying among children. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Traplay on depressive symptoms and grief of bereaved children in COVID-19 epidemic.
Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study included all children aged 7 to 11 years without a father in 2021 in Yazd city. The study sample consisted of 30 children-parents who were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received 12 45-min sessions per week and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the pre-test and post-test stages, the groups responded to the Spuij et al. Prolonged Grief for Children Scale (2013), and the Kovacs Children's Depression Inventory (1977). The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Based on the results, the main effect of the treatment variable on the post-test scores of depression and bereavement symptoms was significant. The results also showed that the mean adjusted scores of depression post-test and grief symptoms in the experimental group was lower than the control group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that Traplay treatment is effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and grief of bereaved children in COVID-19 pandemic. The educational method used has provided a suitable model to deal with these children.
Keywords: Traplay, Depression Symptoms, Prolonged Grief, COVID-19
References
1.Jamshidi Sianaki M, Mazaheri M A, zadeh Mohammadi A. Grief intervention for helping bereaved children. Rooyesh. 2016; 5 (1):129-64. [Persian]
2.Momeni J, Sahab Negah S. A. review on grief process: Complication of grief during COVID-19 pandemic. Navid No. 2020; 23: 51-64. [Persian]
3.World health organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
4.choobdari, A, Nikkhoo, F, Fooladi, F. Psychological Consequences of New Coronavirus (Covid 19) in Children: A Systematic Review. Educational Psychology. 2020; 16(55): 55-68. [Persian]
5.Lee KR, Ray DC. Child-centered play therapy parent services: A Q-methodological investigation. International Journal of Play Therapy. 2020; 29(3): 131-43.
6.Shear, Mk.Complicated grief. The New England journal Of Medicine. 2015; 372(2):153-60.
7.Javadi SMH, Sajadian M. Coronavirus Pandemic a Factor in Delayed Mourning in Survivors: A Letter to The Editor. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 23(1): 2-7. [Persian]
8.Zare S, Pourshahriari M, Rahimi C. The effectiveness of play therapy on symptoms of grief in children (7-10) under supervision of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Journal of counseling research. 2017; 16(63): 81-98. [Persian]
9.American Psychiatric Association A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Association Washington DC. 2019; 9(2): 155-8.
10.World health organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision), 2021. Available from:
https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
11.Revet A, Bui E, Benvegnu G, Suc A, Mesquida L, Raynaud J-P. Bereavement and reactions of grief among children and adolescents: Present data and perspectives. L'encephale. 2020; 46(5): 356-63.
12.Akerman R, Statham J. Childhood bereavement: A rapid literature review. London: Child Wellbeing Research Centre. 2011: 100-20.
13.Nam I. Complicated grief treatment for older adults: The critical role of a supportive person. Psychiatry research. 2016; 244: 97-102.
14.Solomon R, Rando T. Treatment of grief and mourning through EMDR: Conceptual considerations and clinical guidelines. European Review of applied psychology. 2012; 62(4): 231-9.
15.Spuij M, Prinzie P, Zijderlaan J, Stikkelbroek Y, Dillen L, de Roos C. Psychometric properties of the Dutch inventories of prolonged grief for children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2012; 19(6): 540-51.
16.Parker MM, Hergenrather K, Smelser Q, Kelly CT. Exploring child-centered play therapy and trauma: A systematic review of literature. International Journal of Play Therapy. 2021; 30(1): 2.
17.Ritblatt SN, Longstreth S. Understanding Young Children’s Play. YC Young Children. 2019; 74(2): 78-85.
18.Kahuri Nejad M. The effect of play therapy on depression, irritability and academic performance of children with grief disorder in Bandar Abbas [Master Thesis]. Islamic Azad University. 2021. [Persian]
19.Deldade M, Kiyanfar S, Balaee A. Evaluation of the effect of play therapy in hot-tempered children. Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences 2022; 59(4): 43-55.
20.Sadeghy M, Akbari Chermahini S, Bahrami A, Seyed mousavi Ps. Effectiveness of Attachment-based Theraplay on Parental Self-Efficacy, Emotion Regulatoin and Social Adjustment in Children with Separation Anxiety: A Case report. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2022; 62: 107-132. [Persian]
21.Samavatyan H, Kalantari M, Aslipoor A, Abedi A. The effectiveness of parent–child cognitive behavioral therapy on emotional behavioral problems of grief children. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2021; 12(47): 195-220. [Persian]
22.Spuij M, van Londen-Huiberts A, Boelen PA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for prolonged grief in children: Feasibility and multiple baseline study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2013; 20(3): 349-61.
23.Kovacs M, Beck A T. An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models. 1977; 1-25.
24.Mashhadi A, Soltani Shal R, Mirdoraghi F, Bahrami B. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional anxiety scale for Iranian children. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2012:6(1): 70-87. [Persian]
25.Dehshiri Gr, Najafi M, Sheykhi M, Habibi Asgarabad M. Investigating primary psychometric properties of children's depression inventory (CDI). Journal of Family Research. 2009; 5(2):159-77. [Persian]
26.Booth PB, Jernberg AM. Theraplay: Helping parents and children build better relationships through attachment-based play. London: John Wiley & Sons. 2009.
27.Yazdanipour M, Ashuri M, Abedi A. Trapli: Short-term intervention based on attachment. Journal of New Advances in Psychology. Educational Sciences and Education. 2021; 3(62): 133-40. [Persian]
28.Daley LP, Miller RB, Bean RA, Oka M. Family System Play Therapy: An Integrative Approach. The American Journal of Family Therapy. 2018; 46(5): 421-36.
29.Woollett N, Bandeirab M, Hatchera A.Trauma-informed art and play therapy: Pilot study outcomes for children and mothers in domestic violence shelters in the United States and South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020.104564
30.DiFederico K. The Value of Parental Involvement in Play Therapy with Children Exposed to Trauma: A Literature Review [Ph.D. Thesis]. Lesley University. 2021.
31.Lavey-Khan S, Reddick D. Painting together: A parent-child dyadic art therapy group. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2020; 70: 101687.
32.Zare S. The effectiveness of play therapy on symptoms of grief in children (7-10) under supervision of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation [Master Thesis]. Al-Zahra University. 2016. [Persian]
33.Weir KN, Lee S, Canosa P, Rodrigues N, McWilliams M, Parker L. Whole family theraplay: Integrating family systems theory and theraplay to treat adoptive families. Adoption Quarterly 2013; 16(3-4): 175-200.
Neda Didehban (MA)1, SeyedAlireza Afshani (Ph.D.)2
1.Corresponding Author: M.A. Student of Clinical Psychology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
Tel: 09133578201 Email: didehbanneda@gmail.com
2.Professor, Department of Cooperative and Social Welfare, Faculty of Social science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
1.Ph.D. Student of Health Education, School of Health, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2. Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3. Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student of Health Education, School of Health, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Email: saeiderastjoo@yahoo.com Tel: 03533122801
Abstract
Introduction: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic disease are undeniable and as an important health care event, it has led to the spread of anxiety, depression, fear, and chronic worrying among children. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Traplay on depressive symptoms and grief of bereaved children in COVID-19 epidemic.
Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study included all children aged 7 to 11 years without a father in 2021 in Yazd city. The study sample consisted of 30 children-parents who were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received 12 45-min sessions per week and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the pre-test and post-test stages, the groups responded to the Spuij et al. Prolonged Grief for Children Scale (2013), and the Kovacs Children's Depression Inventory (1977). The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Based on the results, the main effect of the treatment variable on the post-test scores of depression and bereavement symptoms was significant. The results also showed that the mean adjusted scores of depression post-test and grief symptoms in the experimental group was lower than the control group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that Traplay treatment is effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and grief of bereaved children in COVID-19 pandemic. The educational method used has provided a suitable model to deal with these children.
Keywords: Traplay, Depression Symptoms, Prolonged Grief, COVID-19
References
1.Jamshidi Sianaki M, Mazaheri M A, zadeh Mohammadi A. Grief intervention for helping bereaved children. Rooyesh. 2016; 5 (1):129-64. [Persian]
2.Momeni J, Sahab Negah S. A. review on grief process: Complication of grief during COVID-19 pandemic. Navid No. 2020; 23: 51-64. [Persian]
3.World health organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
4.choobdari, A, Nikkhoo, F, Fooladi, F. Psychological Consequences of New Coronavirus (Covid 19) in Children: A Systematic Review. Educational Psychology. 2020; 16(55): 55-68. [Persian]
5.Lee KR, Ray DC. Child-centered play therapy parent services: A Q-methodological investigation. International Journal of Play Therapy. 2020; 29(3): 131-43.
6.Shear, Mk.Complicated grief. The New England journal Of Medicine. 2015; 372(2):153-60.
7.Javadi SMH, Sajadian M. Coronavirus Pandemic a Factor in Delayed Mourning in Survivors: A Letter to The Editor. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 23(1): 2-7. [Persian]
8.Zare S, Pourshahriari M, Rahimi C. The effectiveness of play therapy on symptoms of grief in children (7-10) under supervision of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Journal of counseling research. 2017; 16(63): 81-98. [Persian]
9.American Psychiatric Association A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Association Washington DC. 2019; 9(2): 155-8.
10.World health organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision), 2021. Available from:
https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
11.Revet A, Bui E, Benvegnu G, Suc A, Mesquida L, Raynaud J-P. Bereavement and reactions of grief among children and adolescents: Present data and perspectives. L'encephale. 2020; 46(5): 356-63.
12.Akerman R, Statham J. Childhood bereavement: A rapid literature review. London: Child Wellbeing Research Centre. 2011: 100-20.
13.Nam I. Complicated grief treatment for older adults: The critical role of a supportive person. Psychiatry research. 2016; 244: 97-102.
14.Solomon R, Rando T. Treatment of grief and mourning through EMDR: Conceptual considerations and clinical guidelines. European Review of applied psychology. 2012; 62(4): 231-9.
15.Spuij M, Prinzie P, Zijderlaan J, Stikkelbroek Y, Dillen L, de Roos C. Psychometric properties of the Dutch inventories of prolonged grief for children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2012; 19(6): 540-51.
16.Parker MM, Hergenrather K, Smelser Q, Kelly CT. Exploring child-centered play therapy and trauma: A systematic review of literature. International Journal of Play Therapy. 2021; 30(1): 2.
17.Ritblatt SN, Longstreth S. Understanding Young Children’s Play. YC Young Children. 2019; 74(2): 78-85.
18.Kahuri Nejad M. The effect of play therapy on depression, irritability and academic performance of children with grief disorder in Bandar Abbas [Master Thesis]. Islamic Azad University. 2021. [Persian]
19.Deldade M, Kiyanfar S, Balaee A. Evaluation of the effect of play therapy in hot-tempered children. Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences 2022; 59(4): 43-55.
20.Sadeghy M, Akbari Chermahini S, Bahrami A, Seyed mousavi Ps. Effectiveness of Attachment-based Theraplay on Parental Self-Efficacy, Emotion Regulatoin and Social Adjustment in Children with Separation Anxiety: A Case report. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2022; 62: 107-132. [Persian]
21.Samavatyan H, Kalantari M, Aslipoor A, Abedi A. The effectiveness of parent–child cognitive behavioral therapy on emotional behavioral problems of grief children. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2021; 12(47): 195-220. [Persian]
22.Spuij M, van Londen-Huiberts A, Boelen PA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for prolonged grief in children: Feasibility and multiple baseline study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2013; 20(3): 349-61.
23.Kovacs M, Beck A T. An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models. 1977; 1-25.
24.Mashhadi A, Soltani Shal R, Mirdoraghi F, Bahrami B. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional anxiety scale for Iranian children. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2012:6(1): 70-87. [Persian]
25.Dehshiri Gr, Najafi M, Sheykhi M, Habibi Asgarabad M. Investigating primary psychometric properties of children's depression inventory (CDI). Journal of Family Research. 2009; 5(2):159-77. [Persian]
26.Booth PB, Jernberg AM. Theraplay: Helping parents and children build better relationships through attachment-based play. London: John Wiley & Sons. 2009.
27.Yazdanipour M, Ashuri M, Abedi A. Trapli: Short-term intervention based on attachment. Journal of New Advances in Psychology. Educational Sciences and Education. 2021; 3(62): 133-40. [Persian]
28.Daley LP, Miller RB, Bean RA, Oka M. Family System Play Therapy: An Integrative Approach. The American Journal of Family Therapy. 2018; 46(5): 421-36.
29.Woollett N, Bandeirab M, Hatchera A.Trauma-informed art and play therapy: Pilot study outcomes for children and mothers in domestic violence shelters in the United States and South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020.104564
30.DiFederico K. The Value of Parental Involvement in Play Therapy with Children Exposed to Trauma: A Literature Review [Ph.D. Thesis]. Lesley University. 2021.
31.Lavey-Khan S, Reddick D. Painting together: A parent-child dyadic art therapy group. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2020; 70: 101687.
32.Zare S. The effectiveness of play therapy on symptoms of grief in children (7-10) under supervision of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation [Master Thesis]. Al-Zahra University. 2016. [Persian]
33.Weir KN, Lee S, Canosa P, Rodrigues N, McWilliams M, Parker L. Whole family theraplay: Integrating family systems theory and theraplay to treat adoptive families. Adoption Quarterly 2013; 16(3-4): 175-200.
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Received: 2022/02/3 | Accepted: 2022/06/21 | Published: 2023/07/22
Received: 2022/02/3 | Accepted: 2022/06/21 | Published: 2023/07/22
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